Intan Sharhida Othman Othman - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Intan Sharhida Othman Othman

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation Of Mechanical & Wear Characteristics Of T6 Heat Treated Thixoformed Aluminium Alloy Composite

Thixoforming of aluminium alloy has been making a strong presence in the near net shape part prod... more Thixoforming of aluminium alloy has been making a strong presence in the near net shape part production for the automotive and aerospace industries due to its process superior properties output in comparison to the other conventional methods. Improvement of the properties would surely further add to the already advantageous process above others.This study investigates the mechanical and wear behaviours of thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloy when multi-walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNT) infusing into the thixoforming process. A new approach established using the mechanical stirring casting techniques produces a well-bind composite mixture of non-dendritic aluminium mixed with different content (0.5, and 0.75) of MWCNTs. The approach enclosed the MWCNTs with 0.5wt.% of Magnesium (Mg) powder as a wetting agentinto an aluminium wrapping and stirred it with LM4 for 10 and 15 min interval inside a furnace. The feedstock produced would be thixoformed before finally being applying T5 and T6 heat treat...

Research paper thumbnail of Surface and Tribological Properties of Oxide Films on Aluminium Alloy through Fly-Ash Reinforcement

Coatings, 2022

Hard anodizing has proven to be a helpful surface treatment for aluminium alloy and typically acc... more Hard anodizing has proven to be a helpful surface treatment for aluminium alloy and typically accompanied by the growth of a porous and highly flawed oxide layer. The presence of pores on the oxide surface can be taken as an advantage in improving the surface properties. Fly-ash particles are high in SiO2 and Al2O3 content and can be utilized as inexpensive strengthening particles, which can increase the wear resistance and microhardness of composite material. It was noticed that limited research had been carried out in utilizing fly-ash as reinforcement on composite oxide coating as a wear resistance candidate. Thus, this study focused on reinforcing fly-ash on oxide coating and investigating its tribological performance. The composite oxide coating was grown on AA2017 aluminium alloy through anodizing process. To understand the effect of anodizing time and fly-ash content, the parameters were varied from 5–60 min and 0–50 g/L, respectively. The findings suggested that 60 min of an...

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Wear and Corrosion Characteristics of Short Heat Treated Thixoformed Aluminium Alloy

The thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloys play an important role in automotive and engineering industries d... more The thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloys play an important role in automotive and engineering industries due to their wear resistance properties. This investigation looks into the wear and corrosion behaviors of thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloy. Attempt has been made to relate the coefficient of friction (CoF) and corrosion rate on the short series of T6-heat treatment of thixoformed LM4 aluminium alloy. The short T6 heat treatment involves the application of solute solutioning, quenching and artificial ageing. Dry sliding condition using a pin-on-disc configuration against the SKD II steel disk under a constant load, distance and speed of 10 N, 1000 m and 0.1 m/s respectively was conducted to investigate the wear. The CoF of thixoformed shows an improvement of 5% where the T6 treated alloy is 0.4299 as compared to the 0.4537 untreated LM4 alloy. Furthermore, a significant reduction of 54% from 2.5459x10-4 mmpy to 1.1697x10-4 mmpy corrosion rate was also noted between the untreated and treated thixoformed alloy. Therefore, the alloys that undergone the short T6 heat treatment cycle generally improved the wear and corrosion resistant as compared to the alloys without heat treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Studies Of Intermetallic Nickel Aluminide (Ni4Al) for Automotive Tyres

Solid State Technology, 2020

Intermetallic Nickel Aluminides (Ni4Al) was synthesized and characterized to determinethe suitabi... more Intermetallic Nickel Aluminides (Ni4Al) was synthesized and characterized to determinethe suitability of this material in the automotive industry. The purpose is to produce vehicles which arelighter, more fuel efficient and cause less pollution. One key technical design strategy for improvingvehicles efficiency is the light weighting and their tyre Hub. Attractive properties of Ni4Al includinglow density (~ 6g/cm3) resulting lightweight, high oxidation and corrosion resistance, combined withtheir ability to retain strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures lead to its selection as a potentialcandidate material. The prime focus will be on to obtain the mechanical properties such as hardnesswhich was tested using Vickers Micro hardness Tester. Microstructural properties of these alloys wereexamined using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It confirms grainboundaries with a large network in ordered L12 Ni4Al phase visible and it was known as dendrites arm.S...

