Ibrahim Akinci - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ibrahim Akinci

Power and energy requirement data is often used in machinery management. Farm system models often... more Power and energy requirement data is often used in machinery management. Farm system models often require power data to predict machine performance and fuel requirement. As seen in previous researches, many studies on the subject of power and energy requirements mostly concentrated on field crops production. However, the investigations related to energy use in greenhouse vegetable production are very limited. Turkey is an important state of protected cultivation in the Mediterranean area. This research was carried out in Antalya province which is in the centre of Turkey's greenhouse vegetable production. In greenhouse areas, mostly vegetables are cultivated in soil culture. In this research, power and energy requirements for agricultural machinery used for greenhouse vegetable production were determined and compared with the machinery used for field crop productions. In the production, some agricultural machinery is used in tillage and transportation operations like mouldboard ...

Electronic devices in combine harvester have become a key factor for the efficient use of these m... more Electronic devices in combine harvester have become a key factor for the efficient use of these machines. The complex process technology inside harvesters has to be managed by operators to maximize the performance of machines (ha/h, t/h) by taking into account the requirements of plant production (minimal grain loss, grain damage). The objective of the study is to analyse the use of electronic devices in combined harvesters in Antalya Region, Turkey. Electronic devices, which are used in combine harvester in Antalya are described in the paper. For this purpose, a questionnaire study was carried out with 43 combine harvester users. Users were questioned on the following sensor: grain loss sensor, hectare meter, and failure sensors. 26% of total 43 units combine harvesters belongs to the +30 age group. 25 (58%) unit combine harvester have been used only wheat and barley harvesting. 0-5 years old group combines located in the 23% of combine harvester park. 18 units combine harvester ha...

"ABSTRACT Machine manufacturing ... more "ABSTRACT Machine manufacturing fields are improving to itself together with developing technologies. Especially, developed computers and software, which are interested in designing of machine elements, have very important role for obtaining to optimum parameters of design of products. Numerical techniques and optimization methods are used in the interested fields if the analytical techniques are insufficient. Today’s design software, which integrated numerical techniques and optimization methods are very useful to obtain solution for effective designs, which are generated in virtual screen. It is inevitable progress that designing and manufacturing of agricultural mechanization systems by using these kind of virtual screen applications. In this study, a sample-plumbing element, which is used in agricultural irrigation, was modeled as three-dimensional and parametric. Operating conditions of system were evaluated then a study was built on determining of optimum thickness and body length by referenced finite element stress analysis results of plumbing element. Consequently, it is focused that three-dimensional parametric modeling, finite element analysis and optimization applications on designing of agricultural mechanization systems-devices and a study was carried out about determining to optimum thickness and body length of a sample plumbing element. Keywords: Parametric Design, Finite Element Analysis, Agricultural Irrigation."

Hareketini traktor kuyruk milinden alan toprak frezesi, topragi parcalayarak karistiran ve tarla ... more Hareketini traktor kuyruk milinden alan toprak frezesi, topragi parcalayarak karistiran ve tarla trafiginin azaltilmasinda onemli bir yere sahip olan toprak isleme aletlerinden biridir. Ulkemizde, bircok yararli ozelliklerinden dolayi kullanimi her gecen gun artmaktadir. Toprak frezesi, traktor kuyruk miline baglanan bir saft ile aldigi hareketi ve gucu, yapisinda bulunan disli kutusu araciligi ile 90° degistirerek, kesici bicaklarin baglandigi rotor miline iletir. Toprak frezesi ile calisma sirasinda; ozellikle kesici bicaklar ve iletim dislileri uzerinde yuksek titresimler, dengelenemeyen kuvvet dagilimlari, toprak parcalarinin etkisi, tasarim-imalat hatalari ve yanlis kullanimdan kaynaklanan deformasyonlar ve zorlanmalar meydana gelir. Tasarim sirasinda toprak frezesi konstruksiyonunun ve iletim elemanlarinin uzerine gelen kuvvet dagilimlarinin belirlenmesi, hasarlarin onune gecilmesi bakimindan cok onemlidir. Bu calismada,yerel bir firma tarafindan tasarimi ve imalati gerceklest...

Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and manufact... more Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and manufacturing industry connected with reverse engineering approach. Additive manufacturing can be defined basically as layer upon layer manufacturing process of the objects from 3-Dimensional CAD models. This technology provides very important advantages for the designers to evaluate their products more efficiently and quicker during design progress to obtain best designs for serial production. These advantages can be used for the issue of designing agricultural tools and machinery to get benefits from the newest high technology applications for the mechanization of the agricultural production. In this study, a sample greenhouse clips is considered. First, the clips 3D model was reverse engineered by helping 3D laser scanner and parametric design software. Subsequently tensile tests were carried out to obtain mechanical properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) specimens. The data from ...

This paper focuses on a case study which can represent a unique application sample for a reverse ... more This paper focuses on a case study which can represent a unique application sample for a reverse engineering aided time-dependant non-linear human mastication simulation of agricultural products and its rapid prototyping evaluation. Experimental and theoretical methods and rapid prototyping technology (as an evaluation tool) have been utilised in the case study. A human oral mastication scenario for Pecan kernel has been modelled and simulated respectively through reverse engineered solid models aided explicit dynamics simulation approaches. Subsequently, physical model of the deformation print-out has been produced through rapid prototyping technology. The main aim of the study is to evaluate, understand and demonstrate the deformation dynamics of an agricultural product in human mastication through advanced engineering technologies such as computer aided design, reverse engineering, engineering simulation and rapid prototyping which should be considered as today’s mainstream engin...

Bu calismada ornek bir tamburlu cayir bicme makinesine (TCBM) ait hareket iletim millerinin tanim... more Bu calismada ornek bir tamburlu cayir bicme makinesine (TCBM) ait hareket iletim millerinin tanimlanan calisma kosullari altinda maruz kaldiklari yapisal gerilmeler analitik ve sayisal (Sonlu Elemanlar Yontemi) yontemler kullanilarak analiz edilmis ve sayisal yontem sonuclari analitik yontem sonuclari ile karsilastirilmistir. Hesaplamalarda kullanilan iletim millerini zorlayan kuvvetler makinenin gercek calisma kosullarinda test edilmesi ile elde edilmistir. Fiziksel test asamasi yonca bitkisi hasadi yapilarak gerceklestirilmistir. Hasat islemi sirasinda makine ve traktor kuyruk mili arasina yerlestirilen bir torkmetre ile makineyi zorlayan en yuksek tork degerleri olculmus ve bu degerler kullanilarak iletim millerini zorlayan en yuksek kuvvetler hesaplanmistir. Takip eden asamada, hesaplanan kuvvet degerleri iletim millerinin analitik ve sonlu elemanlar analizinde kullanilmis ve iletim millerinin en yuksek yuklenme kosulunda maruz kaldigi yapisal gerilme dagilimlari bilgisayar orta...

Ozellikle meyve ve sebzeler gibi tarimsal urunlerin hasat, tasima, siniflandirma, paketleme ve ha... more Ozellikle meyve ve sebzeler gibi tarimsal urunlerin hasat, tasima, siniflandirma, paketleme ve hasat sonrasi islemleri gibi sureclerde kullanilan makine sistemlerinin tasariminda odaklanilan temel tasarim amaclarindan birisi, bu sistemlerin ilgili islemler sirasinda islenen urune her hangi bir sekilde mekanik bir zarar vermemesidir. Bu tip sureclerde rastlanilan en yaygin mekanik zarar turu, urunun carpma etkisi altinda mekanik olarak zedelenmesidir. Bu zedelenme urunun dis etkenlerle etkilesimi veya birbirleri ile temasi nedeniyle olabilmektedir. Bu tip durumlara maruz kalan urunlerin zedelenme miktarinin ve zedelenme ilerleyisinin hassas bir sekilde belirlenmesi, bu sureclerde kullanilan makine sistemlerinin tasariminda onemli bir rol oynamaktadir. Bu arastirmada, birbirleri ile carpisma etkisi altinda kalan ornek bir tarimsal urunun (Armut-Ankara cesidi) carpisma surecinde maruz kaldigi yapisal gerilmelerin zamana bagli degisimi ve carpisma sonucu ortaya cikan zedelenme hacimleri...

