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AROMA! Although fascinating,yet mysterious word. We like to consume many food products just becau... more AROMA! Although fascinating,yet mysterious word. We like to consume many food products just because of aroma they have, despite of knowing how it is being produced. Mostly, roasted food products have at most pleasing aroma, and is generally induced by the presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Ascribed to the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are of special concern and have been described as the priority pollutants by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).Due to such properties the determination of these compounds in drinkable beverage that are being consumed mostly in the present world deserves further investigation and is being presented here.

Particuology, 2017

The staff at FMI works with a range of national and international partners, including other agenc... more The staff at FMI works with a range of national and international partners, including other agencies, state and local governments, academia, and nonprofit groups. The information and technology developed by FMI is available to the public for its benefit and use. This issue of FMI's Annual Report summarizes the results of activities for 2013. Information about FMI projects, data products, and applications can be accessed at http:// www.firelab.org/fmi. FMI is funded largely by Washington Office Fire and Aviation Management. The three branches of FMI-Application Team, Information Team, and Modeling Team-provide different roles and assistance to managers and scientists in the application of fire science. Application Team The Application Team provides analysis, development, training, and support in fire behavior, fire ecology, modeling, and fuel treatment effectiveness. It is comprised of technical experts from the Fire Lab and the national LANDFIRE program. The Team works directly with managers on current fire-related land management problems.

Solar Energy, 2017

Photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanowire Sunlight photoactivity Propiconazole fungicide degradat... more Photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanowire Sunlight photoactivity Propiconazole fungicide degradation a b s t r a c t Lengthy TiO 2 nanostructures exhibiting improved physicochemical properties have been recently investigated for many useful applications. In this context, elongated TiO 2 nanowires (TNW) of length 1.9-8 mm; diameter 80-270 nm are prepared and 1 wt% Au was photodeposited onto TNW for enhanced photo-degradation of propiconazole fungicide under UV/visible light irradiation. The phase composition of TNW (anatase = 72%, rutile = 28%) was almost similar to commercially available P25 TiO 2 (anatase = 70%, rutile = 30%). TEM analysis reveals uniform dispersion of spherical Au nanoparticles (3-5 nm) deposits over entire TNW surface. The specific surface area 148 m 2 g À1 of TNW is notably higher than 59 m 2 g À1 of P25 TiO 2 which is reduced slightly to 136 m 2 g À1 after Au loading. TNW exhibited increased (45-64 ms) relaxation time of photoexcited e À /h + pairs as compared to P25 TiO 2 due to its elongated structure and after Au loading further improves the charge separation efficiency (79 ms). The complete photodecomposition of propiconazole to CO 2 by bare and Au-loaded TNW under light irradiation through formation of various intermediate products was monitored through HPLC, GC and GC-MS analysis. It revealed that Au-loaded TNW always exhibited 3.5-40 times higher photocatalytic activity than mostly used P25 TiO 2 because of more anatase phase, larger specific surface area and a higher lifetime of excited charge species where Au loading enhanced the visible light absorption capacity due to surface plasmon interaction.

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016

Abstract This article highlights comparative adsorption behavior and photocatalytic activity of T... more Abstract This article highlights comparative adsorption behavior and photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanostructures (P25, nanorods and nanotubes) for degradation of eriochrome black-T dye (EBT) depending on their structural morphology and metal ions (Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ ) deposition. Enhancement in adsorption capacity ( q max ) was observed due to impartment of extra positive charges by Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ impregnation and follow the order, Pt 4+ –P25–TiO 2 (400 μg/mg) > Fe 3+ –P25–TiO 2 (344 μg/mg) > P25–TiO 2 (248 μg/mg) > nanotubes (123 μg/mg) > nanorods (69 μg/mg). The Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ loaded TiO 2 improved dye adsorption and degradation rate of EBT undergoing complete minerization to CO 2 under UV light irradiation.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014