Research paper thumbnail of Flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

The flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester ... more The flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with varying fibre weight fraction i.e. 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% have been carried out in this study. Flexural and impact tests were carried out in accordance to the ASTM D790 and D256 respectively. The results showed that the optimal value to obtain the highest flexural strength for both bast and core fibre composites were 10% while for impact strength of bast and core fibre composites were 10% and 5% respectively. Then, these properties had decreased beyond these weight fractions. This was due to further increase of fibre loading attributed to insufficient resin to wetting the fibre. It also can be noted that in general, composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre are found to have consistently higher impact strength than kenaf core fibre.

Research paper thumbnail of Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Deposition on Iron Substrate Using Electroless Deposition in Deep Eutectic Solvent

Electroless deposition of Ni has been successfully done via deep eutectic solvent (DES) ionic liq... more Electroless deposition of Ni has been successfully done via deep eutectic solvent (DES) ionic liquid. In this study, a binary Ni-Co alloy is deposited on iron substrate using electroless deposition method in a DES ionic liquid. The DES was made from 2:1 ratio choline chloride-ethylene glycol mixture with various concentrations of nickel and cobalt salts. The coating surface hardness is measured using micro Vickers hardness tester. The coating surface morphology was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosion behavior of the coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution is evaluated using electrochemical measurement method. The thickness of the coating ranged in between 12 mm to 17 mm and shows compact and dense layer above iron surface. The coating made from higher Co to Ni salts ratio concentration in the DES exhibits higher hardness (202.36 Hv) compared to lower Co ratio coatings as well as pure Ni (185.38 Hv) and Co (196.72 Hv) coatings. The corrosion potential of Ni-...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Different Cooking Temperature and Alkalinity on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Composite Sheet from Durian Shell Waste Fibre

Temperature and alkalinity are the critical factors that contribute to the successful of soda pul... more Temperature and alkalinity are the critical factors that contribute to the successful of soda pulping. These factors influence the length size and interfibre bonding of the fibre. In this paper, durian ( Durio zibethinus Murray) shell composite sheet were prepared by conducting chemical pulping through soda method to study the effect of different pulping temperature and % of NaOH on the mechanical and morphological characteristics of durian shell composite sheet. Six sets of composite sheet were produced from six sets of pulping. The pulping processes were conducted at 140, 160 and 170°C with 17, 19 and 21% of active alkali. The mechanical properties of the durian shell composite sheet were analyzed through few standard TAPPI analyses which are tensile, tear, burst, folding endurance and paper bulk thickness. The results show that the highest reading of paper bulk thickness, tensile, tear and burst index, and also folding endurance were achieved at the pulping condition of 170°C wit...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Single and Double Zincating Treatment on Adhesion of Electrodeposited Nickel Coating on Aluminium Alloy 7075

The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between various zincating treatm... more The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between various zincating treatments and coating adhesion. A modification on the conventional single zincating process has been made by extending the duration, with an objective to enhance the non-homogeneous deposition of zinc particles on the aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) substrate. To compare the impact of various zincating treatments on the coating adhesion, a double zincating process at various durations were also applied in this study. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDX) were used to characterize the microstructural changes and composition of AA7075 during various zincating treatments at various durations. A scratch tester was used to investigate the coating adhesion of nickel deposits. A strong relationship between zincating duration and surface morphology of the zincated substrate has been observed in SEM results. The adhesion betwee...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Current Density and Fly Ash Composition on Nickel Grain Size and Hardness of Nickel-Fly Ash Composite Coating Deposited on Aluminum Alloy 6061

