Irina Vdovichenko - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Irina Vdovichenko

$Research paper thumbnail of SIMFEROPOL IN LIFE OF E.I. SOLOMONIK Vdovichenko Irina Ivanovna, Ph. D. in historical sciences, director of Simferopol’s History Museum (Russian Federation, Simferopol) e-mail: vdovitsenko@mail.ru\\Крымский архив КА 2 2018 (1) (1)$

Крымский архив (Crimea' archive), 2018

The article is devoted to the Simferopol period in the life of E. I. Solomonik, historian of the... more The article is devoted to the Simferopol period in the life of E. I. Solomonik,
historian of the ancient world, epigraphist, expert on Judaica of the Crimea, the 100th
anniversary of her birth was celebrated in 2017. She lived almost 50 years in Simferopol.
Here all her scientific works were written – 140 papers, among them 8 monographs.
Here she conducted active scientific, pedagogical and social activities. The article is
based on materials stored in the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea. Illustrations
come from the archives of the State Archives of Crimea, the Scientific Archives of the
Institute of Archeology of the Crimea, the personal archives of archaeologist O. A.
Makhneva.

The monograph is dedicated to the publication of materials from the excavations of Scythian buria... more The monograph is dedicated to the publication of materials from the excavations of
Scythian burial mounds in the foothills of Crimea directed by N. I. Veselovsky and Y. A. Kulakovsky
in the end of the 19th century. The book described the funerary monuments and the
analysis of the burial rite and grave goods. The book is intended for archaeologists, historians,
ethnographers, teachers and university students and all those who are interested in the ancientethnographers,
teachers and university students and all those who are interested in the ancient history of Crimea.

In 2014, S.A. Skory and R.V. Zimovets published the collection of artifacts that are common for t... more In 2014, S.A. Skory and R.V. Zimovets published the collection of artifacts that are common for the Scythian culture
of the Northern Black Sea Region. The collection originates from the mountain-foothill region of the South-Eastern
Crimea. The appearance of these finds on a territory, which was occupied by Taurian tribes Skory and Zimovetz associated
with Scythian expansion to the South-Eastern part of the Crimean peninsula.
Considering the same materials the author suggests a different point of view.
The reason for the spread of Scythian objects in the mountains and foothills is the contacts between the Scythians
and the Tauri that took place over the course of four centuries, the uniformity of their weapons and horse equipment,
and the gradual, predominantly peaceful advance of the Scythians into the depth of the foothill Crimea. The abundance
of finds can be explained by the use of metal detectors by the search engines, the plundering of the Scythian
and Kizil-Koba sites, and the fact that the territory on which the published material was obtained was larger than the
South-Eastern Crimea.
Key words: cultural relations, Mountain Crimea, Kizil-Koba Culture, stone cists, burial mounds, Scythian weapons,
Early Iron Age, Scythians, Tauri, horse harness.

I.I. Vdovichenko Ancient painted vases from the necropolises of the Bosporus in the collection ... more I.I. Vdovichenko

Ancient painted vases from the necropolises of the Bosporus in the collection of the State Historical and Archaeological Reserve Tauric Chersonesos. Aron Gidalevich’ collection.
The paper is devoted to ancient painted pottery from the private collection of Aron Gidalevich, stored in the State Historical and Archaeological Reserve "Tauric Chersonesos”. It was formed, most likely, due to purchases from local merchants of antiquities. This is, first of all, materials from the necropolises of Bosporus, Olbia, possibly Kerkinitis. There are 5 vessels from A. Gidalevich's collection: Corinthian ariball dated first quarter of the 6th century BC, Attic pottery: black-figured lekythos and cup dated first quarter of the 5th century BC, red-figured pelike and oinochoe dated second half of the 4th century BC. All these vases are of interest as typical examples of imports that have entered the ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea Region.

