Elsie Ho - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Elsie Ho

At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New... more At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New Zealand, the ancestral home for Maori, and Australia, home to a much smaller Maori population from the early years of the nineteenth century. In the 2001 censuses of New Zealand and Australia, the usually resident Maori populations were, respectively, 526,281 (ethnic group classification) and 72,956 (ancestry classification). In this paper we examine four dimensions of Maori population movement between 1996 and 2001 using the census data from New Zealand and Australia: 1) internal migration between rural and urban areas in New Zealand; 2) internal migration between rural and urban areas in Australia; 3) migration into New Zealand of Maori resident overseas in 1996; 4) migration into Australia of Maori resident overseas in 1996. There has never been a comprehensive assessment of Maori migration in an Australasian context before, but in the light of developments in population exchanges be...

Ageing in place” is a fundamental principle in current ageing policy. With the growing phenomenon... more Ageing in place” is a fundamental principle in current ageing policy. With the growing phenomenon of transnational families, increasing numbers of older people from Asia have migrated in late-life to join their adult children living in Western countries; however their experience of ageing in a new environment is underexplored. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 44 Chinese, Indian and Korean elders aged 62 to 86 years who have migrated to New Zealand in later lives, this paper investigates the elders’ ageing experience, in particular what is needed to enable positive ageing-in-place for this population. Contrary to traditional filial practices of intergenerational co-residency, some elders in this study are living in close proximity to their children but in separate households. Intergenerational conflict is not the only reason for the elders’ pursuit of independent living. Rather, it is also a reflection of the elders’ shifting expectation of filial responsibility from their childre...

Around the Globe, 2007

Countries of the New World - New Zealand, Australia and Canada - have a long history of proactive... more Countries of the New World - New Zealand, Australia and Canada - have a long history of proactive immigration policies. This article outlines the New Zealand approach to managing migration.

At no other time in the past century has there been such focused and intense global interest in i... more At no other time in the past century has there been such focused and intense global interest in international migration. Never before has there been such interest, internationally, in how Australia, Canada and New Zealand manage their international migration. These countries have become models for governments elsewhere who are seeking to develop policy that has a more direct impact on the quality of the population flows into their countries. New Zealand is unusual by OECD standards in that it has a high level of emigration of citizens at the same time that it has a very high per capita rate of immigration. New Zealand’s contemporary migration flows are examined briefly and it is demonstrated that the system is not nearly as dominated by migration from countries in northeast Asia as it was a decade ago. A more flexible approach to the attainment of permits to reside in a country is being adopted in most countries now. The prospective migrants take the opportunity to assess employment...