Article history: Received 3 May 2018 Received in revised form 19 August 2018 Accepted 22 Septembe... more Article history: Received 3 May 2018 Received in revised form 19 August 2018 Accepted 22 September 2018 Available online 26 September 2018 The nickelfly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 6061 (AA6061) substrate by using electrodeposition technique. The electrodeposition process was carried out for 1 hour at 40o C. The current density used was extended from 1, 5 to 9 A/dm2. Fly ash particles was added to nickel citrate bath at 0, 10, 50 and 90 g/l for electrodeposition of Ni-FA composite coating. The produced composite coatings were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Microhardness of Ni-FA composite coatings were also investigated in this study. As the current density increased from 5 to 9 A/dm2. The nickel grain size in the Ni-FA composite coating were decreased. The decreasing in nickel grain size resulted in increasing of hardness value. Besides, the hardness results show a clear increasing trend with a...

Research paper thumbnail of Material Deposition on Aluminium by Electrical Discharge Coating (Edc) with a Tungsten Powder Suspension

In this research, material deposition on an aluminium mould and die material was carried out via ... more In this research, material deposition on an aluminium mould and die material was carried out via electrical discharge coating (EDC) with a tungsten powder suspension. The effects of EDC parameters, such as peak current (I P ), pulse-on time (T ON ) and discharge voltage (V), on the weight percentage of deposited elements and micro-hardness and surface topography of aluminium were experimentally investigated. Results showed that five elements, including carbon, aluminium, tungsten, oxygen and copper, were deposited on the aluminium surface. The amount of deposited materials was strongly affected by I P , T ON and V. Bulk deposition and globules formed on the material surface after EDC, and the micro-hardness of the material increased twofold compared with that of the base aluminium under the conditions of I P = 3 A, T ON = 150 µs and V = 40 V.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative study of tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

Tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were ... more Tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were examined in this study. Composite of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% weight of randomly chopped kenaf bast and core fibre were prepared. Tensile test was carried out in accordance to the ASTM D5083. The results showed that the optimal value to obtain the highest tensile strength was 20%. It also has been observed that the elongation at break for both bast and core fibre composites had decreased as the fibre content increases. It also can be noted that composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre are found to have consistently higher tensile properties than kenaf core fibre composites.

Research paper thumbnail of Weight Loss By Soil Burial Degradation Of Green Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Modified By Tapioca Starch

The weight loss of soil degraded natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch was inves... more The weight loss of soil degraded natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch was investigated. The samples were prepared by melt compounding using a Haake internal mixer at different tapioca starch loading of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 phr. The samples were exposed to soil burial testing for duration of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Then, the weight loss was measured using the difference in weight before and after the testing. The mass reduction was observed to be proportionately increased with the increment of tapioca starch loadings and prolonged soil burial duration. The rate of degradations observed was supported with morphological characteristics of the vulcanizates. This study is highly significant towards the development of green natural rubber composites by incorporation of tapioca starch.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrodeposition of nickel coatings on aluminium alloy 7075 through a modified single zincating process

Electrodeposition on aluminium alloy substrates often is often difficult in producing a coating w... more Electrodeposition on aluminium alloy substrates often is often difficult in producing a coating with good adhesion when compared to other metals. This is due to the rapid formation of oxide layers on the substrate’s surface when exposed to air and water, preventing metallic bonds from forming between the nickel coating and the aluminium alloy substrate which in turn resulting in poor adhesion. Adhesion of the coating on the substrate influences the quality of the coating. To overcome this problem, a series of critical surface pre-treatment procedures are required for a successful electrodeposition process with a strong coating adhesion. The pre-treatment process consists of mechanical grinding and polishing, alkaline and acidic cleaning, zincating and activation process. This study focuses on the zincating process to obtain a strong adherence coating on the substrate. An aim of this study was to replace the complex double zincating process. To this end, modification has been made to...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect Of Current Density And Heat Treatment On The Characteristic, Wear Resistance And Adhesion Of Nickel Nanocrystalline Coatings Deposited On Aluminum Alloy 7075 Substrate