The article is devoted to the study of fragments of Panathenaic amphorae which were discovered in... more The article is devoted to the study of fragments of Panathenaic amphorae which were discovered in the collection of painted pottery of the National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos. If previously the undisputed leader in the number of such findings was the territory of the Bosporan Kingdom, now, we can say that in 4th cent. BC Panathenaic amphorae arrived in ancient Chersonesos. 14 pieces were found during excavations of K. K Kosciusko-Valyuzhinich in 1903 on the site. They had five vessels, which can be attributed to two chronological groups – Nikokratos series (333–322 BC) and a series of Nikomachos, arhonship of Kefisodotos (323–322 BC). Judging from the remains of the vase -painting on the back side of the amphorae, athletes were prized for winning the competition in the race (2), discus throw (1). Two fragments are not detected; most likely there were a part of the stand still athletes image- probably shows the time of award. In 2002, during excavations S. G. Ryzhov in the IX quarter of Tauric Chersonesos, was found one piece of the front side of the Panathenaic amphora with an image of goddess Athena with spear in her hand. We can attribute this painting as a work of the master Athens 12592, and date it as 360-359 BC. These finds show the traditional and repeated participation of citizens of Chersonesos in the Panathenaic Games, the high level of their physical fitness, it confirms the cultural and economic ties of the city with Athens in the middle – second half of the 4th century BC.

Article is devoted to the activities of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Romanov, collector ... more Article is devoted to the activities of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Romanov, collector and an amateur-archaeologist, the history of creation and study of the collection of antiquities collected him in his estate Ai-Todor.

Images of battle scenes of the Greeks and the Amazons attracted the attention of researchers in r... more Images of battle scenes of the Greeks and the Amazons attracted the attention of researchers in relation to the interesting findings of new sites in recent years. However, the most interesting findings of previous years is not fully explored and analyzed. This refers to an artifact known as polychrome pelike stored in Yalta historical and literary museum Museum of Yalta. There has never been an attempt to complete its publication in color, although it is impossible to trace the characteristics of painting in black and white. The purpose of our publication is a detailed analysis of the plot and songs stylistic features paintings of the vessel.
Vase painting belonging to the Amazon Painter (late IV cent. BC). It’s multi-figure compositions include several episodes of the battle, in which 13 warriors - horse and foot Amazons and Greek hoplites fight. Weapons and clothing Amazons and Greeks, combat techniques depicted realistically enough to give us the opportunity to get acquainted with the peculiarities of the art of war in the end of IV cent. BC.
Key words: Τhe scene of battles between the Greeks and the Amazons, polychrome pelike, Yalta literary history museum.

Крымский архив (Crimea' archive), 2018

I.I. Vdovichenko Ancient painted vases from the necropolises of the Bosporus in the collection ... more I.I. Vdovichenko