In 2005 the New Zealand Police commissioned this research project to explore the perceptions of p... more In 2005 the New Zealand Police commissioned this research project to explore the perceptions of police held by members of various ethnic communities and to provide information on the current crime and safety issues that ethnic communities face. Definition of Terms The definition of 'ethnicity' used in this report is taken from Ethnic Perspectives in Policy (Office of Ethnic Affairs, 2002) and is also used in the Police Ethnic Strategy Towards 2010 (New Zealand Police, 2004). The definition states that ethnicity is self-defined and includes elements of language, religion, customs, traditions and geographic, tribal or national identity. The term 'ethnic' is used in relation to a group of people whose ethnic heritage distinguishes them from the majority of other people in New Zealand, including Mäori and Pacific people. This definition includes people from well-established ethnic communities, recent migrants, refugees and those people born in New Zealand who identify with their ethnic heritage (Office of Ethnic Affairs, 2002). 'Migrants' are people who were born overseas and entered New Zealand with an immigration programme. Migrants come to New Zealand from a diverse range of countries. Currently people from the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, India and South Africa make up the largest residence markets. A 'refugee' is "any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country" (UNHCR, 1951 and 1967 cited in NZIS, 2004). New Zealand accepts refugees as Quota refugees (750 places annually for people in need designated by UNHCR), Convention refugees (former asylum seekers) and Family Reunion refugees (sponsored by family members already in New Zealand). In regard to refugee nationalities, the largest numbers resettled over the last few years include Afghani, Iraqi, Somali and Ethiopian. Methods and design This research project involved exploring the perceptions of eight ethnic communities including Chinese, Indian, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Somali and Middle Eastern. Data for this qualitative project was collected through face to face interviews and focus group discussions conducted in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch. The interview guide used during data collection was developed in order to ascertain current crime and safety issues that ethnic communities face, as well as their perceptions of the police. Overall, 108 people participated in 58 interviews and seven focus groups between August 2005 and February 2006. The participants came from a wide range of backgrounds including: migrants, refugees and international students; different ages, gender, religious and cultural backgrounds, length of residency in New Zealand, migration history and occupations. Research assistants from the participants' own x Ethnic Community Perceptions of the New Zealand Police communities were recruited to help engage participants in their own languages. Furthermore, the research design took into account the difficulties of gaining access to diverse communities, as well as the fact that some participants' migration and home country backgrounds may inhibit them from feeling comfortable to disclose information to police. The project is complex because it involves multiple communities, is multi-sited and multi-faceted and has given a "voice" to ethnic communities on their experiences of crimes, feelings of safety and perceptions of police. Major findings In this exploratory study ethnic community perceptions of New Zealand Police have been analysed through various themes that emerged during data collection, including: contact with police, attitudes towards police staff, perception of police services, language barriers, home country experiences, cultural ideas and knowledge, and the impact of the media. Contact with police was one of the main participant selection criteria. This contact could be for either "crime" or "non-crime" related issues. The participants in this research had experienced contact with police over the last twelve months predominantly as victims of crime. Only a very small number of participants had made contact with police for non-crime related matters such as making a general enquiry or attending information seminars. Members of ethnic communities do not approach police for assistance for non-crime related incidents for a number of reasons. These include a lack of English proficiency, insufficient knowledge of policing systems and services. Language barriers act to reduce contact between ethnic communities and police and impacted on how people reported crime and accessed police services.

Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand

This paper presents an analysis of data for the top ten most unemployed groups by ethnicity and b... more This paper presents an analysis of data for the top ten most unemployed groups by ethnicity and birthplace who were living in New Zealand at the 2001 Census. These groups are either from refugee backgrounds, are highly visible groups, or come from strong extended family networks. These data are supplemented with information from the New Zealand Immigration Service's Longitudinal Immigration Pilot Survey and Refugee Voices Project as well as qualitative data from other research in New Zealand. Overall, the findings from this assessment of the census and survey data have significant implications for the development and provision of employment intervention programmes in New Zealand.

This paper reports on a research project which is a continuation of an experiment conducted in 19... more This paper reports on a research project which is a continuation of an experiment conducted in 1997. The experiment involved the development of a research methodology for situating migrants in their family and household contexts, and the use of this methodology identifying ‘astronaut’ families among the recent Hong Kong Chinese immigrants as recorded in the 1991 Census of Population and Dwellings (Ho, Bedford and Goodwin, 1997a). This study extends the previous analysis of ‘astronaut’ families to the 1996 Census and to three other migrant groups from northeast Asia – China, Taiwan, and Korea. The results illustrate that the research methodology can be applied to the 1996 Census. Among the four migrant groups from northeast Asia, Taiwan had the highest incidence of ‘astronaut’ families, followed by Hong Kong. Some factors likely to contribute to the use of the ‘astronaut’ strategy amongst these migrant groups are discussed. The paper concludes with some suggestions for application of...

JMIR Research Protocols

Background Approximately 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mos... more Background Approximately 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men; yet, fewer than 8% of Chinese smokers ever receive any smoking cessation advice or support. A social network–based gamified smoking cessation intervention (SCAMPI: Smoking Cessation App for Chinese Male: Pilot Intervention) is designed to help Chinese male smokers to quit smoking. Objective This paper aims to present the protocol of a study examining the preliminary effectiveness of SCAMPI by comparing the prolonged abstinence rate of a group of users with a comparator group during a 6-week follow-up period. Methods A two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the preliminary effectiveness and acceptability of the SCAMPI program as a smoking cessation intervention. After initial web-based screening, the first 80 eligible individuals who had gone through the required registration process were registered as participants of the trial. Participants were random...