The nickel-fly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 7075 (AA... more The nickel-fly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) substrate by using electrodeposition technique.The electrodeposition process was carried out for 1 hour at 40o C.The current density used was extended from 1,5 to 9 A/dm2.Fly ash particles was added to nickel citrate bath at 0,10,50 and 90 g/l for electrodeposition of Ni-FA composite coating.The produced composite coatings were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).Microhardness of Ni-FA composite coatings were also investigated in this study.As the current density increased from 5 to 9 A/dm2.the nickel grain size in the Ni-FA composite coating were decreased. The decreasing in nickel grain size resulted in increasing of hardness value.Besides,the hardness results show a clear increasing trend with an increase of fly ash composition from 10 to 90 g/l,due to the presence of hard oxide in the fly ash particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Tensile, Flexural and Fracture Morphological Properties of Recycled Polypropylene (rPP) Filled Dried Banana Leaves Fibre (DBLF) Composites: Effects of DBLF Loadings

Global interest to reduce the use and disposal of non-degradable plastic based product, has entic... more Global interest to reduce the use and disposal of non-degradable plastic based product, has enticed the initiative to develop eco-friendly plastic based composites. Green product require degradability attribute while maintaining superior mechanical and physical properties, especially for packaging application. For such reason, some portion of thermoplastic was substituted with some portion of plant based natural fibre, for composite production. In this study, recycled waste polypropylene (rPP) was filled with dried banana leaves fibre (DBLF), for rPP/DBLF composites fabrication. The effects of DBLF fibre loadings (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) towards the resulted mechanical, physical and fracture morphological properties of rPP/DBLF composites were studied. Local supply of dried banana leaves was grinded into 60 µm of fibre length, and rPP was obtained from waste injection moulding scrapped and crushed beforehand into finer rPP particles. The rPP/DBLF composites were prepared through d...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Surface Treatment on Dried Banana Leaves Fibre (DBLF) to Prepare and Characterize Degradable Plastic Materials with waste Polypropylene

Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2019

A wide-ranging application of thermoplastic materials has stricken most current industries, such ... more A wide-ranging application of thermoplastic materials has stricken most current industries, such as manufacturing industry, transportation industry, medical industry and many more other industries [1]. Due to plastic flexibility characteristic, the utilization of petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastic is turn out to be endless. This scenario has cultivated the important of postproduction on waste plastic, combined with natural fibres, which are currently available and feasibly being consumed as a secondary phase of the polymer matrix composites (PMC). The resulting composite also known as green composites. The bio composition between waste plastic and natural fibres have superior and outstanding mechanical properties as well as physical properties [2]. Thermoplastic materials have been increasingly used for various applications [1]. In this research, the waste from injection moulding scrapped was consumed as a matrix and the plant-based natural fibres have been utilized to reinforce the matrix phase. pylene was taken from an injection moulding operation and was

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of surface topology in ball nose end milling process of Inconel 718

Wear, 2019

Inconel 718 known as hard-to-cut material due to its superior mechanical properties; high creep r... more Inconel 718 known as hard-to-cut material due to its superior mechanical properties; high creep resistance, high fatigue strength, and able to withstand at elevated temperature which remains as challenge to possesses a lower surface roughness (Ra) during machining. The surface topology indicates the integrity of the machined parts. The quality of the Inconel 718 surface during end milling process was investigated. The experiments involved the use of PVD coated with TiAlN/ AlCrN ball nose tungsten carbide with varying of cutting speeds (Vc) ranging between 100 and 140 m/min, a feed rate (fz) of 0.1-0.2 mm/tooth, and an axial depth of cut (DoC) of 0.5-1.0 mm. The effects of the width of cut (WoC) between 0.2 and 1.8 mm were carried out. Due to the profile of the milled surface is complex; some variations in gap distance on the spiral profile were detected. The cutting path area to be found that, the new cut is overlapped which generate a new surface roughness by eliminating the previous cut thus the non-uniform feed marks being created on the machined surface. The surface roughness measured in feed direction was found to be lowered than pick a direction. Furthermore it was found that the WoC are causes the variation in Ra. During machining at low feed rates, the phenomenon of carbide particles was observed which results third body abrasion of machined surface. The particles are then trapped between the fragments and tear surface of the workpiece, thus increases the surface roughness. Based on the interaction effect of WoC and fz, it can be concluded that the feed rate effects on the quality of machined surface whilst WoC controls Ra variation.

Research paper thumbnail of Adhesion Improvement of Nickel Electrodeposited on Aluminum Alloy 7075 by Modified Single Zincating Process

Key Engineering Materials, 2016

The time-transition curve of open circuit potential (Eoc) during the single zincating process of ... more The time-transition curve of open circuit potential (Eoc) during the single zincating process of aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) was recorded. Then, a suitable single zincating duration was selected from the Eoc slope, in order to get the optimum zincating duration. The evolution of surface morphology and composition of AA7075 substrate at various single zincating durations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of x- rays (EDX). The coating adhesions of single zincated samples produced at various durations were investigated using a scratch tester. SEM results showed that the substrates produced at a longer zincating duration were fully covered by a dense layer of zinc particles. The adhesion of the electrodeposited nickel on single zincated samples produced at longer zincating duration was higher than the conventional single zincating process. This morphology has contributed to the improvement of coating adhesion.

Research paper thumbnail of Tensile Behavior of Polypropylene Reinforced with Comminutes Extracted from Out-of-Condition Aerospace Grade Carbon Fiber Prepreg Waste

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are in demand for high performance composites, particularl... more Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are in demand for high performance composites, particularly for the aircraft industry. Waste disposal of carbon fiber in the form of off-cuts, out of life of prepreg and end-of-life components lead to the environmental pollution. This study focuses on the processing and characterization of carbon fiber prepreg comminutes reinforced polypropylene (PP) produced by melt compounding using an internal mixer. In this study, end-of-life carbon fiber prepreg were crushed into fine fibers and dried in oven at 220°C for one hour. It was divided into two types; (1) partially cured carbon fiber prepreg (c-CFP) and, (2) fully cured carbon fiber prepreg (c-CF). The composites were prepared by melt compounding in a Haake internal mixer at 180°C, 50 rpm for 10 minutes. Samples were tested for tensile properties (ASTM D638) and the morphology of fractured surface was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Increasing carbon fiber in polypropylene was...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2010

Kenaf fibre has high potential to be used for composite reinforcement in biocomposite material. I... more Kenaf fibre has high potential to be used for composite reinforcement in biocomposite material. It is made up of an inner woody core and an outer fibrous bark surrounding the core. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of short kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with varying fibre weight fraction i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The compression moulding technique was used to prepare the composite specimens for tensile, flexural and impact tests in accordance to the ASTM D5083, ASTM D790 and ASTM D256 respectively. The overall results showed that the composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre had higher mechanical properties than kenaf core fibre composites. The results also showed that the optimum fibre content for achieving highest tensile strength for both bast and core fibre composites was 20%wt. It was also observed that the elongation at break for both composites decreased as the fibre content increased. For the flexural strength, the optimum fibre content for both composites was 10%wt while for impact strength, it was at 10%wt and 5%wt for bast and core fibre composites respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation Of Mechanical & Wear Characteristics Of T6 Heat Treated Thixoformed Aluminium Alloy Composite

Thixoforming of aluminium alloy has been making a strong presence in the near net shape part prod... more Thixoforming of aluminium alloy has been making a strong presence in the near net shape part production for the automotive and aerospace industries due to its process superior properties output in comparison to the other conventional methods. Improvement of the properties would surely further add to the already advantageous process above others.This study investigates the mechanical and wear behaviours of thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloy when multi-walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNT) infusing into the thixoforming process. A new approach established using the mechanical stirring casting techniques produces a well-bind composite mixture of non-dendritic aluminium mixed with different content (0.5, and 0.75) of MWCNTs. The approach enclosed the MWCNTs with 0.5wt.% of Magnesium (Mg) powder as a wetting agentinto an aluminium wrapping and stirred it with LM4 for 10 and 15 min interval inside a furnace. The feedstock produced would be thixoformed before finally being applying T5 and T6 heat treat...

