Hyeri Park - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Hyeri Park
Trifluoromethane (CHF3, HFC-23), one of the most potent greenhouse gases among HFCs, is mainly em... more Trifluoromethane (CHF3, HFC-23), one of the most potent greenhouse gases among HFCs, is mainly emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product in the production of the ozone depleting legacy refrigerant and chemical feedstock chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2, HCFC-22). A recent study on global HFC-23 emissions (Stanley et al., 2020) showed significant discrepancies over 2014-2017 between the increase in the observation-derived (top-down) emissions and the 87 % emission reduction expected from capture and destruction processes of HFC-23 at HCFC-22 production facilities mandated by national phase-out plans (bottom-up). However, the actual sources of the increased emissions were not identified. Here, we estimate the regional top-down emissions of HFC-23 for East Asia based on in situ measurements at Gosan, South Korea, and show that the HFC-23 emissions from eastern China have increased from 5.0 ± 0.4 Gg yr-1 in 2008 to 9.5 ± 1.0 Gg yr-1 in 2019. The continuous rise was contrary to the large emissions reduction reported since 2015 under the Chinese hydrochlorofluorocarbons production phase-out management plan (HPPMP). The magnitude of the mismatch between topdown and bottom-up estimates for 2015-2019 in eastern China was ~23.7 ± 3.6 Gg, which accounts for 47 ± 11 % of the global mismatch. Given the location of HCFC-22 production plants in eastern China and the fraction of regional to global HCFC-22 production capacities, the HFC-23 emissions rise in eastern China is most likely associated with known HCFC-22 production facilities and thus, observed discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up emissions could be attributed to unsuccessful factory level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions.
3 Peter G. Simmonds, Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. 4 Stanley, Arch... more 3 Peter G. Simmonds, Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. 4 Stanley, Archie McCulloch, Stephan Henne, Francesco Graziosi, Michela Maione, 5 Jgor Arduini, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, Jens Mühle, Simon O’Doherty, 6 Dickon Young, Paul B. Krummel, Paul J. Fraser, Ray F. Weiss, Peter K. Salameh, 7 Christina M. Harth, Mi-Kyung Park, Hyeri Park, Tim Arnold, Chris Rennick, L. Paul 8 Steele, Blagoj Mitrevski, Ray H. J. Wang, and Ronald G. Prinn. 9
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anth... more Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. CH3Br has been used mainly for preplant soil fumigation, post-harvest grain and timber fumigation and structural fumigation. Most non-quarantine/pre-shipment (non-QPS) uses have been phased-out in 2005 for non-Article 5 (developed) countries and in 2015 for Article 5 (developing) countries under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; some uses have continued under critical use exemptions (CUEs). Under the Protocol, individual nations are required to report annual data on CH3Br production and consumption for quarantine/pre-shipment (QPS) uses, non-QPS uses and CUEs to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, we analyzed high precision, in situ measurements of atmospheric concentrations of CH3Br obtained at the Gosan station on Jeju island, Korea, from 2008 to 2019. The background concentrations of CH3Br in the atmosphere at Gosan declined from 8.5 ± 0.8 ppt in 2008 to 7.4 ± 0.6 ppt in 2019 at a rate of-0.13 ± 0.02 ppt yr-1. At Gosan, we also observed periods of persistent concentrations (pollution events) elevated above the decreasing background in continental air masses from China. Statistical back trajectory analyses showed that these pollution events predominantly trace back to CH3Br emissions from eastern China. Using an inter-species correlation (ISC) method with the reference trace species CFC-11 (CCl3F), we estimate anthropogenic CH3Br emissions from eastern China at 4.1 ± 1.3 Gg yr-1 in 2008-2019, approximately 2.9 ± 1.3 Gg yr-1 higher than the bottom-up emission estimates reported to UNEP. Possible non-fumigation CH3Br sources-rapeseed production and biomass burning-were assessed and it was found that the discrepancy is more likely due to unreported or incorrectly reported QPS and non-QPS fumigation uses. These largelyunreported anthropogenic emissions of CH3Br are confined to eastern China and account for 30-40% of anthropogenic global
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