BMC Public Health

Background: The low utilisation of current treatment services by people with gambling problems hi... more Background: The low utilisation of current treatment services by people with gambling problems highlights the need to explore new modalities of delivering treatment interventions. This protocol presents the design of a pragmatic randomized control trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered via a mobile app for people with self-reported gambling problems. Methods: An innovative CBT mobile app, based on Deakin University's GAMBLINGLESS online program, has been adapted with end-users (Manaaki). Six intervention modules have been created. These are interwoven with visual themes to represent a journey of recovery and include attributes such as avatars, videos, and animations to support end-user engagement. An audio facility is used throughout the app to cater for different learning styles. Personalizing the app has been accomplished by using greetings in the participant's language and their name (e.g. Kia ora Tāne) and by creating personalized feedback. A pragmatic, randomized control two-arm single-blind trial, will be conducted in New Zealand. We aim to recruit 284 individuals. Eligible participants are ≥18 years old, seeking help for their gambling, have access to a smartphone capable of downloading an app, able to understand the English language and are willing to provide follow-up information at scheduled time points. Allocation is 1:1, stratified by ethnicity, gender, and gambling symptom severity based on the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS). The intervention group will receive the full mobile cognitive behavioural programme and the waitlist group will receive a simple app that counts down the time left before they have access to the full app and the links to the data collection tools. Data collection for both groups are: baseline, 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks post-randomisation. The primary outcome is a change in G-SAS scores. Secondary measures include changes in gambling urges, frequency, expenditure, and readiness to change. Indices of app engagement, utilisation and acceptability will be collected throughout the delivery of the intervention. Discussion: If effective, this study will contribute to the improvement of health outcomes for people experiencing gambling problems and have great potential to reach population groups who do not readily engage with current treatment services.

BACKGROUND Around 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men... more BACKGROUND Around 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men; yet fewer than 8% of Chinese smokers ever receive any smoking cessation advice or support. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the preliminary effectiveness and feasibility for a social network platform (WeChat)-based smoking cessation intervention in Chinese men. METHODS We recruited 80 Chinese male smokers aged 25-44 years from WeChat, China's most widely used social media platform. We excluded individuals using other smoking cessation interventions or who lacked capacity to provide online informed consent. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to intervention or control groups. Neither participants nor researchers were masked to assignment. The intervention group received access to a Chinese-language smoking cessation mini-programme developed from theoretical models of behaviour change and a rapid iterative development process with potential end-users done entirely v...

Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand

This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labo... more This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labour force data provided in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings and survey data from interviews in New Zealand and Hong Kong. As expected, the census data show that the propensities to enter self-employment increase with age and length of residence in New Zealand. Amongst the Chinese immigrants who came to New Zealand after 1986, the pursuit of self-employment is unlikely to be confined to immigrants approved under the business immigration schemes. Structural barriers to employment, such as non-recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences, can also drive many contemporary Chinese immigrants into self-employment. The second part of the paper reflects on the business experiences of recent Chinese migrants in New Zealand, drawing on research carried out on the migration of entrepreneurs to New Zealand from Hong Kong during the 1990's. We conclude our paper by discussing ...

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

This study reviews the demographic characteristics of Asian children diagnosed with autism spectr... more This study reviews the demographic characteristics of Asian children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Auckland, New Zealand, the support services they can access, and how more equitable access to health services can be provided. We examined government and non-government support services for Asian children diagnosed with ASD and their families. The findings reflect the complexities of navigating and accessing health, disability, education and social support services. Analysis of Ministry of Health Disability Support Services (DSSs) data suggest that Asians in New Zealand are underrepresented in utilizing DSSs. Drawing on Andersen’s health care utilization model, suggestions for more equitable access to health, disability, education and social support include culturally and linguistically appropriate health care and social policies.