The present work demonstrates the influence of Ag-loading (0.2-1.0 wt %) onto sodium titanate nan... more The present work demonstrates the influence of Ag-loading (0.2-1.0 wt %) onto sodium titanate nanotubes (TNT) for complete photomineralization of the neurotoxic imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide under UV light illumination. It has been observed that degradation of IMI follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, where 0.5 wt % Ag-loaded TNT exhibited highest apparent rate constant (2.2 × 10(-2) min(-1)) and corresponding least half-life (t1/2) of 31 min for IMI relative to bare P25-TiO2 (3.4 × 10(-3) min(-1), t1/2 = 230 min). The mineralization of IMI intermediates to CO2 during its photooxidation has been described by time course GC-MS and GC analysis and has been correlated with the kinetic analysis. The investigation for the role and quantitative estimation of the fate of heteroatoms (N, O, and Cl) present in IMI revealed an increase in the amount of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride ions with time during its photooxidation. On the basis of these results a mechanistic pathway for photomineralization of IMI is proposed.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2015

This paper demonstrates the preparation and photocatalytic activity of sodium titanate nanorods a... more This paper demonstrates the preparation and photocatalytic activity of sodium titanate nanorods and nanotubes prepared by hydrothermal method using P25-TiO2 as the precursor. XRD results confirmed the monoclinic structure of sodium titanate nanorods obtained after calcinations of orthorhombic sodium titanate nanotubes at 800 °C for 2 h. The BET surface area of sodium titanate nanotubes (176 m2 g-1) was significantly reduced for sodium titanate nanorods (21 m2 g-1) formation because of the collapsing of the hollow interior of the former during its high temperature sintering. The selective formation of m-diaminobenzene by the photoreduction of the m-dinitrobenzene was found to be comparable by sodium titanate nanorods (89.5 ± 0.5%) and P25-TiO2 (98.2 ± 0.8%), whereas Au-deposition (0.5 and 2 wt%) onto sodium titanate nanorods notably altered the products (m-nitroaniline and m-diaminobenzene) distribution after 8 h of UV-light irradiation and which was confirmed later by GC-MS analysis. This high photoactivity of as-prepared nanorods could be credited to better delocalization and longer relaxation lifetime (68 µs) of photoexcited e-/h+ pairs along the length of crystalline sodium titanate nanorods than P25-TiO2 (45 µs) as measured from Time-resolved spectroscopy. The photooxidation of sulfosulfuron herbicide (1000 ppm) and corresponding CO2 formation was found to be highest with sodium titanate nanotubes due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups over the largest surface area that dominates over its least relaxation lifetime (41 µs).

RSC Adv., 2014

A coalescence influence of Au-loading followed by calcination at 800 °C led to a notable change i... more A coalescence influence of Au-loading followed by calcination at 800 °C led to a notable change in crystal-structure, morphology, phase composition and photocatalytic activity of titanate-nanostructures.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012

Potentially toxic 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four bra... more Potentially toxic 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four brands of grounded coffee. Four to 13 PAHs were detected. Concentrations of total PAHs in different brands of coffee samples were in the range of 831.7-1,589.7 μg/kg. Benzo[a]pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in Nescafe Premium whereas naphthalene (2B: possible human carcinogen) was found in all the samples of coffee.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012

Traceability practices and their compliances in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing proces... more Traceability practices and their compliances in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing process were examined, while proposing possible solutions for identified major drawbacks. The physical traceability in supply chain was considered one step forward and one step backward from the point of manufacturing, starting from auction/buyer back to supplier. Randomized stratified sampling was used. The traceability was evaluated using a checklist, end product sampling, open ended interviews, observations and internal document studies. The orthodox process was more complicated unlike other production processes due to the different separation techniques employed for grading and variety of grades produced because the sifting/grading was the key to number of different tea varieties. Major traceability issues were observed in leaf collection and grading operations due to complexity of separation through Myddleton, Chota, Michie and Winnower, which reduced the specific amounts produced, where bulking and blending process further extended complexity, while increasing the mixing of different made tea together with increased number of suppliers. Considering 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd dhool and big bulk with given separation techniques during grading; a single tea leaf could pass many paths before it end up in a specific product due to weight, size and shape of the leaf of a shoot based on the way it was rolled in orthodox rollers, where traceability up to tea bush, grading, blending and traceability of sample back to supplier was not fully complying. Nevertheless, supplier records, traceability after packing, traceability at dispatch and after dispatch were in full compliance, and other factors had varying degree of traceability compliances which make the compliances unachievable. Alternatively, if made tea is considered as bulk material, use of emerging technologies like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags or/and DNA barcoding may be potential tools in rectifying such drawbacks and further research is needed to assess their efficacy in the field.