Closed capsule sesame is new germplasm to plant breeders and agricultural machinery designers. Th... more Closed capsule sesame is new germplasm to plant breeders and agricultural machinery designers. The variation in the mechanical properties of plant stalks and the resistance to cutting equipment have to be known in order to understand the behavior of material with respect to different operation. In this study, some engineering parameters such as strength and deformation were determined for closed capsule of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) stalks. Strength parameters consisted of maximum force and bioyield force in shearing, shearing and bioyield stress, maximum energy in maximum force, maximum energy in bioyield point and modulus of elasticity. Deformation parameters are also maximum bioyield deformation and maximum breaking dilatation. To determine these parameters, a cutting apparatus consisting of a load cell, knife and slot was used. The tests were conducted at four moisture contents of 10, 20, 45 and 60% (d.b.) and at different stalk sections (upper, middle and lower). The highest s...

International Journal of Bioprinting

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for specific medical equipment such as personal protecti... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for specific medical equipment such as personal protective equipment (PPE) has rapidly exceeded the available supply around the world. Specifically, simple medical equipment such as medical gloves, aprons, goggles, surgery masks and medical face shields have become highly in demand in the healthcare sector in face of this rapidly developing pandemic. This difficult period strengthens the social solidarity by an extent parallel to the escalation of this pandemic. Education and government institutions, commercial and non‑commercial organisations and individual home makers have produced specific medical equipment by means of additive manufacturing (AM) technology which is the fastest way to create a product, providing their support for urgent demands within the healthcare services. Medical face shields have become a popular item to produce and many design variations and prototypes have been forthcoming. Although AM technology can be used to prod...

Postharvest Biology and Technology

Abstract The bruising phenomenon of apple fruit under impact loading is still a very important pr... more Abstract The bruising phenomenon of apple fruit under impact loading is still a very important problem to be solved in order to design optimal harvest and processing systems and for ensuring the quality of the fruit during long-term periods of storage. This study focused on deformation simulation of apples (cv.’ Pink Lady’) under dynamic impact loading during drop tests in order to describe time-dependent bruising occurrence and the bruising effect on the postharvest fruit quality during long-term storage. In the study, analytical, experimental methods and finite element analysis based explicit dynamics simulation techniques were employed. Three drop heights (250 mm, 500 mm and 750 mm) and three impact materials (structural steel, high-density polyethylene and wood) and single fruit orientation (transverse) for the drop tests were considered. Experimental drop test, physical and chromatographic analyses at the time of harvest (first testing day) and during storage periods of 30, 120 and 210 days were realised. Physical and chromatographic analyses revealed that damaged apples lost a greater amount of weight when considering the increase in drop height. Furthermore, bruised surfaces of apples lost their luminosity just after the drop test. Ethylene production and respiration rates rapidly increased just after the fruit bruising and this increase was correlated with the drop height. Additionally, material tests revealed the yield stress point of the apple as 0.385 MPa and the simulation results provided useful visuals and numerical data related to the time-dependent bruising phenomenon. The validation study on the experimental and simulation setup revealed that bruising surface area is a more accurate measurement than bruise volume when evaluating bruising on the fruit flesh through a numerical method-based simulation study (average relative difference: 5.5 %).

ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences

As a branch of the global machinery industry, the agricultural (farm) machinery design and manufa... more As a branch of the global machinery industry, the agricultural (farm) machinery design and manufacturing or agricultural engineering industry has become one of the most important industries to be supported and focussed on in the era of hunger threats foreseen in the World’s future. In order to produce sufficient volumes of food from current limited agricultural land, well-designed machinery and high technology-supported mechanisation of the agricultural production processes is a vital necessity. However, although novel improvements are observed in this area, they are very limited. There is a lack of implementation of advanced engineering design and manufacturing technologies in this industry, therefore agricultural engineering could be considered a potential engineering research area with this in mind. This study aims to highlight the potential, gaps, sector specific challenges and limitations of the agricultural engineering research area at a macro level. Under consideration of the...