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal

At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New... more At the beginning of the twenty-first century there were two major national clusters of Maori: New Zealand, the ancestral home for Maori, and Australia, home to a much smaller Maori population from the early years of the nineteenth century. In the 2001 censuses of New Zealand and Australia, the usually resident Maori populations were, respectively, 526,281 (ethnic group classification) and 72,956 (ancestry classification). In this paper we examine four dimensions of Maori population movement between 1996 and 2001 using the census data from New Zealand and Australia: 1) internal migration between rural and urban areas in New Zealand; 2) internal migration between rural and urban areas in Australia; 3) migration into New Zealand of Maori resident overseas in 1996; 4) migration into Australia of Maori resident overseas in 1996. There has never been a comprehensive assessment of Maori migration in an Australasian context before, but in the light of developments in population exchanges be...

Ageing in place” is a fundamental principle in current ageing policy. With the growing phenomenon... more Ageing in place” is a fundamental principle in current ageing policy. With the growing phenomenon of transnational families, increasing numbers of older people from Asia have migrated in late-life to join their adult children living in Western countries; however their experience of ageing in a new environment is underexplored. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 44 Chinese, Indian and Korean elders aged 62 to 86 years who have migrated to New Zealand in later lives, this paper investigates the elders’ ageing experience, in particular what is needed to enable positive ageing-in-place for this population. Contrary to traditional filial practices of intergenerational co-residency, some elders in this study are living in close proximity to their children but in separate households. Intergenerational conflict is not the only reason for the elders’ pursuit of independent living. Rather, it is also a reflection of the elders’ shifting expectation of filial responsibility from their childre...

Around the Globe, 2007

Countries of the New World - New Zealand, Australia and Canada - have a long history of proactive... more Countries of the New World - New Zealand, Australia and Canada - have a long history of proactive immigration policies. This article outlines the New Zealand approach to managing migration.

At no other time in the past century has there been such focused and intense global interest in i... more At no other time in the past century has there been such focused and intense global interest in international migration. Never before has there been such interest, internationally, in how Australia, Canada and New Zealand manage their international migration. These countries have become models for governments elsewhere who are seeking to develop policy that has a more direct impact on the quality of the population flows into their countries. New Zealand is unusual by OECD standards in that it has a high level of emigration of citizens at the same time that it has a very high per capita rate of immigration. New Zealand’s contemporary migration flows are examined briefly and it is demonstrated that the system is not nearly as dominated by migration from countries in northeast Asia as it was a decade ago. A more flexible approach to the attainment of permits to reside in a country is being adopted in most countries now. The prospective migrants take the opportunity to assess employment...