We report a 40-year history of SF 6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global At... more We report a 40-year history of SF 6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) monitoring sites, combined with archived air samples, to determine emission estimates from 1978 to 2018. Previously we reported a global emission rate of 7.3 ± 0.6 Gg yr −1 in 2008 and over the past decade emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04 ± 0.35 Gg yr −1 in 2018. We show that changing patterns in SF 6 consumption from developed (Kyoto Protocol Annex-1) to developing countries (non-Annex-1) and the rapid global expansion of the electric power industry, mainly in Asia, have increased the demand for SF 6-insulated switchgear, circuit breakers, and transformers. The large bank of SF 6 sequestered in this electrical equipment provides a substantial source of emissions from maintenance, replacement, and continuous leakage. Other emissive sources of SF 6 occur from the magnesium, aluminium, and electronics industries as well as more minor industrial applications. More recently, reported emissions, including those from electrical equipment and metal industries, primarily in the Annex-1 countries, have declined steadily through substitution of alternative blanketing gases and technological improvements in less emissive equipment and more efficient industrial practices. Nevertheless, there are still demands for SF 6 in Annex-1 countries due to economic growth, as well as continuing emissions from older equipment and additional emissions from newly installed SF 6-insulated electrical equipment, although at low emission rates. In addition, in the non-Annex-1 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 7272 P. G. Simmonds et al.: Atmospheric burden of SF 6 countries, SF 6 emissions have increased due to an expansion in the growth of the electrical power, metal, and electronics industries to support their continuing development. There is an annual difference of 2.5-5 Gg yr −1 (1990-2018) between our modelled top-down emissions and the UNFCCC-reported bottom-up emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which we attempt to reconcile through analysis of the potential contribution of emissions from the various industrial applications which use SF 6. We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF 6 inventory. On an average annual basis, our estimated emissions from the whole of China are approximately 10 times greater than emissions from western Europe. In 2018, our modelled Chinese and western European emissions accounted for ∼ 36 % and 3.1 %, respectively, of our global SF 6 emissions estimate.
Nature
These new publications update regional-and global-scale atmospheric CFC-11 measurements from 2018... more These new publications update regional-and global-scale atmospheric CFC-11 measurements from 2018 through early 2020, immediately following the discovery of an apparent violation of the Montreal Protocol. They provide an early assessment of intensive regional and global efforts to address the problem of increasing CFC-11 emissions that emerged 3 to 4 years after the 2010 ban on its production globally. Main findings, global emission paper (Montzka et al., 2021): Global emissions of CFC-11, the second most abundant ozone-depleting gas controlled by the Montreal Protocol, dropped sharply from 2018 to 2019. The drop is comparable to the emission increase that occurred from 2012 to 2017, which may have resulted from new, unreported production after the 2010 global production ban. The results indicate that the long-term downward trajectory of CFC-11 emissions has been restored and a substantial delay in ozone layer recovery from increased emissions has been avoided.
Trifluoromethane (CHF3, HFC-23), one of the most potent greenhouse gases among HFCs, is mainly em... more Trifluoromethane (CHF3, HFC-23), one of the most potent greenhouse gases among HFCs, is mainly emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product in the production of the ozone depleting legacy refrigerant and chemical feedstock chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2, HCFC-22). A recent study on global HFC-23 emissions (Stanley et al., 2020) showed significant discrepancies over 2014-2017 between the increase in the observation-derived (top-down) emissions and the 87 % emission reduction expected from capture and destruction processes of HFC-23 at HCFC-22 production facilities mandated by national phase-out plans (bottom-up). However, the actual sources of the increased emissions were not identified. Here, we estimate the regional top-down emissions of HFC-23 for East Asia based on in situ measurements at Gosan, South Korea, and show that the HFC-23 emissions from eastern China have increased from 5.0 ± 0.4 Gg yr-1 in 2008 to 9.5 ± 1.0 Gg yr-1 in 2019. The continuous rise was contrary to the large emissions reduction reported since 2015 under the Chinese hydrochlorofluorocarbons production phase-out management plan (HPPMP). The magnitude of the mismatch between topdown and bottom-up estimates for 2015-2019 in eastern China was ~23.7 ± 3.6 Gg, which accounts for 47 ± 11 % of the global mismatch. Given the location of HCFC-22 production plants in eastern China and the fraction of regional to global HCFC-22 production capacities, the HFC-23 emissions rise in eastern China is most likely associated with known HCFC-22 production facilities and thus, observed discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up emissions could be attributed to unsuccessful factory level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions.