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Abstract In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and eng... more Abstract In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering (CAD and CAE) based application algorithm was developed and tested. The algorithm was put into practice through a case study on the strength-based structural design analysis of a Para-Plow tillage tool. Para-Plow is an effective tractor attached tillage tool utilised as an alternative to the conventional deep tillage tools used in agricultural tillage operations. During heavy tillage operations, the Para-Plow experiences highly dynamic soil reaction forces which may cause undesired deformations and functional failures on its structural elements. Here, prediction of the deformation behaviour of the tool structure during tillage operation in order to describe optimum structural design parameters for the tool elements and produce a functionally durable tool become an important issue. In the field experiments, draft force and strain-gauge based measurements on the tool were carried out simultaneously. Subsequently, Finite Element Method based stress analysis (FEA) were employed in order to simulate deformation behaviour of the tool under consideration of the maximum loading (worst-case scenario) conditions tested in the field. In the field experiments, average and maximum resultant draft forces were measured as 33,514 N and 51,716 N respectively. The FEA revealed that the maximum deformation value of the tool was 9.768 mm and the maximum stress values impart a change on the most critical structural elements of between 50 and 150 MPa under a worst-case loading scenario. Additionally, a validation study revealed that minimum and maximum relative differences for the equivalent stress values between experimental and simulation results were 5.17% and 30.19% respectively. This indicated that the results obtained from both the experimental and simulation are reasonably in union and there were no signs of plastic deformation on the Para-Plow elements (according to the material yield point) under pre-defined loading conditions and a structural optimisation on some of the structural elements may also be possible. This research provides a useful strategy for informing further research on complicated stress and deformation analyses of related agricultural equipment and machinery through experimental and advanced CAE techniques.

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2020

In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering ... more In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering (CAD and CAE) based application algorithm was developed and tested. The algorithm was put into practice through a case study on the strength-based structural design analysis of a Para-Plow tillage tool. Para-Plow is an effective tractor attached tillage tool utilised as an alternative to the conventional deep tillage tools used in agricultural tillage operations. During heavy tillage operations, the Para-Plow experiences highly dynamic soil reaction forces which may cause undesired deformations and functional failures on its structural elements. Here, prediction of the deformation behaviour of the tool structure during tillage operation in order to describe optimum structural design parameters for the tool elements and produce a functionally durable tool become an important issue. In the field experiments, draft force and strain-gauge based measurements on the tool were carried out simul...

Ergonomics International Journal

Journal of Food Process Engineering

This paper presents the results of an investigation on internal stress progression and the explic... more This paper presents the results of an investigation on internal stress progression and the explicit dynamics simulation of the bruising behavior of potato tubers under dynamic mechanical collision. Physical measurements, mechanical tests, advanced solid modeling, and engineering simulation techniques were utilized in the study. The tuber samples used in the simulation were reverse engineered and finite element analysis (FEA) was set up to simulate the collision-based bruising behavior of the potato tubers. The total number of identical tuber models used in the simulation was 17. The numerical data of the FEA results revealed useful stress distribution and mechanical behavior visuals. These results are presented in a frame that can be used to describe bruise susceptibility value on potato-like agricultural crops. The modulus of elasticity was calculated from compression test data as 3.12 MPa. Structural stresses of 1.40 and 3.13 MPa on the impacting (hitting) and impacted (hit) tubers (respectively) were obtained. These stress values indicate that bruising is likely to occur on the tubers. This research paper provides a useful how-to-do strategy to further research on complicated bruising investigations of solid-like agricultural products through advanced engineering simulation techniques. Practical applications: This research aims to simulate realistic dynamic deformation of potato tubers during mechanical collision, which is very hard to achieve through physical or analytical expressions. This is attractive because related food processing industries have shown their interest in determining the physical properties and bruising behavior of food/agricultural products using experimental, numerical, and engineering simulation methods so that it can be used in their food processing technology. Very limited data have been found available in the literature about the subject of FEM-based explicit dynamics simulation of solid-like agricultural crops such as the self-collision case of potato tubers (which is very important for indoor or outdoor potato processing). Comparative investigations on determination of modulus of elasticity are very limited as well. Most of the research focused on single calculation theory and linear static loading assumption-based FEM simulation solutions. Here, we report a “how-to-do” case study for dynamic self-collision simulation of potato tubers.

