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Papers by I KADEK SWASTIKA

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, May 23, 2021

BACKGROUND: The effect of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soi... more BACKGROUND: The effect of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soil transmitted helminth infections is more difficult to do microscopically. It is hoped that the molecular method was able to help increase the detectability of Soil Transmitted Helminth infection. AIM: The research aimed is to determine the prevalence of STH infection after Albendazole administration in Bali by identify the presence of β-tubulin gene as molecular diagnosis of STHs infection among children. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study that recruits elementary school children aged 6-12 years as subjects. Stool examination was carried out using the Kato-Katz technique, then followed by a molecular method using the B-tubulin gene as the target gene. RESULTS: The results showed that only 1 sample out of 140 examined using Kato-Katz was positive for Trichuris trichiura. 30 samples were then extracted from the faeces and performed Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 4 positive samples detected the B-tubulin Ascaris lumbricoides gene and 1 positive sample of the B-tubulin Trichuris trichiura gene. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the prevaence of STH infection after albendazole treatment is low, the molecular method has a higher detectability than the microscopic method.

Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019), 2020

PT Freeport Indonesia Hospital located in Tembagapura, District Mimika, Papua, reported three neu... more PT Freeport Indonesia Hospital located in Tembagapura, District Mimika, Papua, reported three neurocysticercosis (NCC) suspected cases with acute symptomatic seizures, epilepsy and headaches in 2014. Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple cystic lesions in the brain and disseminated cysticercosis in the leg. With national control program initiative, the assessment was conducted in 2015. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of T solium taeniasis and cysticercosis among the community in Banti Village. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Banti Village. Each individual was questioned about taeniasis and their eating habit, and also provided fecal and blood samples. All fecal samples were examined for presence of Taenia spp eggs and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs by Kato Katz technique, and serum samples were tested for specific IgG antibodies to T. solium cysticercus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: CT revealed three NCC cases with partially calcified, multiple cysts in the brain and one case was disseminated cysticercosis. Two of them were analyzed serologically. One was positive and the other was just under the cutoff value. A total of 132 local people was involved in the study. There was no Taenia egg positive. Moreover, 60.6% of them (80/132) were positive for eggs of STHs (Ascaris, Trichuris or hookworm). Fifteen of 131 people who were sero-negative showed relatively higher OD values close to the cutoff values. They should be followed up if they become positive or not. Eating raw pork warmed under hot stones, known as 'Bakar Batu', is traditional in Papua. Patients claimed that they continued this practice as an important part of their culture. This case report result is illustrative of the risk of veiled NCC associated with the habit of eating raw pork. These patients are regarded as indigenous as NCC cases of infected in Mimika District, Papua. Further studies towards control of NCC are an urgent task.

E-Jurnal Medika Udayana

Latar Belakang: Pediculosis capitis telah menjadi masalah kesehatan pada masyarakat terutama anak... more Latar Belakang: Pediculosis capitis telah menjadi masalah kesehatan pada masyarakat terutama anak sekolah di seluruh dunia. Tujuan: Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian pediculosis capitis serta faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya di SD Negeri 11 Dauh Puri. Metode: Sebanyak 144 siswa SD Negeri 11 Dauh Puri berusia 6-13 tahun dilakukan pemeriksaan kutu kepala pada bulan April-Mei 2019 menggunakan rancangan studi potong-lintang analitik. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner dan siswa dinyatakan positif terinfestasi pediculosis capitis apabila didapatkan telur kutu atau kutu pada kulit kepala atau rambut siswa. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan program SPSS mengunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik. Hasil: Dari 144 siswa yang diperiksa, sebanyak 62 siswa (43,1%) terinfestasi kutu kepala dan ditemukan tingkat infestasi pada siswa perempuan lebih tinggi (60,2%) dibandingkan siswa laki-laki (19,7%). Hubungan signifikan ditemukan pada beberapa faktor risiko seperti j...