3 Peter G. Simmonds, Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. 4 Stanley, Arch... more 3 Peter G. Simmonds, Matthew Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Sunyoung Park, Kieran M. 4 Stanley, Archie McCulloch, Stephan Henne, Francesco Graziosi, Michela Maione, 5 Jgor Arduini, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, Jens Mühle, Simon O’Doherty, 6 Dickon Young, Paul B. Krummel, Paul J. Fraser, Ray F. Weiss, Peter K. Salameh, 7 Christina M. Harth, Mi-Kyung Park, Hyeri Park, Tim Arnold, Chris Rennick, L. Paul 8 Steele, Blagoj Mitrevski, Ray H. J. Wang, and Ronald G. Prinn. 9
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anth... more Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. CH3Br has been used mainly for preplant soil fumigation, post-harvest grain and timber fumigation and structural fumigation. Most non-quarantine/pre-shipment (non-QPS) uses have been phased-out in 2005 for non-Article 5 (developed) countries and in 2015 for Article 5 (developing) countries under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; some uses have continued under critical use exemptions (CUEs). Under the Protocol, individual nations are required to report annual data on CH3Br production and consumption for quarantine/pre-shipment (QPS) uses, non-QPS uses and CUEs to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, we analyzed high precision, in situ measurements of atmospheric concentrations of CH3Br obtained at the Gosan station on Jeju island, Korea, from 2008 to 2019. The background concentrations of CH3Br in the atmosphere at Gosan declined from 8.5 ± 0.8 ppt in 2008 to 7.4 ± 0.6 ppt in 2019 at a rate of-0.13 ± 0.02 ppt yr-1. At Gosan, we also observed periods of persistent concentrations (pollution events) elevated above the decreasing background in continental air masses from China. Statistical back trajectory analyses showed that these pollution events predominantly trace back to CH3Br emissions from eastern China. Using an inter-species correlation (ISC) method with the reference trace species CFC-11 (CCl3F), we estimate anthropogenic CH3Br emissions from eastern China at 4.1 ± 1.3 Gg yr-1 in 2008-2019, approximately 2.9 ± 1.3 Gg yr-1 higher than the bottom-up emission estimates reported to UNEP. Possible non-fumigation CH3Br sources-rapeseed production and biomass burning-were assessed and it was found that the discrepancy is more likely due to unreported or incorrectly reported QPS and non-QPS fumigation uses. These largelyunreported anthropogenic emissions of CH3Br are confined to eastern China and account for 30-40% of anthropogenic global
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
We report a 40-year history of SF 6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global At... more We report a 40-year history of SF 6 atmospheric mole fractions measured at the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) monitoring sites, combined with archived air samples, to determine emission estimates from 1978 to 2018. Previously we reported a global emission rate of 7.3 ± 0.6 Gg yr −1 in 2008 and over the past decade emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04 ± 0.35 Gg yr −1 in 2018. We show that changing patterns in SF 6 consumption from developed (Kyoto Protocol Annex-1) to developing countries (non-Annex-1) and the rapid global expansion of the electric power industry, mainly in Asia, have increased the demand for SF 6-insulated switchgear, circuit breakers, and transformers. The large bank of SF 6 sequestered in this electrical equipment provides a substantial source of emissions from maintenance, replacement, and continuous leakage. Other emissive sources of SF 6 occur from the magnesium, aluminium, and electronics industries as well as more minor industrial applications. More recently, reported emissions, including those from electrical equipment and metal industries, primarily in the Annex-1 countries, have declined steadily through substitution of alternative blanketing gases and technological improvements in less emissive equipment and more efficient industrial practices. Nevertheless, there are still demands for SF 6 in Annex-1 countries due to economic growth, as well as continuing emissions from older equipment and additional emissions from newly installed SF 6-insulated electrical equipment, although at low emission rates. In addition, in the non-Annex-1 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 7272 P. G. Simmonds et al.: Atmospheric burden of SF 6 countries, SF 6 emissions have increased due to an expansion in the growth of the electrical power, metal, and electronics industries to support their continuing development. There is an annual difference of 2.5-5 Gg yr −1 (1990-2018) between our modelled top-down emissions and the UNFCCC-reported bottom-up emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which we attempt to reconcile through analysis of the potential contribution of emissions from the various industrial applications which use SF 6. We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF 6 inventory. On an average annual basis, our estimated emissions from the whole of China are approximately 10 times greater than emissions from western Europe. In 2018, our modelled Chinese and western European emissions accounted for ∼ 36 % and 3.1 %, respectively, of our global SF 6 emissions estimate.
Nature
These new publications update regional-and global-scale atmospheric CFC-11 measurements from 2018... more These new publications update regional-and global-scale atmospheric CFC-11 measurements from 2018 through early 2020, immediately following the discovery of an apparent violation of the Montreal Protocol. They provide an early assessment of intensive regional and global efforts to address the problem of increasing CFC-11 emissions that emerged 3 to 4 years after the 2010 ban on its production globally. Main findings, global emission paper (Montzka et al., 2021): Global emissions of CFC-11, the second most abundant ozone-depleting gas controlled by the Montreal Protocol, dropped sharply from 2018 to 2019. The drop is comparable to the emission increase that occurred from 2012 to 2017, which may have resulted from new, unreported production after the 2010 global production ban. The results indicate that the long-term downward trajectory of CFC-11 emissions has been restored and a substantial delay in ozone layer recovery from increased emissions has been avoided.