Power and energy requirement data is often used in machinery management. Farm system models often... more Power and energy requirement data is often used in machinery management. Farm system models often require power data to predict machine performance and fuel requirement. As seen in previous researches, many studies on the subject of power and energy requirements mostly concentrated on field crops production. However, the investigations related to energy use in greenhouse vegetable production are very limited. Turkey is an important state of protected cultivation in the Mediterranean area. This research was carried out in Antalya province which is in the centre of Turkey's greenhouse vegetable production. In greenhouse areas, mostly vegetables are cultivated in soil culture. In this research, power and energy requirements for agricultural machinery used for greenhouse vegetable production were determined and compared with the machinery used for field crop productions. In the production, some agricultural machinery is used in tillage and transportation operations like mouldboard ...

Electronic devices in combine harvester have become a key factor for the efficient use of these m... more Electronic devices in combine harvester have become a key factor for the efficient use of these machines. The complex process technology inside harvesters has to be managed by operators to maximize the performance of machines (ha/h, t/h) by taking into account the requirements of plant production (minimal grain loss, grain damage). The objective of the study is to analyse the use of electronic devices in combined harvesters in Antalya Region, Turkey. Electronic devices, which are used in combine harvester in Antalya are described in the paper. For this purpose, a questionnaire study was carried out with 43 combine harvester users. Users were questioned on the following sensor: grain loss sensor, hectare meter, and failure sensors. 26% of total 43 units combine harvesters belongs to the +30 age group. 25 (58%) unit combine harvester have been used only wheat and barley harvesting. 0-5 years old group combines located in the 23% of combine harvester park. 18 units combine harvester ha...

"ABSTRACT Machine manufacturing ... more "ABSTRACT Machine manufacturing fields are improving to itself together with developing technologies. Especially, developed computers and software, which are interested in designing of machine elements, have very important role for obtaining to optimum parameters of design of products. Numerical techniques and optimization methods are used in the interested fields if the analytical techniques are insufficient. Today’s design software, which integrated numerical techniques and optimization methods are very useful to obtain solution for effective designs, which are generated in virtual screen. It is inevitable progress that designing and manufacturing of agricultural mechanization systems by using these kind of virtual screen applications. In this study, a sample-plumbing element, which is used in agricultural irrigation, was modeled as three-dimensional and parametric. Operating conditions of system were evaluated then a study was built on determining of optimum thickness and body length by referenced finite element stress analysis results of plumbing element. Consequently, it is focused that three-dimensional parametric modeling, finite element analysis and optimization applications on designing of agricultural mechanization systems-devices and a study was carried out about determining to optimum thickness and body length of a sample plumbing element. Keywords: Parametric Design, Finite Element Analysis, Agricultural Irrigation."

Hareketini traktor kuyruk milinden alan toprak frezesi, topragi parcalayarak karistiran ve tarla ... more Hareketini traktor kuyruk milinden alan toprak frezesi, topragi parcalayarak karistiran ve tarla trafiginin azaltilmasinda onemli bir yere sahip olan toprak isleme aletlerinden biridir. Ulkemizde, bircok yararli ozelliklerinden dolayi kullanimi her gecen gun artmaktadir. Toprak frezesi, traktor kuyruk miline baglanan bir saft ile aldigi hareketi ve gucu, yapisinda bulunan disli kutusu araciligi ile 90° degistirerek, kesici bicaklarin baglandigi rotor miline iletir. Toprak frezesi ile calisma sirasinda; ozellikle kesici bicaklar ve iletim dislileri uzerinde yuksek titresimler, dengelenemeyen kuvvet dagilimlari, toprak parcalarinin etkisi, tasarim-imalat hatalari ve yanlis kullanimdan kaynaklanan deformasyonlar ve zorlanmalar meydana gelir. Tasarim sirasinda toprak frezesi konstruksiyonunun ve iletim elemanlarinin uzerine gelen kuvvet dagilimlarinin belirlenmesi, hasarlarin onune gecilmesi bakimindan cok onemlidir. Bu calismada,yerel bir firma tarafindan tasarimi ve imalati gerceklest...

Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and manufact... more Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and manufacturing industry connected with reverse engineering approach. Additive manufacturing can be defined basically as layer upon layer manufacturing process of the objects from 3-Dimensional CAD models. This technology provides very important advantages for the designers to evaluate their products more efficiently and quicker during design progress to obtain best designs for serial production. These advantages can be used for the issue of designing agricultural tools and machinery to get benefits from the newest high technology applications for the mechanization of the agricultural production. In this study, a sample greenhouse clips is considered. First, the clips 3D model was reverse engineered by helping 3D laser scanner and parametric design software. Subsequently tensile tests were carried out to obtain mechanical properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) specimens. The data from ...

This paper focuses on a case study which can represent a unique application sample for a reverse ... more This paper focuses on a case study which can represent a unique application sample for a reverse engineering aided time-dependant non-linear human mastication simulation of agricultural products and its rapid prototyping evaluation. Experimental and theoretical methods and rapid prototyping technology (as an evaluation tool) have been utilised in the case study. A human oral mastication scenario for Pecan kernel has been modelled and simulated respectively through reverse engineered solid models aided explicit dynamics simulation approaches. Subsequently, physical model of the deformation print-out has been produced through rapid prototyping technology. The main aim of the study is to evaluate, understand and demonstrate the deformation dynamics of an agricultural product in human mastication through advanced engineering technologies such as computer aided design, reverse engineering, engineering simulation and rapid prototyping which should be considered as today’s mainstream engin...

Bu calismada ornek bir tamburlu cayir bicme makinesine (TCBM) ait hareket iletim millerinin tanim... more Bu calismada ornek bir tamburlu cayir bicme makinesine (TCBM) ait hareket iletim millerinin tanimlanan calisma kosullari altinda maruz kaldiklari yapisal gerilmeler analitik ve sayisal (Sonlu Elemanlar Yontemi) yontemler kullanilarak analiz edilmis ve sayisal yontem sonuclari analitik yontem sonuclari ile karsilastirilmistir. Hesaplamalarda kullanilan iletim millerini zorlayan kuvvetler makinenin gercek calisma kosullarinda test edilmesi ile elde edilmistir. Fiziksel test asamasi yonca bitkisi hasadi yapilarak gerceklestirilmistir. Hasat islemi sirasinda makine ve traktor kuyruk mili arasina yerlestirilen bir torkmetre ile makineyi zorlayan en yuksek tork degerleri olculmus ve bu degerler kullanilarak iletim millerini zorlayan en yuksek kuvvetler hesaplanmistir. Takip eden asamada, hesaplanan kuvvet degerleri iletim millerinin analitik ve sonlu elemanlar analizinde kullanilmis ve iletim millerinin en yuksek yuklenme kosulunda maruz kaldigi yapisal gerilme dagilimlari bilgisayar orta...

Ozellikle meyve ve sebzeler gibi tarimsal urunlerin hasat, tasima, siniflandirma, paketleme ve ha... more Ozellikle meyve ve sebzeler gibi tarimsal urunlerin hasat, tasima, siniflandirma, paketleme ve hasat sonrasi islemleri gibi sureclerde kullanilan makine sistemlerinin tasariminda odaklanilan temel tasarim amaclarindan birisi, bu sistemlerin ilgili islemler sirasinda islenen urune her hangi bir sekilde mekanik bir zarar vermemesidir. Bu tip sureclerde rastlanilan en yaygin mekanik zarar turu, urunun carpma etkisi altinda mekanik olarak zedelenmesidir. Bu zedelenme urunun dis etkenlerle etkilesimi veya birbirleri ile temasi nedeniyle olabilmektedir. Bu tip durumlara maruz kalan urunlerin zedelenme miktarinin ve zedelenme ilerleyisinin hassas bir sekilde belirlenmesi, bu sureclerde kullanilan makine sistemlerinin tasariminda onemli bir rol oynamaktadir. Bu arastirmada, birbirleri ile carpisma etkisi altinda kalan ornek bir tarimsal urunun (Armut-Ankara cesidi) carpisma surecinde maruz kaldigi yapisal gerilmelerin zamana bagli degisimi ve carpisma sonucu ortaya cikan zedelenme hacimleri...

Closed capsule sesame is new germplasm to plant breeders and agricultural machinery designers. Th... more Closed capsule sesame is new germplasm to plant breeders and agricultural machinery designers. The variation in the mechanical properties of plant stalks and the resistance to cutting equipment have to be known in order to understand the behavior of material with respect to different operation. In this study, some engineering parameters such as strength and deformation were determined for closed capsule of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) stalks. Strength parameters consisted of maximum force and bioyield force in shearing, shearing and bioyield stress, maximum energy in maximum force, maximum energy in bioyield point and modulus of elasticity. Deformation parameters are also maximum bioyield deformation and maximum breaking dilatation. To determine these parameters, a cutting apparatus consisting of a load cell, knife and slot was used. The tests were conducted at four moisture contents of 10, 20, 45 and 60% (d.b.) and at different stalk sections (upper, middle and lower). The highest s...

International Journal of Bioprinting

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for specific medical equipment such as personal protecti... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for specific medical equipment such as personal protective equipment (PPE) has rapidly exceeded the available supply around the world. Specifically, simple medical equipment such as medical gloves, aprons, goggles, surgery masks and medical face shields have become highly in demand in the healthcare sector in face of this rapidly developing pandemic. This difficult period strengthens the social solidarity by an extent parallel to the escalation of this pandemic. Education and government institutions, commercial and non‑commercial organisations and individual home makers have produced specific medical equipment by means of additive manufacturing (AM) technology which is the fastest way to create a product, providing their support for urgent demands within the healthcare services. Medical face shields have become a popular item to produce and many design variations and prototypes have been forthcoming. Although AM technology can be used to prod...

Postharvest Biology and Technology

Abstract The bruising phenomenon of apple fruit under impact loading is still a very important pr... more Abstract The bruising phenomenon of apple fruit under impact loading is still a very important problem to be solved in order to design optimal harvest and processing systems and for ensuring the quality of the fruit during long-term periods of storage. This study focused on deformation simulation of apples (cv.’ Pink Lady’) under dynamic impact loading during drop tests in order to describe time-dependent bruising occurrence and the bruising effect on the postharvest fruit quality during long-term storage. In the study, analytical, experimental methods and finite element analysis based explicit dynamics simulation techniques were employed. Three drop heights (250 mm, 500 mm and 750 mm) and three impact materials (structural steel, high-density polyethylene and wood) and single fruit orientation (transverse) for the drop tests were considered. Experimental drop test, physical and chromatographic analyses at the time of harvest (first testing day) and during storage periods of 30, 120 and 210 days were realised. Physical and chromatographic analyses revealed that damaged apples lost a greater amount of weight when considering the increase in drop height. Furthermore, bruised surfaces of apples lost their luminosity just after the drop test. Ethylene production and respiration rates rapidly increased just after the fruit bruising and this increase was correlated with the drop height. Additionally, material tests revealed the yield stress point of the apple as 0.385 MPa and the simulation results provided useful visuals and numerical data related to the time-dependent bruising phenomenon. The validation study on the experimental and simulation setup revealed that bruising surface area is a more accurate measurement than bruise volume when evaluating bruising on the fruit flesh through a numerical method-based simulation study (average relative difference: 5.5 %).

ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences

As a branch of the global machinery industry, the agricultural (farm) machinery design and manufa... more As a branch of the global machinery industry, the agricultural (farm) machinery design and manufacturing or agricultural engineering industry has become one of the most important industries to be supported and focussed on in the era of hunger threats foreseen in the World’s future. In order to produce sufficient volumes of food from current limited agricultural land, well-designed machinery and high technology-supported mechanisation of the agricultural production processes is a vital necessity. However, although novel improvements are observed in this area, they are very limited. There is a lack of implementation of advanced engineering design and manufacturing technologies in this industry, therefore agricultural engineering could be considered a potential engineering research area with this in mind. This study aims to highlight the potential, gaps, sector specific challenges and limitations of the agricultural engineering research area at a macro level. Under consideration of the...