Applied Surface Science, 2013

ABSTRACT Titania based nanocatalysts such as sodium titanates of different morphology having supe... more ABSTRACT Titania based nanocatalysts such as sodium titanates of different morphology having superior surface properties are getting wide importance in photocatalysis research. Despite having sodium (Na) contents and its high temperature synthesis (that generally deteriorate the photoreactivity), these Na-titanates often exhibit better photoactivity than P25-TiO2 catalyst. Hence, this work demonstrated the influence of crystal structure, BET surface area, surface charge, zeta potential (ζ) and metal loading on the photocatalytic activity of as-prepared sodium titanate nanotube (TNT) and titania nanorod (TNR). Straw like hollow orthorhombic-TNT (Na2Ti2O5·H2O) particles (W = 9-12 nm and L = 82-115 nm) and rice like pure anatase-TNR particles (W = 8-13 nm and L = 81-134 nm) are obtained by the hydrothermal treatment of P25-TiO2 with NaOH, which in fact, altered the net surface charge of TNT and TNR particles. The observed ζ = -2.82 (P25-TiO2), -13.5 (TNT) and -22.5 mV (TNR) are significantly altered by the Ag and Cu deposition. It has been found here that TNT displayed best photocatalytic activity for the imidacloprid insecticide (C9H10ClN5O2) degradation to CO2 formation under UV irradiation because of its largest surface area 176 m2 g-1 among the catalysts studied.

RSC Advances, 2014

This paper demonstrates the complete retention (>98%) of anatase TiO2 crystalline phase after ... more This paper demonstrates the complete retention (>98%) of anatase TiO2 crystalline phase after high temperature (800 °C) thermal treatment of rice-like TiO2 nanorods (length = 81–134 nm, diameter = 8–13 nm) relative to 100% conversion of the rutile phase after calcination of P25-TiO2 under similar conditions.

AROMA! Although fascinating,yet mysterious word. We like to consume many food products just becau... more AROMA! Although fascinating,yet mysterious word. We like to consume many food products just because of aroma they have, despite of knowing how it is being produced. Mostly, roasted food products have at most pleasing aroma, and is generally induced by the presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Ascribed to the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are of special concern and have been described as the priority pollutants by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).Due to such properties the determination of these compounds in drinkable beverage that are being consumed mostly in the present world deserves further investigation and is being presented here.

Particuology, 2017

The staff at FMI works with a range of national and international partners, including other agenc... more The staff at FMI works with a range of national and international partners, including other agencies, state and local governments, academia, and nonprofit groups. The information and technology developed by FMI is available to the public for its benefit and use. This issue of FMI's Annual Report summarizes the results of activities for 2013. Information about FMI projects, data products, and applications can be accessed at http:// www.firelab.org/fmi. FMI is funded largely by Washington Office Fire and Aviation Management. The three branches of FMI-Application Team, Information Team, and Modeling Team-provide different roles and assistance to managers and scientists in the application of fire science. Application Team The Application Team provides analysis, development, training, and support in fire behavior, fire ecology, modeling, and fuel treatment effectiveness. It is comprised of technical experts from the Fire Lab and the national LANDFIRE program. The Team works directly with managers on current fire-related land management problems.