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalitic arboviral disease transmitted by mosquitoes with pi... more Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalitic arboviral disease transmitted by mosquitoes with pigs as one of its amplifying hosts. JE is still endemic in Bali and affects mostly children. People in Bali still rear pigs and live in close proximity to irrigated rice fields which is a perfect habitat for mosquitoes. However, few studies have examined the seroprevalence of JE virus (JEV) in pigs as a risk factor for JE in children in Bali together with pigpen location from houses and irrigated rice fields. Therefore, blood samples were collected from pigs in 5 regencies in Bali where JE cases were reported. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on the sera to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against JEV. A total of 80 pig sera were assayed, 60% of which were positive for antibody against JEV. The seroprevalence of JEV-IgM and JEV-IgG was 20% and 40%, respectively. There were three risk factors that had significant associations (p < 0.05) with JE in children such as JEV-IgG-positive pigs, pigpen location <10 meters from the household, and distance of <500 meters between irrigated rice field and pigpen with an IgG-positive pig. In conclusion, the presence of pigs still plays an important role in the JEV transmission cycle in Bali, as demonstrated by the high seroprevalence of JEV-IgG in pigs, and that pigs kept close to households and irrigated rice fields were risk factors for JE in Bali.

Intisari Sains Medis

Latar Belakang: Pada perkembangan global yang sudah modern ternyata masih banyak kejadian infeksi... more Latar Belakang: Pada perkembangan global yang sudah modern ternyata masih banyak kejadian infeksi cacing pada anak-anak. Infeksi cacing ini juga berhubungan dengan status gizi anak-anak. Beberapa penelitian juga menyebutkan bahwa kebersihan diri pada anak-anak sangat berpengaruh dengan terjadi nya infeksi cacing seperti perilaku mencuci tangan, memotong kuku, kebersihan yang dikonsumsi, dan masih banyak lagi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi cacing, dan juga hubungan status gizi serta kebersihan diri pada anak sekolah dasar di SD Negeri 1 Padangbulia Kecamatan Sukasada Kabupaten Buleleng.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan studi total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 127 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner tentang kebersihan diri untuk mendapatkan katagori baik dan buruk, serta perhitungan berat badan dan tinggi badan menggunakan timbangan dan microtoise.Hasil: Dari 127 siswa, 20 siswa dikatagorikan kurus, 84 siswa dikatag...

Veterinary World

Background and Aim: To effectively control dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), it is necessary to ass... more Background and Aim: To effectively control dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), it is necessary to assess the risk of vertical virus transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study aimed to detect dengue virus (DENV) transovarial transmission in A. aegypti collected from DHF patients' residences in Denpasar, Bali. Materials and Methods: A. aegypti samples were acquired by rearing A. aegypti eggs collected from ovitraps placed in the homes of DHF patients. Ovitraps were installed for 7 days and viewed using a loupe to determine whether there were Aedes spp. eggs present. An immunocytochemical method was utilized with 200 samples, and virus detection was performed using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Of the 10 DHF patient houses fitted with ovitraps, four produced positive ovitraps from which larvae developed (house index=40%). Of the 50 ovitraps mounted in the 10 homes, 14 ovitraps were positive and contained A. aegypti eggs (ovitrap index=28...

The Indonesian Biomedical Journal, 2021

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no vaccine against malaria in humans, the development of resistan... more BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no vaccine against malaria in humans, the development of resistance to anti-malarial drugs, causing the need to find new alternatives to overcome malaria infections. This study aimed to determine effect of Spondias pinnata in increasing cellular immunity, especially phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages against Plasmodium berghei infection.METHODS: This was an experimental study with two stages of research, each stage requires 36 Balb/c mice, aged 2 months and weight 20-25 grams. After one week of acclimatization, the mice were put into 6 different groups, each group consisted of 6 mice. The negative control was a group of mice given distilled water for 14 days then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day. Meanwhile, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups were given S. pinnata leaves ethanol extract with dose of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively, and then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day.RESULTS: The results showed...

Jurnal Veteriner, 2015

The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcy... more The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcyst fluid of Taenia saginata. The study was conducted using four BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks as experimentalanimals. All experimental animals were vaccinated intra peritoneal with Taenia saginata cyst fluidemulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Immune response in the mice was determined by detecting antibodiesusing ELISA and by the presence of lymphocytes through evaluation of blood smear. The results showedthat the cyst fluid of Taenia saginata was antigenic and capable of inducing antibody responses that weredetected by ELISA. Mean antibody titers obtained in the results of the first, second, third, and fourth ofvaccination was 3.3 units; 17.9 units; 21.2 units; and 72.1 units; respectively. Evaluation of blood smear ofvaccinated mice showed an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes after vaccination with an average66.75%, compared with the average of lymphocytes before vaccination which ...

ABSTRAK Tingginya kasus demam berdarah dengue disertai munculnya resistensi terhadap temephos, me... more ABSTRAK Tingginya kasus demam berdarah dengue disertai munculnya resistensi terhadap temephos, menjadikan penggunaan larvasida alami mulai dipertimbangkan. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat digunakan adalah daun pandan wangi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret tahun 2016 sampai bulan Agustus tahun 2016 dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas, LC 50 , dan LC 90 dari ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi sebagai larvasida bagi Aedes aegypti. Studi ini merupakan murni eksperimental dan memakai post test only control group design. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol (konsentrasi 0%) dan 7 kelompok perlakuan (konsentrasi 0,05%, 0,125%, 0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Replikasi dilakukan empat kali dengan menggunakan 25 larva Aedes aegypti instar III/IV pada tiap-tiap kelompok. Data kematian larva dikumpulkan setelah 24 jam dan didapatkan tidak ada kematian pada kelompok kontrol. Rerata persentase kematian larva pada kelompok perlakuan berturut-turut dari konsentrasi perlakuan terkecil k...

Acta Tropica, 2021

Historically, cysticercosis cases caused by infection with the larval stage of the Taenia solium ... more Historically, cysticercosis cases caused by infection with the larval stage of the Taenia solium tapeworm have occurred sporadically in Bali, with taeniasis carriers found primarily in villages located in the Kubu subdistrict of Karangasem. As Bali is a well-known tourist destination, living standards are relatively high on the island, except for an area located beneath the northeast slope of the active volcano Mt. Agung (Alt. 3031 m), which includes Kubu. Over the last 30 years, pigs originating from this area have been found with T. solium cysticerci, whereas pigs from other parts of the island have not been shown to be infected. Out of 108 individuals screened via fecal sample examination in Kubu during 2019, 3 cases of T. solium taeniasis (2.8%) were identified. There was no significant difference in taeniasis prevalence from surveys conducted in 2011-2016 (1.0%, 11/1089) (p = 0.123). Out of 110 humans and 140 pigs tested serologically in Kubu during 2019, no cases of cysticercosis were identified. This is in contrast to a seroprevalence of 4.1% (42/1025) in humans during 2011-2016 and a seroprevalence of 13.1% (43/329) in pigs during 2011-2013. Over the last decade, improved drinking water and sanitary systems have been employed in addition to health education targeting primary school children, including emphasis on washing hands before eating and after defecation. This review provides previously unpublished survey data and a historical overview of T. solium infection in Bali and offers guidance on best practices to ensure that remaining pockets of transmission are addressed.

Jurnal Veteriner, 2021

Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) adalah virus yang hanya dapat bereplikasi pada sel nyamuk. Virus... more Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) adalah virus yang hanya dapat bereplikasi pada sel nyamuk. Virus ini terdiri dari berbagai genus, salah satunya yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah dari famili Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Namun, data keberadaan dan karakteristik MSVs dan vektornya di Bali saat ini sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, pengamatan untuk memperluas penemuan keragaman vektor dan filogenetik MSVs famili Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus di Bali dilakukan pada tahun 2016-2018. Nyamuk-nyamuk dewasa ditangkap menggunakan light trap dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan spesies. Isolasi dan propagasi virus dilakukan pada galur sel C6/36 dan baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21). Identifikasi virus dilakukan dengan menggunakan one step reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Terdapat dua pool yang berasal dari nyamuk Anopheles vagus menampakan cythopathic effect (CPE) hanya pada galur sel C6/36 dari total 158 pool. Virus yang diisolasi memiliki persentase identity sekuen nukl...

e-Jurnal Medika Udayana, 2017

Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit mematikan yang mengenai seluruh dunia dan ditularkan oleh nyamu... more Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit mematikan yang mengenai seluruh dunia dan ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti . Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk memutus rantai penyebaran salah satu dengan menggunakan larvasida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat efektifitas ekstrak etanol serai wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L) sebagai larvasida Ae. aegypti . Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Pebruari sampai Nopember 2016. Metode yang digunakan berupa eksperimental dengan rancangan post test only with control group design dengan menggunakan larva Aedes aegypti instar III/IV sebagai hewan coba. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan yaitu 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,5%, 1% dan 2% dan kelompok kontrol dengan 4 kali pengulangan, masing-masing menggunakan 25 larva dan dilakukan pengamatan selama 24 jam. Jumlah kematian larva dianalisis menggunakan uji nonparametrik Kruskal Wallis . Dari penelitian didapatkan semua konsentrasi pada kelompok perlakuan memiliki hasil perbedaan secara bermakna deng...

Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 2016

The biological studies of Taenia saginata metacestoda development have been conducted in Bali cat... more The biological studies of Taenia saginata metacestoda development have been conducted in Bali cattle. Two Bali cattle were used as the samples; each was infected by 500.000 T. saginata eggs. Cattle I and II were slaughtered and examined for the presence of T. saginata metacestodas,103 and 131 days post infection, respectively. All visceral organs and skeletal muscles were thoroughly inspected; incisions and inspection were done following the routine meat inspection. In cattle I, was observed 534 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, and diaphragm. The metacestodas had the form an oval bladder measuring around 3 x 2 mm. While, in cattle II was observed 2,249 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, diaphragm, and tongue measuring around 4 x 3 mm. The finding of the present study may indicate that in Bali cattle the oncospheres of T. saginata might reach its optimal development (in to T. saginata metacestoda) in four months post infection.

Parasitology International, 2021

Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human di... more Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.

Acta Tropica, 2019

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since thi... more Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since this time, sporadic cases have been reported annually. This study reports information on 29 NCC cases (20 males and 9 females) admitted to a referral hospital in Denpasar, Bali from 2014 until 2018. Twenty-four cases were from Bali, 2 were from the province of East Nusa Tenggara, and 3 were from the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Mean patient age was 37.2 years and 69.0% (20/29) were male. Epileptic seizures were the most common clinical manifestation (65.5%, 19/29). Serology (ELISA) was used in 14 cases (48.2%, 14/29), but only 6 cases, including one case with an inactive calcified lesion, were positive (42.9%, 6/14). Two cases underwent surgical resection after their lesions were initially misdiagnosed as brain tumors. These hospital-based findings are discussed along with the present status of NCC in Bali.

Acta Tropica, 2019

The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A q... more The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate if elementary school children were able to answer correctly more questions about Taenia saginata and Taenia solium transmission and control after playing the game compared to before playing the game. In total, 78 children (9-12 years of age) from Dukuh elementary school in Karangasem District, Bali, Indonesia, were evaluated. The children were asked to complete a pre-and post-test assessment before and after playing the game a single time. Overall proportion of correct answers was 40.3% before playing the game and 58.8% after playing the game. There was a greater proportion of correct answers for questions pertaining to the transmission route for T. saginata (p < 0.001) and T. solium (p < 0.001), human infection type with T. solium (p = 0.035) and T. saginata (p < 0.001), and animal infection type with T. solium or T. saginata (p < 0.001) after playing the game compared to before playing the game. However, there was no significant difference for any question for the youngest grade level. Use of this popular board game appears to be a promising tool for teaching older (10 years of age and above) children about taeniasis in endemic areas.

Acta Tropica, 2019

In North Sumatra, Indonesia, taeniasis has previously been reported solely from Samosir Island lo... more In North Sumatra, Indonesia, taeniasis has previously been reported solely from Samosir Island located in Lake Toba. In 2014, however, three individuals were identified with taeniasis after voluntarily reporting for treatment, stimulating a subsequent investigation conducted in 2017. This investigation indicated that a previously unidentified endemic area exists in Simalungun District. Molecular analysis showed the worms to be hybrid-derived descendants of Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata, which is consistent with specimens identified previously from Samosir Island.

Primary Health Care Open Access, 2016

Taeniasis, caused by infection with Taenia saginata or Taenia solium, occurs on Bali due to the c... more Taeniasis, caused by infection with Taenia saginata or Taenia solium, occurs on Bali due to the consumption of undercooked beef and pork, respectively. Fieldwork conducted on Bali from 2002-2007, identified 69 taeniasis cases due to T. saginata. In August 2007, three T. saginata tapeworm carriers in the Gianyar district of Bali were treated with a single dose of praziquantel. Within a few hours of treatment, a 47 year old man had a seizure and was admitted to a hospital in the city of Denpasar. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed two cystic lesions in the man's brain. Serology showed specific antibody responses to T. solium metacestode antigens. The patient was, therefore, diagnosed with a dual infection of T. solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) and T. saginata taeniasis. This case report is illustrative of the risk of veiled NCC in areas where T. saginata and T. solium are co-endemic. As globalization increases, the possibility of co-infections will continue to rise and researchers and physicians participating in mass drug administration programs will need to be vigilant in their monitoring for adverse effects.

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, May 23, 2021

BACKGROUND: The effect of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soi... more BACKGROUND: The effect of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soil transmitted helminth infections is more difficult to do microscopically. It is hoped that the molecular method was able to help increase the detectability of Soil Transmitted Helminth infection. AIM: The research aimed is to determine the prevalence of STH infection after Albendazole administration in Bali by identify the presence of β-tubulin gene as molecular diagnosis of STHs infection among children. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study that recruits elementary school children aged 6-12 years as subjects. Stool examination was carried out using the Kato-Katz technique, then followed by a molecular method using the B-tubulin gene as the target gene. RESULTS: The results showed that only 1 sample out of 140 examined using Kato-Katz was positive for Trichuris trichiura. 30 samples were then extracted from the faeces and performed Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 4 positive samples detected the B-tubulin Ascaris lumbricoides gene and 1 positive sample of the B-tubulin Trichuris trichiura gene. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the prevaence of STH infection after albendazole treatment is low, the molecular method has a higher detectability than the microscopic method.

Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019), 2020

PT Freeport Indonesia Hospital located in Tembagapura, District Mimika, Papua, reported three neu... more PT Freeport Indonesia Hospital located in Tembagapura, District Mimika, Papua, reported three neurocysticercosis (NCC) suspected cases with acute symptomatic seizures, epilepsy and headaches in 2014. Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple cystic lesions in the brain and disseminated cysticercosis in the leg. With national control program initiative, the assessment was conducted in 2015. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of T solium taeniasis and cysticercosis among the community in Banti Village. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Banti Village. Each individual was questioned about taeniasis and their eating habit, and also provided fecal and blood samples. All fecal samples were examined for presence of Taenia spp eggs and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs by Kato Katz technique, and serum samples were tested for specific IgG antibodies to T. solium cysticercus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: CT revealed three NCC cases with partially calcified, multiple cysts in the brain and one case was disseminated cysticercosis. Two of them were analyzed serologically. One was positive and the other was just under the cutoff value. A total of 132 local people was involved in the study. There was no Taenia egg positive. Moreover, 60.6% of them (80/132) were positive for eggs of STHs (Ascaris, Trichuris or hookworm). Fifteen of 131 people who were sero-negative showed relatively higher OD values close to the cutoff values. They should be followed up if they become positive or not. Eating raw pork warmed under hot stones, known as 'Bakar Batu', is traditional in Papua. Patients claimed that they continued this practice as an important part of their culture. This case report result is illustrative of the risk of veiled NCC associated with the habit of eating raw pork. These patients are regarded as indigenous as NCC cases of infected in Mimika District, Papua. Further studies towards control of NCC are an urgent task.

E-Jurnal Medika Udayana

Latar Belakang: Pediculosis capitis telah menjadi masalah kesehatan pada masyarakat terutama anak... more Latar Belakang: Pediculosis capitis telah menjadi masalah kesehatan pada masyarakat terutama anak sekolah di seluruh dunia. Tujuan: Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian pediculosis capitis serta faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya di SD Negeri 11 Dauh Puri. Metode: Sebanyak 144 siswa SD Negeri 11 Dauh Puri berusia 6-13 tahun dilakukan pemeriksaan kutu kepala pada bulan April-Mei 2019 menggunakan rancangan studi potong-lintang analitik. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner dan siswa dinyatakan positif terinfestasi pediculosis capitis apabila didapatkan telur kutu atau kutu pada kulit kepala atau rambut siswa. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan program SPSS mengunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik. Hasil: Dari 144 siswa yang diperiksa, sebanyak 62 siswa (43,1%) terinfestasi kutu kepala dan ditemukan tingkat infestasi pada siswa perempuan lebih tinggi (60,2%) dibandingkan siswa laki-laki (19,7%). Hubungan signifikan ditemukan pada beberapa faktor risiko seperti j...

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalitic arboviral disease transmitted by mosquitoes with pi... more Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an encephalitic arboviral disease transmitted by mosquitoes with pigs as one of its amplifying hosts. JE is still endemic in Bali and affects mostly children. People in Bali still rear pigs and live in close proximity to irrigated rice fields which is a perfect habitat for mosquitoes. However, few studies have examined the seroprevalence of JE virus (JEV) in pigs as a risk factor for JE in children in Bali together with pigpen location from houses and irrigated rice fields. Therefore, blood samples were collected from pigs in 5 regencies in Bali where JE cases were reported. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on the sera to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against JEV. A total of 80 pig sera were assayed, 60% of which were positive for antibody against JEV. The seroprevalence of JEV-IgM and JEV-IgG was 20% and 40%, respectively. There were three risk factors that had significant associations (p < 0.05) with JE in children such as JEV-IgG-positive pigs, pigpen location <10 meters from the household, and distance of <500 meters between irrigated rice field and pigpen with an IgG-positive pig. In conclusion, the presence of pigs still plays an important role in the JEV transmission cycle in Bali, as demonstrated by the high seroprevalence of JEV-IgG in pigs, and that pigs kept close to households and irrigated rice fields were risk factors for JE in Bali.

Intisari Sains Medis

Latar Belakang: Pada perkembangan global yang sudah modern ternyata masih banyak kejadian infeksi... more Latar Belakang: Pada perkembangan global yang sudah modern ternyata masih banyak kejadian infeksi cacing pada anak-anak. Infeksi cacing ini juga berhubungan dengan status gizi anak-anak. Beberapa penelitian juga menyebutkan bahwa kebersihan diri pada anak-anak sangat berpengaruh dengan terjadi nya infeksi cacing seperti perilaku mencuci tangan, memotong kuku, kebersihan yang dikonsumsi, dan masih banyak lagi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi cacing, dan juga hubungan status gizi serta kebersihan diri pada anak sekolah dasar di SD Negeri 1 Padangbulia Kecamatan Sukasada Kabupaten Buleleng.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan studi total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 127 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner tentang kebersihan diri untuk mendapatkan katagori baik dan buruk, serta perhitungan berat badan dan tinggi badan menggunakan timbangan dan microtoise.Hasil: Dari 127 siswa, 20 siswa dikatagorikan kurus, 84 siswa dikatag...

Veterinary World

Background and Aim: To effectively control dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), it is necessary to ass... more Background and Aim: To effectively control dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), it is necessary to assess the risk of vertical virus transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study aimed to detect dengue virus (DENV) transovarial transmission in A. aegypti collected from DHF patients' residences in Denpasar, Bali. Materials and Methods: A. aegypti samples were acquired by rearing A. aegypti eggs collected from ovitraps placed in the homes of DHF patients. Ovitraps were installed for 7 days and viewed using a loupe to determine whether there were Aedes spp. eggs present. An immunocytochemical method was utilized with 200 samples, and virus detection was performed using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Of the 10 DHF patient houses fitted with ovitraps, four produced positive ovitraps from which larvae developed (house index=40%). Of the 50 ovitraps mounted in the 10 homes, 14 ovitraps were positive and contained A. aegypti eggs (ovitrap index=28...

The Indonesian Biomedical Journal, 2021

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no vaccine against malaria in humans, the development of resistan... more BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no vaccine against malaria in humans, the development of resistance to anti-malarial drugs, causing the need to find new alternatives to overcome malaria infections. This study aimed to determine effect of Spondias pinnata in increasing cellular immunity, especially phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages against Plasmodium berghei infection.METHODS: This was an experimental study with two stages of research, each stage requires 36 Balb/c mice, aged 2 months and weight 20-25 grams. After one week of acclimatization, the mice were put into 6 different groups, each group consisted of 6 mice. The negative control was a group of mice given distilled water for 14 days then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day. Meanwhile, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups were given S. pinnata leaves ethanol extract with dose of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively, and then infected by P. berghei in the 15th day.RESULTS: The results showed...

Jurnal Veteriner, 2015

The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcy... more The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcyst fluid of Taenia saginata. The study was conducted using four BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks as experimentalanimals. All experimental animals were vaccinated intra peritoneal with Taenia saginata cyst fluidemulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Immune response in the mice was determined by detecting antibodiesusing ELISA and by the presence of lymphocytes through evaluation of blood smear. The results showedthat the cyst fluid of Taenia saginata was antigenic and capable of inducing antibody responses that weredetected by ELISA. Mean antibody titers obtained in the results of the first, second, third, and fourth ofvaccination was 3.3 units; 17.9 units; 21.2 units; and 72.1 units; respectively. Evaluation of blood smear ofvaccinated mice showed an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes after vaccination with an average66.75%, compared with the average of lymphocytes before vaccination which ...

ABSTRAK Tingginya kasus demam berdarah dengue disertai munculnya resistensi terhadap temephos, me... more ABSTRAK Tingginya kasus demam berdarah dengue disertai munculnya resistensi terhadap temephos, menjadikan penggunaan larvasida alami mulai dipertimbangkan. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat digunakan adalah daun pandan wangi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret tahun 2016 sampai bulan Agustus tahun 2016 dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas, LC 50 , dan LC 90 dari ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi sebagai larvasida bagi Aedes aegypti. Studi ini merupakan murni eksperimental dan memakai post test only control group design. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol (konsentrasi 0%) dan 7 kelompok perlakuan (konsentrasi 0,05%, 0,125%, 0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Replikasi dilakukan empat kali dengan menggunakan 25 larva Aedes aegypti instar III/IV pada tiap-tiap kelompok. Data kematian larva dikumpulkan setelah 24 jam dan didapatkan tidak ada kematian pada kelompok kontrol. Rerata persentase kematian larva pada kelompok perlakuan berturut-turut dari konsentrasi perlakuan terkecil k...

Acta Tropica, 2021

Historically, cysticercosis cases caused by infection with the larval stage of the Taenia solium ... more Historically, cysticercosis cases caused by infection with the larval stage of the Taenia solium tapeworm have occurred sporadically in Bali, with taeniasis carriers found primarily in villages located in the Kubu subdistrict of Karangasem. As Bali is a well-known tourist destination, living standards are relatively high on the island, except for an area located beneath the northeast slope of the active volcano Mt. Agung (Alt. 3031 m), which includes Kubu. Over the last 30 years, pigs originating from this area have been found with T. solium cysticerci, whereas pigs from other parts of the island have not been shown to be infected. Out of 108 individuals screened via fecal sample examination in Kubu during 2019, 3 cases of T. solium taeniasis (2.8%) were identified. There was no significant difference in taeniasis prevalence from surveys conducted in 2011-2016 (1.0%, 11/1089) (p = 0.123). Out of 110 humans and 140 pigs tested serologically in Kubu during 2019, no cases of cysticercosis were identified. This is in contrast to a seroprevalence of 4.1% (42/1025) in humans during 2011-2016 and a seroprevalence of 13.1% (43/329) in pigs during 2011-2013. Over the last decade, improved drinking water and sanitary systems have been employed in addition to health education targeting primary school children, including emphasis on washing hands before eating and after defecation. This review provides previously unpublished survey data and a historical overview of T. solium infection in Bali and offers guidance on best practices to ensure that remaining pockets of transmission are addressed.

Jurnal Veteriner, 2021

Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) adalah virus yang hanya dapat bereplikasi pada sel nyamuk. Virus... more Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) adalah virus yang hanya dapat bereplikasi pada sel nyamuk. Virus ini terdiri dari berbagai genus, salah satunya yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah dari famili Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Namun, data keberadaan dan karakteristik MSVs dan vektornya di Bali saat ini sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, pengamatan untuk memperluas penemuan keragaman vektor dan filogenetik MSVs famili Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus di Bali dilakukan pada tahun 2016-2018. Nyamuk-nyamuk dewasa ditangkap menggunakan light trap dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan spesies. Isolasi dan propagasi virus dilakukan pada galur sel C6/36 dan baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21). Identifikasi virus dilakukan dengan menggunakan one step reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Terdapat dua pool yang berasal dari nyamuk Anopheles vagus menampakan cythopathic effect (CPE) hanya pada galur sel C6/36 dari total 158 pool. Virus yang diisolasi memiliki persentase identity sekuen nukl...

e-Jurnal Medika Udayana, 2017

Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit mematikan yang mengenai seluruh dunia dan ditularkan oleh nyamu... more Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit mematikan yang mengenai seluruh dunia dan ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti . Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk memutus rantai penyebaran salah satu dengan menggunakan larvasida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat efektifitas ekstrak etanol serai wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L) sebagai larvasida Ae. aegypti . Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Pebruari sampai Nopember 2016. Metode yang digunakan berupa eksperimental dengan rancangan post test only with control group design dengan menggunakan larva Aedes aegypti instar III/IV sebagai hewan coba. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan yaitu 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,5%, 1% dan 2% dan kelompok kontrol dengan 4 kali pengulangan, masing-masing menggunakan 25 larva dan dilakukan pengamatan selama 24 jam. Jumlah kematian larva dianalisis menggunakan uji nonparametrik Kruskal Wallis . Dari penelitian didapatkan semua konsentrasi pada kelompok perlakuan memiliki hasil perbedaan secara bermakna deng...

Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 2016

The biological studies of Taenia saginata metacestoda development have been conducted in Bali cat... more The biological studies of Taenia saginata metacestoda development have been conducted in Bali cattle. Two Bali cattle were used as the samples; each was infected by 500.000 T. saginata eggs. Cattle I and II were slaughtered and examined for the presence of T. saginata metacestodas,103 and 131 days post infection, respectively. All visceral organs and skeletal muscles were thoroughly inspected; incisions and inspection were done following the routine meat inspection. In cattle I, was observed 534 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, and diaphragm. The metacestodas had the form an oval bladder measuring around 3 x 2 mm. While, in cattle II was observed 2,249 metacestodas in the skeletal muscles, heart, diaphragm, and tongue measuring around 4 x 3 mm. The finding of the present study may indicate that in Bali cattle the oncospheres of T. saginata might reach its optimal development (in to T. saginata metacestoda) in four months post infection.

Parasitology International, 2021

Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human di... more Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.

Acta Tropica, 2019

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since thi... more Neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first reported in the province of Bali, Indonesia in 1975. Since this time, sporadic cases have been reported annually. This study reports information on 29 NCC cases (20 males and 9 females) admitted to a referral hospital in Denpasar, Bali from 2014 until 2018. Twenty-four cases were from Bali, 2 were from the province of East Nusa Tenggara, and 3 were from the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Mean patient age was 37.2 years and 69.0% (20/29) were male. Epileptic seizures were the most common clinical manifestation (65.5%, 19/29). Serology (ELISA) was used in 14 cases (48.2%, 14/29), but only 6 cases, including one case with an inactive calcified lesion, were positive (42.9%, 6/14). Two cases underwent surgical resection after their lesions were initially misdiagnosed as brain tumors. These hospital-based findings are discussed along with the present status of NCC in Bali.

Acta Tropica, 2019

The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A q... more The Snakes and Ladders board game was modified so that it contained information on taeniasis. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate if elementary school children were able to answer correctly more questions about Taenia saginata and Taenia solium transmission and control after playing the game compared to before playing the game. In total, 78 children (9-12 years of age) from Dukuh elementary school in Karangasem District, Bali, Indonesia, were evaluated. The children were asked to complete a pre-and post-test assessment before and after playing the game a single time. Overall proportion of correct answers was 40.3% before playing the game and 58.8% after playing the game. There was a greater proportion of correct answers for questions pertaining to the transmission route for T. saginata (p < 0.001) and T. solium (p < 0.001), human infection type with T. solium (p = 0.035) and T. saginata (p < 0.001), and animal infection type with T. solium or T. saginata (p < 0.001) after playing the game compared to before playing the game. However, there was no significant difference for any question for the youngest grade level. Use of this popular board game appears to be a promising tool for teaching older (10 years of age and above) children about taeniasis in endemic areas.

Acta Tropica, 2019

In North Sumatra, Indonesia, taeniasis has previously been reported solely from Samosir Island lo... more In North Sumatra, Indonesia, taeniasis has previously been reported solely from Samosir Island located in Lake Toba. In 2014, however, three individuals were identified with taeniasis after voluntarily reporting for treatment, stimulating a subsequent investigation conducted in 2017. This investigation indicated that a previously unidentified endemic area exists in Simalungun District. Molecular analysis showed the worms to be hybrid-derived descendants of Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata, which is consistent with specimens identified previously from Samosir Island.

Primary Health Care Open Access, 2016

Taeniasis, caused by infection with Taenia saginata or Taenia solium, occurs on Bali due to the c... more Taeniasis, caused by infection with Taenia saginata or Taenia solium, occurs on Bali due to the consumption of undercooked beef and pork, respectively. Fieldwork conducted on Bali from 2002-2007, identified 69 taeniasis cases due to T. saginata. In August 2007, three T. saginata tapeworm carriers in the Gianyar district of Bali were treated with a single dose of praziquantel. Within a few hours of treatment, a 47 year old man had a seizure and was admitted to a hospital in the city of Denpasar. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed two cystic lesions in the man's brain. Serology showed specific antibody responses to T. solium metacestode antigens. The patient was, therefore, diagnosed with a dual infection of T. solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) and T. saginata taeniasis. This case report is illustrative of the risk of veiled NCC in areas where T. saginata and T. solium are co-endemic. As globalization increases, the possibility of co-infections will continue to rise and researchers and physicians participating in mass drug administration programs will need to be vigilant in their monitoring for adverse effects.