The authors continue to publish materials of Early Iron Age from the Crimean foothills, which beg... more The authors continue to publish materials of Early Iron Age from the Crimean foothills, which began in 2016 with the book“ Scythians of the foothills of Crimea in VII - IV cent. B.C. Burial mounds excavation of 1890–1892 and 1895. ” by the monograph "Scythians of the foothills of Crimea in VII - IV cent. B.C. Part II. (Between Salgir Valley and Karasu interfluve) Burial mounds excavation of 1890–1892 and 1895. ” Firstly , we examined Scythian materials from excavations of Crimean barrows conducted by N.I. Veselovsky and Yu. A. Kulakovsky in the end of the 19th century near Bakhchisaray and Simferopol. The second part is a set of Scythian and Scythoid funerary monuments studied in the XX century and in the first decades of this century between the valley of the river Salgir in the west and between the rivers Biyuk-Karasu and Kuchuk-Karasu in the east.
The amount of information devoted to a particular monument is unequal. Whenever the research was carried out by one of the authors, or whenever publications and accessible archival materials were used, the information is quite sufficient for ethnocultural attribution of the objects of research. In other case, we were forced to confine ourselves to those small but fundamentally important data that was provided to us by colleagues who conducted excavations in recent years and independently prepared extensive publications of materials.
There are several chapters in the rubrication of the book. The first of them is devoted to the natural conditions and resources of the foothills of Crimean peninsula. This chapter, thanks to the works of F.N. Lisetskii, is supplemented with the new data on the natural features of the central and eastern parts of the foothills in the IV century B.C.
The second chapter is devoted to the history of research of Scythian monuments and monuments of Kizil-Kobin culture, as well as their chronological and spatial localization on the territory of Piedmont and Mountain Crimea. A deep penetration of Scythians into the mountainous part of Crimea, along the valley of the river Biyuk-Karasu, which occurred no later than the V century B.C. On the rest of the territory, the Scythians did not advance deeper into the mountainous part of the peninsula further than the Second Mountain Range for a long time. From the VII-VI centuries B.C. they dominated the outer part of the foothills, on the third mountain range and in the first inter-row lowering.
The third chapter of the book is devoted to the description of Scythian burial mounds located in valleys and elevated interfluves between the Salgir and Biyuk-Karasu rivers. Only single burials of the Scythian archaic period were discovered here, however, most of the burials date back to the V-IV centuries B.C. Stone tombs with successive or “collective” burials appear in the external and internal parts of the foothills, indicating changes in the family structure of the indigenous, most likely already mixed population not later than the second half of the IV century B.C .
As they move to the east from Salgir, the burials differ little from each other, however, mounds with burials of Scythian aristocracy appear first near Biyuk-Karasu River. The most striking of them is the elite mound Tuak-Oba, which was explored by Yu. P. Zaitsev nowadays. The exact dating of this monument will make it possible to determine whether the top of the Scythian nomads and semi-nomads existed on the territory of Crimean peninsula only until the end of the IV century B.C. or its presence in Crimea continued till first decades of the III century B.C.
The next chapter is a publication of materials from the Belogorsk burial mound of Scythian aristocracy, which existed in the middle - second half of the IV century B.C. on the border of the Steppe and Piedmont Crimea. The topography of this necropolis is close to the topography of mounds of the Panticapaeum necropolis of the same time. The size and volume of the mounds of Belogorsky burial ground correspond to mounds of Steppe Scythia, which belonged to representatives of the middle layer of the higher Scythian aristocracy. Most likely, these were the nomarchs (kings) of Crimean Scythia and members of their families. Burial structures are diverse. In one case, it is a catacomb of a Scythian appearance. Otherwise it is stone tomb built by Bosporus masters. And another one s a crypt built by local residents, in the Greek-barbarian building tradition. In general, the necropolis and the monuments of its district testify to the connections of the local Scythian aristocracy with the Bosporus, which existed at least until the last decade of the IV century B.C.
Subsequent analysis of the funeral rite and funeral inventory confirms its Scythian character. The connections of Scythian population of Crimea with the ancient Bosporus, with the local aboriginal population, as well as the barbaric population of the North-East and East Azov are traced. There is a group of "collective" burials, which appeared in the IV century B.C and existed in the foothills until the first centuries A.D. and this fact presents a particular interest.

Скифы Предгорного Крыма в VII – IV вв. до н. э. Часть II. (Между долиной Салгира и междуречьем Карасу)., 2020