In 2005 the New Zealand Police commissioned this research project to explore the perceptions of p... more In 2005 the New Zealand Police commissioned this research project to explore the perceptions of police held by members of various ethnic communities and to provide information on the current crime and safety issues that ethnic communities face. Definition of Terms The definition of 'ethnicity' used in this report is taken from Ethnic Perspectives in Policy (Office of Ethnic Affairs, 2002) and is also used in the Police Ethnic Strategy Towards 2010 (New Zealand Police, 2004). The definition states that ethnicity is self-defined and includes elements of language, religion, customs, traditions and geographic, tribal or national identity. The term 'ethnic' is used in relation to a group of people whose ethnic heritage distinguishes them from the majority of other people in New Zealand, including Mäori and Pacific people. This definition includes people from well-established ethnic communities, recent migrants, refugees and those people born in New Zealand who identify with their ethnic heritage (Office of Ethnic Affairs, 2002). 'Migrants' are people who were born overseas and entered New Zealand with an immigration programme. Migrants come to New Zealand from a diverse range of countries. Currently people from the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, India and South Africa make up the largest residence markets. A 'refugee' is "any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country" (UNHCR, 1951 and 1967 cited in NZIS, 2004). New Zealand accepts refugees as Quota refugees (750 places annually for people in need designated by UNHCR), Convention refugees (former asylum seekers) and Family Reunion refugees (sponsored by family members already in New Zealand). In regard to refugee nationalities, the largest numbers resettled over the last few years include Afghani, Iraqi, Somali and Ethiopian. Methods and design This research project involved exploring the perceptions of eight ethnic communities including Chinese, Indian, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Somali and Middle Eastern. Data for this qualitative project was collected through face to face interviews and focus group discussions conducted in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch. The interview guide used during data collection was developed in order to ascertain current crime and safety issues that ethnic communities face, as well as their perceptions of the police. Overall, 108 people participated in 58 interviews and seven focus groups between August 2005 and February 2006. The participants came from a wide range of backgrounds including: migrants, refugees and international students; different ages, gender, religious and cultural backgrounds, length of residency in New Zealand, migration history and occupations. Research assistants from the participants' own x Ethnic Community Perceptions of the New Zealand Police communities were recruited to help engage participants in their own languages. Furthermore, the research design took into account the difficulties of gaining access to diverse communities, as well as the fact that some participants' migration and home country backgrounds may inhibit them from feeling comfortable to disclose information to police. The project is complex because it involves multiple communities, is multi-sited and multi-faceted and has given a "voice" to ethnic communities on their experiences of crimes, feelings of safety and perceptions of police. Major findings In this exploratory study ethnic community perceptions of New Zealand Police have been analysed through various themes that emerged during data collection, including: contact with police, attitudes towards police staff, perception of police services, language barriers, home country experiences, cultural ideas and knowledge, and the impact of the media. Contact with police was one of the main participant selection criteria. This contact could be for either "crime" or "non-crime" related issues. The participants in this research had experienced contact with police over the last twelve months predominantly as victims of crime. Only a very small number of participants had made contact with police for non-crime related matters such as making a general enquiry or attending information seminars. Members of ethnic communities do not approach police for assistance for non-crime related incidents for a number of reasons. These include a lack of English proficiency, insufficient knowledge of policing systems and services. Language barriers act to reduce contact between ethnic communities and police and impacted on how people reported crime and accessed police services.

Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand

This paper presents an analysis of data for the top ten most unemployed groups by ethnicity and b... more This paper presents an analysis of data for the top ten most unemployed groups by ethnicity and birthplace who were living in New Zealand at the 2001 Census. These groups are either from refugee backgrounds, are highly visible groups, or come from strong extended family networks. These data are supplemented with information from the New Zealand Immigration Service's Longitudinal Immigration Pilot Survey and Refugee Voices Project as well as qualitative data from other research in New Zealand. Overall, the findings from this assessment of the census and survey data have significant implications for the development and provision of employment intervention programmes in New Zealand.

This paper reports on a research project which is a continuation of an experiment conducted in 19... more This paper reports on a research project which is a continuation of an experiment conducted in 1997. The experiment involved the development of a research methodology for situating migrants in their family and household contexts, and the use of this methodology identifying ‘astronaut’ families among the recent Hong Kong Chinese immigrants as recorded in the 1991 Census of Population and Dwellings (Ho, Bedford and Goodwin, 1997a). This study extends the previous analysis of ‘astronaut’ families to the 1996 Census and to three other migrant groups from northeast Asia – China, Taiwan, and Korea. The results illustrate that the research methodology can be applied to the 1996 Census. Among the four migrant groups from northeast Asia, Taiwan had the highest incidence of ‘astronaut’ families, followed by Hong Kong. Some factors likely to contribute to the use of the ‘astronaut’ strategy amongst these migrant groups are discussed. The paper concludes with some suggestions for application of...

JMIR Research Protocols

Background Approximately 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mos... more Background Approximately 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men; yet, fewer than 8% of Chinese smokers ever receive any smoking cessation advice or support. A social network–based gamified smoking cessation intervention (SCAMPI: Smoking Cessation App for Chinese Male: Pilot Intervention) is designed to help Chinese male smokers to quit smoking. Objective This paper aims to present the protocol of a study examining the preliminary effectiveness of SCAMPI by comparing the prolonged abstinence rate of a group of users with a comparator group during a 6-week follow-up period. Methods A two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the preliminary effectiveness and acceptability of the SCAMPI program as a smoking cessation intervention. After initial web-based screening, the first 80 eligible individuals who had gone through the required registration process were registered as participants of the trial. Participants were random...