Research paper thumbnail of Surface and Tribological Properties of Oxide Films on Aluminium Alloy through Fly-Ash Reinforcement

Coatings, 2022

Hard anodizing has proven to be a helpful surface treatment for aluminium alloy and typically acc... more Hard anodizing has proven to be a helpful surface treatment for aluminium alloy and typically accompanied by the growth of a porous and highly flawed oxide layer. The presence of pores on the oxide surface can be taken as an advantage in improving the surface properties. Fly-ash particles are high in SiO2 and Al2O3 content and can be utilized as inexpensive strengthening particles, which can increase the wear resistance and microhardness of composite material. It was noticed that limited research had been carried out in utilizing fly-ash as reinforcement on composite oxide coating as a wear resistance candidate. Thus, this study focused on reinforcing fly-ash on oxide coating and investigating its tribological performance. The composite oxide coating was grown on AA2017 aluminium alloy through anodizing process. To understand the effect of anodizing time and fly-ash content, the parameters were varied from 5–60 min and 0–50 g/L, respectively. The findings suggested that 60 min of an...

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Wear and Corrosion Characteristics of Short Heat Treated Thixoformed Aluminium Alloy

The thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloys play an important role in automotive and engineering industries d... more The thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloys play an important role in automotive and engineering industries due to their wear resistance properties. This investigation looks into the wear and corrosion behaviors of thixoformed Al-Si-Cu alloy. Attempt has been made to relate the coefficient of friction (CoF) and corrosion rate on the short series of T6-heat treatment of thixoformed LM4 aluminium alloy. The short T6 heat treatment involves the application of solute solutioning, quenching and artificial ageing. Dry sliding condition using a pin-on-disc configuration against the SKD II steel disk under a constant load, distance and speed of 10 N, 1000 m and 0.1 m/s respectively was conducted to investigate the wear. The CoF of thixoformed shows an improvement of 5% where the T6 treated alloy is 0.4299 as compared to the 0.4537 untreated LM4 alloy. Furthermore, a significant reduction of 54% from 2.5459x10-4 mmpy to 1.1697x10-4 mmpy corrosion rate was also noted between the untreated and treated thixoformed alloy. Therefore, the alloys that undergone the short T6 heat treatment cycle generally improved the wear and corrosion resistant as compared to the alloys without heat treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical Studies Of Intermetallic Nickel Aluminide (Ni4Al) for Automotive Tyres

Solid State Technology, 2020

Intermetallic Nickel Aluminides (Ni4Al) was synthesized and characterized to determinethe suitabi... more Intermetallic Nickel Aluminides (Ni4Al) was synthesized and characterized to determinethe suitability of this material in the automotive industry. The purpose is to produce vehicles which arelighter, more fuel efficient and cause less pollution. One key technical design strategy for improvingvehicles efficiency is the light weighting and their tyre Hub. Attractive properties of Ni4Al includinglow density (~ 6g/cm3) resulting lightweight, high oxidation and corrosion resistance, combined withtheir ability to retain strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures lead to its selection as a potentialcandidate material. The prime focus will be on to obtain the mechanical properties such as hardnesswhich was tested using Vickers Micro hardness Tester. Microstructural properties of these alloys wereexamined using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It confirms grainboundaries with a large network in ordered L12 Ni4Al phase visible and it was known as dendrites arm.S...