Summary With the monograph entitled The Scythians in the Sub-Mountainous Crimea from the Seventh ... more Summary
With the monograph entitled The
Scythians in the Sub-Mountainous Crimea
from the Seventh to Fourth Century BC,
Part the Second: In between of the Salgir
Valley and the Karasu Interfluve, the
authors continue the publications of the
Early Iron Age materials discovered in the
Sub-Mountainous Crimea started in 2016
by the book named The Scythians of the
Sub-Mountainous Crimea from the Seventh
to Fourth Century BC: The Excavations of
the 1890–1892 and 1895 Barrows. In the
first chapter, we have analysed the Scythian
materials excavated by N. I. Veselovskii
and Yu. A. Kulakovskii at the Crimean
barrows in the late nineteenth century in
vicinity of Bakhchisarai and Simferopol.
The second part presents a collection of
Scythian and Scythoid funeral monuments
investigated in the twentieth century and in
the first decades of the twenty-first century
in between of the Salgir river valley on the
west and the interfluve of the Biiuk-Karasu
and Kuchuk-Karasu rivers on the east.
The array of information on different
sites varies. In case of the investigation
conducted by an author of this research, or
if the publications and available archival
materials were used, the information is
enough to attribute the objects of research.
In other cases, we had to restrict ourselves
to little but principally important data
kindly supplied by our colleagues (we are
cordially grateful for that!) who
conducted excavations in recent years and
now are preparing large-scale
publications of the materials.
The book is divided into several
chapters. The first chapter addresses the
environmental conditions and the resources
of the sub-mountainous area of the Crimean
peninsula. Due to the works by
F. N. Lisetskii, this chapter is supplied with
new accounts of the natural conditions of
the central and eastern areas in the sub-
mountainous zone in the fourth century BC.
The second chapter reveals the history
of investigation of Scythian sites and those
of the Kizil-Koba archaeological culture, as
well as their chronological and spatial
distribution in the Sub-Mountainous and
Mountainous Crimea. We have documented
Scythians’ deep penetration into the
mountainous area of the Crimea via the
Biiuk-Karasu river valley no later than the
fifth century BC. In the rest of their
territory, the Scythians for a long time
did not move into the depth of the
mountainous area in the peninsula farther
than the Second Mountain Range. In the
seventh and sixth century BC, they
dominated in the outer area of the sub-
mountains, on the Third Mountain Range,
and in the first inter-range hollow.
The third chapter of the book addresses
Scythian barrows and under-barrow graves
located in valleys and upland interfluves
between the Salgir and Biiuk-Karasu rivers.
Although there were but a few burials
from the archaic Scythian period, the most
part of the graves date from the fifth and
fourth centuries BC. No later than the
second half of the fourth century BC, there
appeared stone tombs containing
consequent or collective burials in the
outer and inner sub-mountainous area,
which testified to the changes in the family
structure of indigenous, most likely already
mixed population.
Although by moving east of the Salgir,
the graves little differ from each other,
barrows with elite Scythian graves appeared
for the first time in vicinity of the Biiuk-
Karasu river. The most striking in this group
is the elite barrow called Tuak-Oba, which
is now investigated by Yu. P. Zaitsev. The
exact dating of this monument will allow us
to determine whether the upper group of the
Scythian nomads and semi-nomads in the
Crimean peninsula existed as long as the
late fourth century BC, or it continued
staying in the Crimea in the first decades of
the third century BC.
The next chapter publishes the materials
of Belogosk barrow cemetery of Scythian
elite which existed in the middle and the
second half of the fourth century BC on the
borderland between the steppe and sub-
С. Г. Колтухов, С. Н. Сенаторов. Скифы Предгорного Крыма VII–IV вв. до н. э.
untainous area in the Crimea.
Topographic structure of this cemetery
resembles that of barrow ranges in
Pantikapaion from the same period. The
size and bulk of mounds of big barrows in
Belogorsk cemetery coincides with the
barrows in Scythia of the steppe, which
belonged to the middle level of the highest
elite of the Scythians. Most likely, the
burials belonged to nomarchoi (kings) of
Crimean Scythia and their family members.
There are different types of burial
constructions. In one instance, there was a
catacomb of Scythian type, in the other, a
stone tomb constructed by Bosporan
stonemasons, and in the third, a burial vault
erected by the locals following Greco-
barbarian building tradition. Generally, the
cemetery and the sites in its environs testify
to the connections of the local Scythian elite
with the Bosporan kingdom as long as the
last decade of the fourth century BC.
The following analysis of the funeral
ritual and grave goods confirms their