BMC Public Health

Background: The low utilisation of current treatment services by people with gambling problems hi... more Background: The low utilisation of current treatment services by people with gambling problems highlights the need to explore new modalities of delivering treatment interventions. This protocol presents the design of a pragmatic randomized control trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered via a mobile app for people with self-reported gambling problems. Methods: An innovative CBT mobile app, based on Deakin University's GAMBLINGLESS online program, has been adapted with end-users (Manaaki). Six intervention modules have been created. These are interwoven with visual themes to represent a journey of recovery and include attributes such as avatars, videos, and animations to support end-user engagement. An audio facility is used throughout the app to cater for different learning styles. Personalizing the app has been accomplished by using greetings in the participant's language and their name (e.g. Kia ora Tāne) and by creating personalized feedback. A pragmatic, randomized control two-arm single-blind trial, will be conducted in New Zealand. We aim to recruit 284 individuals. Eligible participants are ≥18 years old, seeking help for their gambling, have access to a smartphone capable of downloading an app, able to understand the English language and are willing to provide follow-up information at scheduled time points. Allocation is 1:1, stratified by ethnicity, gender, and gambling symptom severity based on the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS). The intervention group will receive the full mobile cognitive behavioural programme and the waitlist group will receive a simple app that counts down the time left before they have access to the full app and the links to the data collection tools. Data collection for both groups are: baseline, 4-, 8-, and 12-weeks post-randomisation. The primary outcome is a change in G-SAS scores. Secondary measures include changes in gambling urges, frequency, expenditure, and readiness to change. Indices of app engagement, utilisation and acceptability will be collected throughout the delivery of the intervention. Discussion: If effective, this study will contribute to the improvement of health outcomes for people experiencing gambling problems and have great potential to reach population groups who do not readily engage with current treatment services.

BACKGROUND Around 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men... more BACKGROUND Around 2 million Chinese people die annually from tobacco-related diseases, mostly men; yet fewer than 8% of Chinese smokers ever receive any smoking cessation advice or support. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the preliminary effectiveness and feasibility for a social network platform (WeChat)-based smoking cessation intervention in Chinese men. METHODS We recruited 80 Chinese male smokers aged 25-44 years from WeChat, China's most widely used social media platform. We excluded individuals using other smoking cessation interventions or who lacked capacity to provide online informed consent. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to intervention or control groups. Neither participants nor researchers were masked to assignment. The intervention group received access to a Chinese-language smoking cessation mini-programme developed from theoretical models of behaviour change and a rapid iterative development process with potential end-users done entirely v...

Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand

This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labo... more This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labour force data provided in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings and survey data from interviews in New Zealand and Hong Kong. As expected, the census data show that the propensities to enter self-employment increase with age and length of residence in New Zealand. Amongst the Chinese immigrants who came to New Zealand after 1986, the pursuit of self-employment is unlikely to be confined to immigrants approved under the business immigration schemes. Structural barriers to employment, such as non-recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences, can also drive many contemporary Chinese immigrants into self-employment. The second part of the paper reflects on the business experiences of recent Chinese migrants in New Zealand, drawing on research carried out on the migration of entrepreneurs to New Zealand from Hong Kong during the 1990's. We conclude our paper by discussing ...

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

This study reviews the demographic characteristics of Asian children diagnosed with autism spectr... more This study reviews the demographic characteristics of Asian children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Auckland, New Zealand, the support services they can access, and how more equitable access to health services can be provided. We examined government and non-government support services for Asian children diagnosed with ASD and their families. The findings reflect the complexities of navigating and accessing health, disability, education and social support services. Analysis of Ministry of Health Disability Support Services (DSSs) data suggest that Asians in New Zealand are underrepresented in utilizing DSSs. Drawing on Andersen’s health care utilization model, suggestions for more equitable access to health, disability, education and social support include culturally and linguistically appropriate health care and social policies.

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal