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Papers by SADAF IBRAHIM
Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, Jun 30, 2022
Codium flabellatum, a green seaweed belonging to the Codiaceae family, is renowned for its therap... more Codium flabellatum, a green seaweed belonging to the Codiaceae family, is renowned for its therapeutic effects, which may be attributed to the number of bioactive compounds it contains. Pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical evaluation establish the identification of a specific plant and are valuable for authentication and the prevention of adulteration and substitution. In the current study, pharmacognostic studies were conducted through microscopic and macroscopic observations, and three different extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Codium flabellatum were subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests for carbohydrates, lipids, tannins, flavonoids, gelatin, and proteins; a physiochemical test was also performed according to WHO guidelines. Macroscopic study showed that Codium flabellatum was green in color, with a thallus 25-30 cm in height and 1-3 cm in width, with a finger-like projection and a spherical air bladder. Microscopic evaluation revealed clavate utricles, 190-260 µm broad, cylindrical in shape, and 750-850 µm long when young, with one or two long hairs just below their tips. Gametangia were found laterally on the utricles, 300-400 µm in length and 100-175 µm in width. The different extracts revealed that all classes of compounds were present. Physiochemical tests showed that the highest extractive values were for chloroform and methanol at 96% and 80.95%, respectively. The moisture and ash content were 94.55% and 84.15%, respectively. This study of Codium flabellatum will contribute to authenticating its identity and will also help to evaluate its nutritional potential.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Pharmacovigilance is an essential process when dealing with the medicines. It is one of the basic... more Pharmacovigilance is an essential process when dealing with the medicines. It is one of the basic roles of community pharmacist. This role is not found in practice. Due to lacking this role, monitoring of adverse drug reactions and awareness to report them is missed in the society. However, no significant data has been published to exhibit the role of community pharmacists in Pharmacovigilance. This study was aimed to help in stowing the pharmacist role, in community Pharmacovigilance of Pakistan, to give awareness not only to community pharmacists but to regulatory authorities to establish policies regarding ADRs. A cross-sectional study was conducted through a pre-validated questionnaire. This study was conducted in 16 Districts of Sindh Province of Pakistan. 368 pharmacies/ medical stores responded to the self administered questionnaire. The results showed dependence of Awareness to the Pharmacovigilance upon Professional Status, Education of Participants and Experience of study ...
Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences
This study aimed to screen different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Coelarthr... more This study aimed to screen different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Coelarthrum muelleri for secondary metabolites and subject them to physicochemical analysis, including ash, swelling index, pH, and color tests with different reagents. Seaweeds have been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry for their broad spectrum of structural diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities for health and disease management. Coelarthrum muelleri from red algae was taken as a sample for this study. It was collected from the coastal range of Buleji and Kakapir beaches in Karachi, Pakistan. Three extracts of Coelarthrum muelleri (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane), depending on their polarity, were subjected to phycochemicals of ten chemical compounds (glycosides, quinones, phenols, coumarins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins) and physicochemical test for ash value, pH value, and swelling index. The dried powder of Coelarthrum muel...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a frequent recurrent dermatological autoimmune illness that causes patchy... more Alopecia Areata (AA) is a frequent recurrent dermatological autoimmune illness that causes patchy regions of hair loss on the scalp and/or body. It can afflict people of any age or skin type, and it affects both men and women. It is necessary to develop new diagnostic procedures. Scalp dermatoscopy is a potential new technique for diagnosing scalp and hair diseases that may be difficult to diagnose otherwise. In adults, high-potency topical corticosteroids (TCs) such as 0.05 percent clobetasol propionate in different formulations or 0.25 percent desoximetasone cream are often used, with response rates of around 47 percent and 60%, respectively. Individuals with stable conditions can benefit from CI therapy provided at home, which can be just as safe and effective as CI therapy administered in a clinic setting.