The conducted research made it possible to introduce into the scientific circulation valuable mat... more The conducted research made it possible to introduce into the scientific
circulation valuable material that was extracted during the many years of excavation of the Chersonesos. Excavations in the north-east part of the site were
conducted by S.G. Ryzhov from 1976 to 1980, in the northern region – from 1981
to 2011, in the central one – in 2003. During this time, 5 quarters were completely investigated here: VIII, IX, X, Xa, X-b (Figure 1). All fragments of painted
pottery were found below the foundations of the buildings of the 10th – 13th
centuries. The material was preserved in rocky depressions and pits and concentrated around ancient buildings/
The fragments of painted pottery were discovered during the study of
the ancient house in 1976 – 1979 years in the north-eastern district in the II
quarter, and in the lower layers of the drain on VI cross street in 1977. Here
S.G. Ryzhov have found fragments of the lekane, dated middle 6th century BC.
The fragments of this vessel were found during the excavation of R. Ch. Löper in
1908 and during the excavations of M.I. Zolotarev in 1984. Thus, 31 fragments
of this large vessel (diameter of about 30 cm) are found at a short distance
from each other. It can be assumed that the broken old vessel was thrown out
of the house in the first half of the 5th century BC in the area of site where preserved archaic layer. Finds of painted pottery were recorded during the excavations of the northern basilica, under the apses. Under the remnants of the
previous building of the basilica, which it destroyed, the walls of the house of
the 4-3rd centuries BC were opened. Fragments of painted pottery dating from
the last third of the 5th century BC were found at the walls of this building and
to the south of it in 1981, 1982 and 1983.
In 1985, excavations were carried out in the VIII quarter. Fragments
of painted ceramics were found near the Hellenistic walls discovered under
the ruined medieval buildings. In 1990, painted pottery were found in the X
quarter of the northern district of Chersonesos, during the study of the medieval manor No. 2 and the courtyard. Excavations were brought to the level
of the sole – the floors of the 13th century. Under the backfill there was a clayey
layer lying on the rock. It contains fragments of pottery 5 – 3rd centuries BC.
During the excavation in 1995, fragments of painted dishes were discovered
in the VII quarter in room 7, in the well and in the IX quarter, in room 6. In
1997 fragments of painted dishes were discovered in the X quarter under medieval buildings. A fragment of skyphos late 5th BC with the image of the young
athlete was found in this place (cat. 318). Excavations in 2000 - 2005, 2008 -
2009, 2010, 2011 took a place in the IX and VII quarters. Here, under the medieval buildings, were found cellars, cisterns, pits, sections of the layer of antique time with materials dating from the second quarter of 5th – the end of
the 4th cent. BC.
Materials from the excavations of S.G. Ryzhov give us an opportunity
to talk about the presence of pottery of archaic and early classical time, not
only in the northeast, but also in the northern and central parts of the site of
this ancient settlement. As already noted above, excavations were carried out
partly in the same areas of the site where his predecessors worked, and partly
also on unexplored sites. So it would be logical to assume a significant correction in the composition of the finds. We can see the predominance of fragments of kraters, vessels for drinking, askoi and quite rare types for the
Northern Black Sea region, such as the rhyton (cat 397), the onos (egg vessel)
(cat . 12), fragment of the Panathenaic amphora of the 4th century. BC (cat.
3).
About 7% of the finds are fragments of black-figured vessels date
from the middle of the 6th century BC to the second quarter of the 5th century
BC. It should be noted their typological diversity. Fragments of nine different
types are distinguished: lecanides, cylindrical lekythoi, amphorae with isolated
shoulders, Panathenaic amphora, skythoi, cups, bowl-scythoi. A fragment of
the oinochoe with a trefoil mouth was found. It is exemplare of Corinthian
production late 6th cent. BC.
The red-figured pottery is represented by different types of kraters,
amphorae, pelikai, ariballic lekythoi, guttoi and lekanides, kantharoi, skyphoi,