Solar Energy, 2017

Photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanowire Sunlight photoactivity Propiconazole fungicide degradat... more Photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanowire Sunlight photoactivity Propiconazole fungicide degradation a b s t r a c t Lengthy TiO 2 nanostructures exhibiting improved physicochemical properties have been recently investigated for many useful applications. In this context, elongated TiO 2 nanowires (TNW) of length 1.9-8 mm; diameter 80-270 nm are prepared and 1 wt% Au was photodeposited onto TNW for enhanced photo-degradation of propiconazole fungicide under UV/visible light irradiation. The phase composition of TNW (anatase = 72%, rutile = 28%) was almost similar to commercially available P25 TiO 2 (anatase = 70%, rutile = 30%). TEM analysis reveals uniform dispersion of spherical Au nanoparticles (3-5 nm) deposits over entire TNW surface. The specific surface area 148 m 2 g À1 of TNW is notably higher than 59 m 2 g À1 of P25 TiO 2 which is reduced slightly to 136 m 2 g À1 after Au loading. TNW exhibited increased (45-64 ms) relaxation time of photoexcited e À /h + pairs as compared to P25 TiO 2 due to its elongated structure and after Au loading further improves the charge separation efficiency (79 ms). The complete photodecomposition of propiconazole to CO 2 by bare and Au-loaded TNW under light irradiation through formation of various intermediate products was monitored through HPLC, GC and GC-MS analysis. It revealed that Au-loaded TNW always exhibited 3.5-40 times higher photocatalytic activity than mostly used P25 TiO 2 because of more anatase phase, larger specific surface area and a higher lifetime of excited charge species where Au loading enhanced the visible light absorption capacity due to surface plasmon interaction.

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2016

Abstract This article highlights comparative adsorption behavior and photocatalytic activity of T... more Abstract This article highlights comparative adsorption behavior and photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 nanostructures (P25, nanorods and nanotubes) for degradation of eriochrome black-T dye (EBT) depending on their structural morphology and metal ions (Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ ) deposition. Enhancement in adsorption capacity ( q max ) was observed due to impartment of extra positive charges by Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ impregnation and follow the order, Pt 4+ –P25–TiO 2 (400 μg/mg) > Fe 3+ –P25–TiO 2 (344 μg/mg) > P25–TiO 2 (248 μg/mg) > nanotubes (123 μg/mg) > nanorods (69 μg/mg). The Fe 3+ and Pt 4+ loaded TiO 2 improved dye adsorption and degradation rate of EBT undergoing complete minerization to CO 2 under UV light irradiation.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014

The present work demonstrates the influence of Ag-loading (0.2-1.0 wt %) onto sodium titanate nan... more The present work demonstrates the influence of Ag-loading (0.2-1.0 wt %) onto sodium titanate nanotubes (TNT) for complete photomineralization of the neurotoxic imidacloprid (IMI) insecticide under UV light illumination. It has been observed that degradation of IMI follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, where 0.5 wt % Ag-loaded TNT exhibited highest apparent rate constant (2.2 × 10(-2) min(-1)) and corresponding least half-life (t1/2) of 31 min for IMI relative to bare P25-TiO2 (3.4 × 10(-3) min(-1), t1/2 = 230 min). The mineralization of IMI intermediates to CO2 during its photooxidation has been described by time course GC-MS and GC analysis and has been correlated with the kinetic analysis. The investigation for the role and quantitative estimation of the fate of heteroatoms (N, O, and Cl) present in IMI revealed an increase in the amount of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride ions with time during its photooxidation. On the basis of these results a mechanistic pathway for photomineralization of IMI is proposed.

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2015

This paper demonstrates the preparation and photocatalytic activity of sodium titanate nanorods a... more This paper demonstrates the preparation and photocatalytic activity of sodium titanate nanorods and nanotubes prepared by hydrothermal method using P25-TiO2 as the precursor. XRD results confirmed the monoclinic structure of sodium titanate nanorods obtained after calcinations of orthorhombic sodium titanate nanotubes at 800 °C for 2 h. The BET surface area of sodium titanate nanotubes (176 m2 g-1) was significantly reduced for sodium titanate nanorods (21 m2 g-1) formation because of the collapsing of the hollow interior of the former during its high temperature sintering. The selective formation of m-diaminobenzene by the photoreduction of the m-dinitrobenzene was found to be comparable by sodium titanate nanorods (89.5 ± 0.5%) and P25-TiO2 (98.2 ± 0.8%), whereas Au-deposition (0.5 and 2 wt%) onto sodium titanate nanorods notably altered the products (m-nitroaniline and m-diaminobenzene) distribution after 8 h of UV-light irradiation and which was confirmed later by GC-MS analysis. This high photoactivity of as-prepared nanorods could be credited to better delocalization and longer relaxation lifetime (68 µs) of photoexcited e-/h+ pairs along the length of crystalline sodium titanate nanorods than P25-TiO2 (45 µs) as measured from Time-resolved spectroscopy. The photooxidation of sulfosulfuron herbicide (1000 ppm) and corresponding CO2 formation was found to be highest with sodium titanate nanotubes due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups over the largest surface area that dominates over its least relaxation lifetime (41 µs).

RSC Adv., 2014

A coalescence influence of Au-loading followed by calcination at 800 °C led to a notable change i... more A coalescence influence of Au-loading followed by calcination at 800 °C led to a notable change in crystal-structure, morphology, phase composition and photocatalytic activity of titanate-nanostructures.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012

Potentially toxic 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four bra... more Potentially toxic 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four brands of grounded coffee. Four to 13 PAHs were detected. Concentrations of total PAHs in different brands of coffee samples were in the range of 831.7-1,589.7 μg/kg. Benzo[a]pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in Nescafe Premium whereas naphthalene (2B: possible human carcinogen) was found in all the samples of coffee.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2012

Traceability practices and their compliances in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing proces... more Traceability practices and their compliances in low grown orthodox black tea manufacturing process were examined, while proposing possible solutions for identified major drawbacks. The physical traceability in supply chain was considered one step forward and one step backward from the point of manufacturing, starting from auction/buyer back to supplier. Randomized stratified sampling was used. The traceability was evaluated using a checklist, end product sampling, open ended interviews, observations and internal document studies. The orthodox process was more complicated unlike other production processes due to the different separation techniques employed for grading and variety of grades produced because the sifting/grading was the key to number of different tea varieties. Major traceability issues were observed in leaf collection and grading operations due to complexity of separation through Myddleton, Chota, Michie and Winnower, which reduced the specific amounts produced, where bulking and blending process further extended complexity, while increasing the mixing of different made tea together with increased number of suppliers. Considering 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd dhool and big bulk with given separation techniques during grading; a single tea leaf could pass many paths before it end up in a specific product due to weight, size and shape of the leaf of a shoot based on the way it was rolled in orthodox rollers, where traceability up to tea bush, grading, blending and traceability of sample back to supplier was not fully complying. Nevertheless, supplier records, traceability after packing, traceability at dispatch and after dispatch were in full compliance, and other factors had varying degree of traceability compliances which make the compliances unachievable. Alternatively, if made tea is considered as bulk material, use of emerging technologies like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags or/and DNA barcoding may be potential tools in rectifying such drawbacks and further research is needed to assess their efficacy in the field.

Applied Surface Science, 2013

ABSTRACT Titania based nanocatalysts such as sodium titanates of different morphology having supe... more ABSTRACT Titania based nanocatalysts such as sodium titanates of different morphology having superior surface properties are getting wide importance in photocatalysis research. Despite having sodium (Na) contents and its high temperature synthesis (that generally deteriorate the photoreactivity), these Na-titanates often exhibit better photoactivity than P25-TiO2 catalyst. Hence, this work demonstrated the influence of crystal structure, BET surface area, surface charge, zeta potential (ζ) and metal loading on the photocatalytic activity of as-prepared sodium titanate nanotube (TNT) and titania nanorod (TNR). Straw like hollow orthorhombic-TNT (Na2Ti2O5·H2O) particles (W = 9-12 nm and L = 82-115 nm) and rice like pure anatase-TNR particles (W = 8-13 nm and L = 81-134 nm) are obtained by the hydrothermal treatment of P25-TiO2 with NaOH, which in fact, altered the net surface charge of TNT and TNR particles. The observed ζ = -2.82 (P25-TiO2), -13.5 (TNT) and -22.5 mV (TNR) are significantly altered by the Ag and Cu deposition. It has been found here that TNT displayed best photocatalytic activity for the imidacloprid insecticide (C9H10ClN5O2) degradation to CO2 formation under UV irradiation because of its largest surface area 176 m2 g-1 among the catalysts studied.

RSC Advances, 2014

This paper demonstrates the complete retention (>98%) of anatase TiO2 crystalline phase after ... more This paper demonstrates the complete retention (>98%) of anatase TiO2 crystalline phase after high temperature (800 °C) thermal treatment of rice-like TiO2 nanorods (length = 81–134 nm, diameter = 8–13 nm) relative to 100% conversion of the rutile phase after calcination of P25-TiO2 under similar conditions.