FUUAST Journal of Biology, Dec 24, 2020
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Cedrus deodara have been used traditionally in ayurvedic system against peptic ulcer. Present wor... more Cedrus deodara have been used traditionally in ayurvedic system against peptic ulcer. Present work is concerned with the determination of histopathological effects in ethanol induced ulcer on rats (Wistar Strain) treated with Cedrus deodara root oil at a dose of 200mg/kg and comparison of its antiulcer activity against control, positive control and standard anti-ulcer drug (Omeprazole). The aim was to find out the antiulcer effect of Cedrus deodara root oil and to observe histopathology of liver, kidney as well. 120 Albino rats were taken and divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D designated as control, positive control, standard and treated groups respectively. Normal and intact general architecture of mucosa and submucosa layers of stomach observed. No significant changes observed in thickness of epithelium, no inflammatory cells were present on the mucosa and submucosal layer and gastric glands were normal. Liver of albino rats, showed no dilation and congestion in central a...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
The attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ace... more The attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) and NA-2-conjugated gold nanoparticles (NA2-AuNPs) was investigated. Male BALB/c mice (n = 54) were divided into nine groups having six animals in each group. Animals in groups 3-9 were pre-treated for 5 days with test compounds, whereas, animals in group 1 and 2 received normal saline. On day 4, animals in groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 were given single intra-peritoneal injection of CP at the dose of 5 mg/kg. After 72 hours of CP injection, all animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for serum urea and creatinine estimation, and kidneys were harvested for histo-pathological examinations and qPCR studies for nuclear factor-κB p50, (NFκB) ; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1); and interleukin-6 (IL-6).NA-2 and NA2-AuNPs was observed to decrease the serum urea and creatinine levels. Both the test compounds reduced kidney injury damage score and im...
During hemostasis, after vascular injury and wound healing process, platelets play a very signifi... more During hemostasis, after vascular injury and wound healing process, platelets play a very significant role, where the platelets hypersensitivity is also related to the progression or development of various cardiovascular diseases. In this regard, there is a need to find such compounds, which provide more potent and safer activity against platelets with minimum side effects. This review article provided an overview of various medicinal plants having antiplatelet properties or pointed out the constituents associated with the activity, the part used for the isolation of plant constituents, and different pathways which mediate the antiplatelet activity. In this review different classes such as Liliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Rutaceae, Arecaceae and Asteraceae were suggested for their antiplatelet properties to which various medicinal plants belong possessing such properties. Specific bioactive components in different medicinal plants which relate to the antiplatelet properties are flavonoids,...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2019
The aim of present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effect of Guaiacum ... more The aim of present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effect of Guaiacum officinale in streptozotocin induced male albino rats. The methanolic bark extract of Guaiacum officinale was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg and Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.5mg/kg for 28 days. The animals were divided in to four groups. Control group n=12, received distilled water. Positive control group (STZ group) n=12 received streptozotocin at 30 mg/kg dose through I/P route. Standard group (STZ+ GLB group): n=12 received Glibenclamide. Treated group (STZ+ extracted group): n=12 received bark extract of Guaiacum officinale. Blood glucose level was significantly reduced after oral adminstration of bark extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The SGOT level significantly reduced in Guaiacum officinale treated group as compare to control, pronounced reduction of ALT level as compared to GLB and the ALP levels was highly significantly reduced in...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Glibenclamide (GBC) has been associated with hepatotoxicity in humans. This study conducted on ra... more Glibenclamide (GBC) has been associated with hepatotoxicity in humans. This study conducted on rabbits to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of GBC alone and in combination therapy with propranolol (PPL). Liver enzymes like alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and bilirubin (BRB) are used to evaluate hepatotoxicity associated with GBC. Histological findings, micrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to find hepatotoxicity by GBC and with PPL. GBC caused significant elevation of liver functions as compared to control (p<0.005). PPL reduced the level of serum ALT, ALP, γGT and BRB when administered with GBC (p<0.005). The results prevailed that there is a significant change in hepatic cells structure and significant change in its diameter of nucleus (p<0.05). The necrosis and granuloma with decreased in number of hepatic cells were observed in GBC treated rabbits. However, the combination of GBC with PPL has shown h...
Aim: The co-relation of hypertension with hyperglycemic indicates the allocation of a common phys... more Aim: The co-relation of hypertension with hyperglycemic indicates the allocation of a common physiologic predecessor, suggested to be insulin tissue resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with a number of risk factors, identified and acknowledged as a metabolic syndrome or Syndrome X. Syndrome X is a term instead of a disease itself, used to emphasize determinants that increases the possibilities of cardiovascular disorders to approximately 2 times and for type II diabetes to 5 times. Objective: The main objective of this study is to estimate the risk of Syndrome X among the females of Pakistan as well as the suggestions to control the spreading of the syndrome through advising proper lifestyle changes. Methods: A random sampling method was used to do population-based cross-sectional study among 150 out of 280 women aged 35-55 years. Pregnant female and those who didn’t fast for 8-12 hours were excluded from all analyses. The data was obtained via percentage system. Results: T...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021
Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related it... more Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi. Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used. Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individual...
The Professional Medical Journal, 2018
… Introduction: Diabetes is the most genetically transmitted disease all over the world. It badly... more … Introduction: Diabetes is the most genetically transmitted disease all over the world. It badly affects the vital organs and manifest the reduction of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Objectives: This study has been designed to investigate the role of Guaiacum officinale extract in controlling of diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes male albino (Wistar) rats. Study Design: Experimental. Setting: Baqai Medical University. Period: January 2017-June 2017. Method: Bark extract of Guaiacum officinale (500mg/kg) was administered to STZ induced rat. Glibenclamide (GLB) was used as standard drug. The approach of the study was to observe the effect of Guaiacum officinale on pancreatic amylase and lipase and its tissue architecture by histopathology. Rats were divided in four groups i-e control, STZ treated, STZ + GLB treated and STZ +extract treated group. Results: Guaiacum officinale significantly improve the level of pancreatic amylase and lipase as compared to the STZ induced group. Similarly the pancreatic architecture was significantly affected by STZ alone. These changes were considerably reversed by Guaiacum officinale and GLB. Conclusion: It was concluded that Guaiacum officinale herb useful to cure the diabetes and it is effective in protecting pancreas from diabetes induced damages.
Trade policy regimes are changing and growing towards a protectionist attitude. Liberal trade pol... more Trade policy regimes are changing and growing towards a protectionist attitude. Liberal trade policies might harm the trade and commerce of a country. Therefore GATT contains some measures for the member countries to impose higher protection against imports. One of these measures is known as anti-dumping. When a country sends its products to another country and sells it at less than the normal value it is known as dumping. Dumping results in harming the established market practices and anti-competitive activities. Significance Statement: The paper aims at studying anti-dumping policies prevalent in our country and how dumping is affecting the pharmaceutical sector of the country.
Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, Jun 30, 2022
Codium flabellatum, a green seaweed belonging to the Codiaceae family, is renowned for its therap... more Codium flabellatum, a green seaweed belonging to the Codiaceae family, is renowned for its therapeutic effects, which may be attributed to the number of bioactive compounds it contains. Pharmacognostic standardization and phytochemical evaluation establish the identification of a specific plant and are valuable for authentication and the prevention of adulteration and substitution. In the current study, pharmacognostic studies were conducted through microscopic and macroscopic observations, and three different extracts (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Codium flabellatum were subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests for carbohydrates, lipids, tannins, flavonoids, gelatin, and proteins; a physiochemical test was also performed according to WHO guidelines. Macroscopic study showed that Codium flabellatum was green in color, with a thallus 25-30 cm in height and 1-3 cm in width, with a finger-like projection and a spherical air bladder. Microscopic evaluation revealed clavate utricles, 190-260 µm broad, cylindrical in shape, and 750-850 µm long when young, with one or two long hairs just below their tips. Gametangia were found laterally on the utricles, 300-400 µm in length and 100-175 µm in width. The different extracts revealed that all classes of compounds were present. Physiochemical tests showed that the highest extractive values were for chloroform and methanol at 96% and 80.95%, respectively. The moisture and ash content were 94.55% and 84.15%, respectively. This study of Codium flabellatum will contribute to authenticating its identity and will also help to evaluate its nutritional potential.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Pharmacovigilance is an essential process when dealing with the medicines. It is one of the basic... more Pharmacovigilance is an essential process when dealing with the medicines. It is one of the basic roles of community pharmacist. This role is not found in practice. Due to lacking this role, monitoring of adverse drug reactions and awareness to report them is missed in the society. However, no significant data has been published to exhibit the role of community pharmacists in Pharmacovigilance. This study was aimed to help in stowing the pharmacist role, in community Pharmacovigilance of Pakistan, to give awareness not only to community pharmacists but to regulatory authorities to establish policies regarding ADRs. A cross-sectional study was conducted through a pre-validated questionnaire. This study was conducted in 16 Districts of Sindh Province of Pakistan. 368 pharmacies/ medical stores responded to the self administered questionnaire. The results showed dependence of Awareness to the Pharmacovigilance upon Professional Status, Education of Participants and Experience of study ...
Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences
This study aimed to screen different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Coelarthr... more This study aimed to screen different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane) of Coelarthrum muelleri for secondary metabolites and subject them to physicochemical analysis, including ash, swelling index, pH, and color tests with different reagents. Seaweeds have been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry for their broad spectrum of structural diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities for health and disease management. Coelarthrum muelleri from red algae was taken as a sample for this study. It was collected from the coastal range of Buleji and Kakapir beaches in Karachi, Pakistan. Three extracts of Coelarthrum muelleri (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane), depending on their polarity, were subjected to phycochemicals of ten chemical compounds (glycosides, quinones, phenols, coumarins, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins) and physicochemical test for ash value, pH value, and swelling index. The dried powder of Coelarthrum muel...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a frequent recurrent dermatological autoimmune illness that causes patchy... more Alopecia Areata (AA) is a frequent recurrent dermatological autoimmune illness that causes patchy regions of hair loss on the scalp and/or body. It can afflict people of any age or skin type, and it affects both men and women. It is necessary to develop new diagnostic procedures. Scalp dermatoscopy is a potential new technique for diagnosing scalp and hair diseases that may be difficult to diagnose otherwise. In adults, high-potency topical corticosteroids (TCs) such as 0.05 percent clobetasol propionate in different formulations or 0.25 percent desoximetasone cream are often used, with response rates of around 47 percent and 60%, respectively. Individuals with stable conditions can benefit from CI therapy provided at home, which can be just as safe and effective as CI therapy administered in a clinic setting.
FUUAST Journal of Biology, Dec 24, 2020
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Cedrus deodara have been used traditionally in ayurvedic system against peptic ulcer. Present wor... more Cedrus deodara have been used traditionally in ayurvedic system against peptic ulcer. Present work is concerned with the determination of histopathological effects in ethanol induced ulcer on rats (Wistar Strain) treated with Cedrus deodara root oil at a dose of 200mg/kg and comparison of its antiulcer activity against control, positive control and standard anti-ulcer drug (Omeprazole). The aim was to find out the antiulcer effect of Cedrus deodara root oil and to observe histopathology of liver, kidney as well. 120 Albino rats were taken and divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D designated as control, positive control, standard and treated groups respectively. Normal and intact general architecture of mucosa and submucosa layers of stomach observed. No significant changes observed in thickness of epithelium, no inflammatory cells were present on the mucosa and submucosal layer and gastric glands were normal. Liver of albino rats, showed no dilation and congestion in central a...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
The attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) ace... more The attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice by N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) and NA-2-conjugated gold nanoparticles (NA2-AuNPs) was investigated. Male BALB/c mice (n = 54) were divided into nine groups having six animals in each group. Animals in groups 3-9 were pre-treated for 5 days with test compounds, whereas, animals in group 1 and 2 received normal saline. On day 4, animals in groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 were given single intra-peritoneal injection of CP at the dose of 5 mg/kg. After 72 hours of CP injection, all animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for serum urea and creatinine estimation, and kidneys were harvested for histo-pathological examinations and qPCR studies for nuclear factor-κB p50, (NFκB) ; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1); and interleukin-6 (IL-6).NA-2 and NA2-AuNPs was observed to decrease the serum urea and creatinine levels. Both the test compounds reduced kidney injury damage score and im...
During hemostasis, after vascular injury and wound healing process, platelets play a very signifi... more During hemostasis, after vascular injury and wound healing process, platelets play a very significant role, where the platelets hypersensitivity is also related to the progression or development of various cardiovascular diseases. In this regard, there is a need to find such compounds, which provide more potent and safer activity against platelets with minimum side effects. This review article provided an overview of various medicinal plants having antiplatelet properties or pointed out the constituents associated with the activity, the part used for the isolation of plant constituents, and different pathways which mediate the antiplatelet activity. In this review different classes such as Liliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Rutaceae, Arecaceae and Asteraceae were suggested for their antiplatelet properties to which various medicinal plants belong possessing such properties. Specific bioactive components in different medicinal plants which relate to the antiplatelet properties are flavonoids,...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2019
The aim of present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effect of Guaiacum ... more The aim of present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effect of Guaiacum officinale in streptozotocin induced male albino rats. The methanolic bark extract of Guaiacum officinale was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg and Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.5mg/kg for 28 days. The animals were divided in to four groups. Control group n=12, received distilled water. Positive control group (STZ group) n=12 received streptozotocin at 30 mg/kg dose through I/P route. Standard group (STZ+ GLB group): n=12 received Glibenclamide. Treated group (STZ+ extracted group): n=12 received bark extract of Guaiacum officinale. Blood glucose level was significantly reduced after oral adminstration of bark extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The SGOT level significantly reduced in Guaiacum officinale treated group as compare to control, pronounced reduction of ALT level as compared to GLB and the ALP levels was highly significantly reduced in...
Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2020
Glibenclamide (GBC) has been associated with hepatotoxicity in humans. This study conducted on ra... more Glibenclamide (GBC) has been associated with hepatotoxicity in humans. This study conducted on rabbits to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of GBC alone and in combination therapy with propranolol (PPL). Liver enzymes like alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and bilirubin (BRB) are used to evaluate hepatotoxicity associated with GBC. Histological findings, micrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to find hepatotoxicity by GBC and with PPL. GBC caused significant elevation of liver functions as compared to control (p<0.005). PPL reduced the level of serum ALT, ALP, γGT and BRB when administered with GBC (p<0.005). The results prevailed that there is a significant change in hepatic cells structure and significant change in its diameter of nucleus (p<0.05). The necrosis and granuloma with decreased in number of hepatic cells were observed in GBC treated rabbits. However, the combination of GBC with PPL has shown h...
Aim: The co-relation of hypertension with hyperglycemic indicates the allocation of a common phys... more Aim: The co-relation of hypertension with hyperglycemic indicates the allocation of a common physiologic predecessor, suggested to be insulin tissue resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with a number of risk factors, identified and acknowledged as a metabolic syndrome or Syndrome X. Syndrome X is a term instead of a disease itself, used to emphasize determinants that increases the possibilities of cardiovascular disorders to approximately 2 times and for type II diabetes to 5 times. Objective: The main objective of this study is to estimate the risk of Syndrome X among the females of Pakistan as well as the suggestions to control the spreading of the syndrome through advising proper lifestyle changes. Methods: A random sampling method was used to do population-based cross-sectional study among 150 out of 280 women aged 35-55 years. Pregnant female and those who didn’t fast for 8-12 hours were excluded from all analyses. The data was obtained via percentage system. Results: T...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021
Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related it... more Objective: This study was aimed to establish the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related its factors among the citizens of Karachi. Methodology: From Jan 2018 to August 2018. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted to obtain information from 772 persons using a validated questionnaire and traditional height and weight evaluation methods have been used. Overweight and obesity were described by South Asian cut-off points as 23 ≥ BMI (Normal), 25.0 - 29.9 BMI (Overweight) and 30 ≤ BMI (Obese) respectively. For data processing, version 21.0 of SPSS was used. Results: In this sample study men was 44.5% and women was 55.5%.Age group 20-39 was the most numerous group which was 55.70%. Among Overweight and obesity were found to be higher in men than in women. About 23.3% of the people were smokers, 1.42% was alcohol consumer, while 20.3% had vegetarian diet, 55.8% had semi-vegetarian diet, and 23.8% had non-vegetarian diet. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among individual...
The Professional Medical Journal, 2018
… Introduction: Diabetes is the most genetically transmitted disease all over the world. It badly... more … Introduction: Diabetes is the most genetically transmitted disease all over the world. It badly affects the vital organs and manifest the reduction of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Objectives: This study has been designed to investigate the role of Guaiacum officinale extract in controlling of diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes male albino (Wistar) rats. Study Design: Experimental. Setting: Baqai Medical University. Period: January 2017-June 2017. Method: Bark extract of Guaiacum officinale (500mg/kg) was administered to STZ induced rat. Glibenclamide (GLB) was used as standard drug. The approach of the study was to observe the effect of Guaiacum officinale on pancreatic amylase and lipase and its tissue architecture by histopathology. Rats were divided in four groups i-e control, STZ treated, STZ + GLB treated and STZ +extract treated group. Results: Guaiacum officinale significantly improve the level of pancreatic amylase and lipase as compared to the STZ induced group. Similarly the pancreatic architecture was significantly affected by STZ alone. These changes were considerably reversed by Guaiacum officinale and GLB. Conclusion: It was concluded that Guaiacum officinale herb useful to cure the diabetes and it is effective in protecting pancreas from diabetes induced damages.
Trade policy regimes are changing and growing towards a protectionist attitude. Liberal trade pol... more Trade policy regimes are changing and growing towards a protectionist attitude. Liberal trade policies might harm the trade and commerce of a country. Therefore GATT contains some measures for the member countries to impose higher protection against imports. One of these measures is known as anti-dumping. When a country sends its products to another country and sells it at less than the normal value it is known as dumping. Dumping results in harming the established market practices and anti-competitive activities. Significance Statement: The paper aims at studying anti-dumping policies prevalent in our country and how dumping is affecting the pharmaceutical sector of the country.