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Abstract In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and eng... more Abstract In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering (CAD and CAE) based application algorithm was developed and tested. The algorithm was put into practice through a case study on the strength-based structural design analysis of a Para-Plow tillage tool. Para-Plow is an effective tractor attached tillage tool utilised as an alternative to the conventional deep tillage tools used in agricultural tillage operations. During heavy tillage operations, the Para-Plow experiences highly dynamic soil reaction forces which may cause undesired deformations and functional failures on its structural elements. Here, prediction of the deformation behaviour of the tool structure during tillage operation in order to describe optimum structural design parameters for the tool elements and produce a functionally durable tool become an important issue. In the field experiments, draft force and strain-gauge based measurements on the tool were carried out simultaneously. Subsequently, Finite Element Method based stress analysis (FEA) were employed in order to simulate deformation behaviour of the tool under consideration of the maximum loading (worst-case scenario) conditions tested in the field. In the field experiments, average and maximum resultant draft forces were measured as 33,514 N and 51,716 N respectively. The FEA revealed that the maximum deformation value of the tool was 9.768 mm and the maximum stress values impart a change on the most critical structural elements of between 50 and 150 MPa under a worst-case loading scenario. Additionally, a validation study revealed that minimum and maximum relative differences for the equivalent stress values between experimental and simulation results were 5.17% and 30.19% respectively. This indicated that the results obtained from both the experimental and simulation are reasonably in union and there were no signs of plastic deformation on the Para-Plow elements (according to the material yield point) under pre-defined loading conditions and a structural optimisation on some of the structural elements may also be possible. This research provides a useful strategy for informing further research on complicated stress and deformation analyses of related agricultural equipment and machinery through experimental and advanced CAE techniques.

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2020

In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering ... more In this research, experimental field tests and an advanced computer aided design and engineering (CAD and CAE) based application algorithm was developed and tested. The algorithm was put into practice through a case study on the strength-based structural design analysis of a Para-Plow tillage tool. Para-Plow is an effective tractor attached tillage tool utilised as an alternative to the conventional deep tillage tools used in agricultural tillage operations. During heavy tillage operations, the Para-Plow experiences highly dynamic soil reaction forces which may cause undesired deformations and functional failures on its structural elements. Here, prediction of the deformation behaviour of the tool structure during tillage operation in order to describe optimum structural design parameters for the tool elements and produce a functionally durable tool become an important issue. In the field experiments, draft force and strain-gauge based measurements on the tool were carried out simul...

Ergonomics International Journal

Journal of Food Process Engineering

This paper presents the results of an investigation on internal stress progression and the explic... more This paper presents the results of an investigation on internal stress progression and the explicit dynamics simulation of the bruising behavior of potato tubers under dynamic mechanical collision. Physical measurements, mechanical tests, advanced solid modeling, and engineering simulation techniques were utilized in the study. The tuber samples used in the simulation were reverse engineered and finite element analysis (FEA) was set up to simulate the collision-based bruising behavior of the potato tubers. The total number of identical tuber models used in the simulation was 17. The numerical data of the FEA results revealed useful stress distribution and mechanical behavior visuals. These results are presented in a frame that can be used to describe bruise susceptibility value on potato-like agricultural crops. The modulus of elasticity was calculated from compression test data as 3.12 MPa. Structural stresses of 1.40 and 3.13 MPa on the impacting (hitting) and impacted (hit) tubers (respectively) were obtained. These stress values indicate that bruising is likely to occur on the tubers. This research paper provides a useful how-to-do strategy to further research on complicated bruising investigations of solid-like agricultural products through advanced engineering simulation techniques. Practical applications: This research aims to simulate realistic dynamic deformation of potato tubers during mechanical collision, which is very hard to achieve through physical or analytical expressions. This is attractive because related food processing industries have shown their interest in determining the physical properties and bruising behavior of food/agricultural products using experimental, numerical, and engineering simulation methods so that it can be used in their food processing technology. Very limited data have been found available in the literature about the subject of FEM-based explicit dynamics simulation of solid-like agricultural crops such as the self-collision case of potato tubers (which is very important for indoor or outdoor potato processing). Comparative investigations on determination of modulus of elasticity are very limited as well. Most of the research focused on single calculation theory and linear static loading assumption-based FEM simulation solutions. Here, we report a “how-to-do” case study for dynamic self-collision simulation of potato tubers.