cups and dishes. The significant part of the fragments of open and closed vessels (cat. 398-407) can not be typologically defined. Thus, on the materials of
this collection, it is possible to identify about 30 varieties of painted vessels
that existed in Chersonesos in the period from the second half of the 6th to the
third quarter of the 4th cent. BC. A pleasant surprise was the discovery of fragment of the Panathenaic amphora. The red-figured pottery look more diverse
and interesting now. Many of the fragments found belong to large multi-figure
vessels, they are painted by famous painters. It was possible to single out the
works of 53 painters. The paintings on black-figured pottery are among the
works of the Athena 581i Painter, Leafless Group, Beldem workshop, Red-Line
Painter, Lancut Group, Half palmettes Painter, Floral Band Cups Group, Three
Sirens Painter, Haimon Group, Athena 12592 Painter (The Panathenaic amphora). Red-figured pottery dated from the first third of the 5th century BC
concerns to the circle of the Duris Painter, Hermonax Painter). There are po-
ttery of the second quarter of the 5th century BC (London E 489, Florence Painter, Owl skyphoi Group, St. Valentin kantharoi, Comacchio Painter, circle
of Saburov painter). Pottery dated third quarter of the 5th century BC include
fragments close to the group of Polygnotos, Hector Painter, Midas Painter, Louvre Centauromachy Painter. The fourth quarter of the 5th century BC is represented by fragments that can be attributed to the circle of Kleophon
Painter, Aristophanes Painter , Oxford 306 Painter, Athens 13908 Painter,
Dinos Painter. Late 5th century –the beginning of the 4th century BC is represented by lekythoi and askoi painted by Al-Mina Painter, cups painted by Jena
Painter, Meleager Painter. First part of the 4th cent is represented by the works
of the Kalymnos Painter, the F.B. Group, the Q Painter. The Kerch style is represented by the works of the Erbach Painter, L.C. Group, Griffin Painter, F
64, Olinthos 54.156 Painter, Thessaloniki 34.1 Painter, Philotrano Painters.
The Bulas Group stands alone, it includes miniature vessels decorated with a
variety of decorations using overhead paints.
In the collection of painted pottery from the excavations of S.G. Ryzhov appeared new, previously unknown in Chersonesos subjects, which expand our understanding of the way of life of the Chersonesites, their religious
views. Despite the fragmentation of ceramics, we can confidently say that the
most numerous is group of Dionysian plots, which are found both on vessels
painted in black-figure technique, and red-figure. Images of Dionysus and his
fias, consisting of maenads and satyrs, we meet as in the late black-figured
vessels of the first quarter of the 5th cent. BC and on the fragments of red-figured vases. On some fragments we see images of Athena. An important evidence
of the existence of the cult of Athena in Chersonesos are the finds of the Panathenaic amphora. A fragment of the Panathenaic amphora with the image
of the goddess was found in 2002. Athena is turned to the right, which indicates that the amphora dates back to the time after 360/359. The theomorphic
image of the goddess is represented on the Owl skyphoi. Fragments with such
subject are common for Chersonesos. Images of the Eros are often found on
the 4th cent. vases.
Athletes-palestrites is another popular subject, which is often found
on fragments of vessels from the collection of S.G. Ryzhov. Their images we
see on the skyphoi and the deep cups. On fragments of vases there are images
of musical instruments: timpani, diavlos. There are also images of Pyrrhic,
Bacchic dances. The images of the chariots are associated either with the image
of the deity. The image of the quadriga, towards which comes the goat we can
see on a fragmented krater from excavations in 2001. This is part of the mythological scene. This may be the return of Dionysus from Hades after visiting
his mother Semele and the wedding of Dionysus and Ariadne. A rare enough
plot is the image of a Thracian peltast. A whole group of vessels – mostly askoi
and lekythoi are decorated with images of sacred animals and birds: panthers,
dogs, deer and swan.
In general, the presented material makes it possible to supplement our
ideas about the dynamics of trade between Chersonesos and Attica, other Mediterranean centers, the culture and way of life of the population of ancient
Chersonesos.