Research paper thumbnail of Flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

The flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester ... more The flexural and impact properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with varying fibre weight fraction i.e. 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% have been carried out in this study. Flexural and impact tests were carried out in accordance to the ASTM D790 and D256 respectively. The results showed that the optimal value to obtain the highest flexural strength for both bast and core fibre composites were 10% while for impact strength of bast and core fibre composites were 10% and 5% respectively. Then, these properties had decreased beyond these weight fractions. This was due to further increase of fibre loading attributed to insufficient resin to wetting the fibre. It also can be noted that in general, composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre are found to have consistently higher impact strength than kenaf core fibre.

Research paper thumbnail of Nickel-Cobalt Alloy Deposition on Iron Substrate Using Electroless Deposition in Deep Eutectic Solvent

Electroless deposition of Ni has been successfully done via deep eutectic solvent (DES) ionic liq... more Electroless deposition of Ni has been successfully done via deep eutectic solvent (DES) ionic liquid. In this study, a binary Ni-Co alloy is deposited on iron substrate using electroless deposition method in a DES ionic liquid. The DES was made from 2:1 ratio choline chloride-ethylene glycol mixture with various concentrations of nickel and cobalt salts. The coating surface hardness is measured using micro Vickers hardness tester. The coating surface morphology was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosion behavior of the coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution is evaluated using electrochemical measurement method. The thickness of the coating ranged in between 12 mm to 17 mm and shows compact and dense layer above iron surface. The coating made from higher Co to Ni salts ratio concentration in the DES exhibits higher hardness (202.36 Hv) compared to lower Co ratio coatings as well as pure Ni (185.38 Hv) and Co (196.72 Hv) coatings. The corrosion potential of Ni-...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Different Cooking Temperature and Alkalinity on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Composite Sheet from Durian Shell Waste Fibre

Temperature and alkalinity are the critical factors that contribute to the successful of soda pul... more Temperature and alkalinity are the critical factors that contribute to the successful of soda pulping. These factors influence the length size and interfibre bonding of the fibre. In this paper, durian ( Durio zibethinus Murray) shell composite sheet were prepared by conducting chemical pulping through soda method to study the effect of different pulping temperature and % of NaOH on the mechanical and morphological characteristics of durian shell composite sheet. Six sets of composite sheet were produced from six sets of pulping. The pulping processes were conducted at 140, 160 and 170°C with 17, 19 and 21% of active alkali. The mechanical properties of the durian shell composite sheet were analyzed through few standard TAPPI analyses which are tensile, tear, burst, folding endurance and paper bulk thickness. The results show that the highest reading of paper bulk thickness, tensile, tear and burst index, and also folding endurance were achieved at the pulping condition of 170°C wit...

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of Single and Double Zincating Treatment on Adhesion of Electrodeposited Nickel Coating on Aluminium Alloy 7075

The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between various zincating treatm... more The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between various zincating treatments and coating adhesion. A modification on the conventional single zincating process has been made by extending the duration, with an objective to enhance the non-homogeneous deposition of zinc particles on the aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) substrate. To compare the impact of various zincating treatments on the coating adhesion, a double zincating process at various durations were also applied in this study. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDX) were used to characterize the microstructural changes and composition of AA7075 during various zincating treatments at various durations. A scratch tester was used to investigate the coating adhesion of nickel deposits. A strong relationship between zincating duration and surface morphology of the zincated substrate has been observed in SEM results. The adhesion betwee...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Current Density and Fly Ash Composition on Nickel Grain Size and Hardness of Nickel-Fly Ash Composite Coating Deposited on Aluminum Alloy 6061

Article history: Received 3 May 2018 Received in revised form 19 August 2018 Accepted 22 Septembe... more Article history: Received 3 May 2018 Received in revised form 19 August 2018 Accepted 22 September 2018 Available online 26 September 2018 The nickelfly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 6061 (AA6061) substrate by using electrodeposition technique. The electrodeposition process was carried out for 1 hour at 40o C. The current density used was extended from 1, 5 to 9 A/dm2. Fly ash particles was added to nickel citrate bath at 0, 10, 50 and 90 g/l for electrodeposition of Ni-FA composite coating. The produced composite coatings were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Microhardness of Ni-FA composite coatings were also investigated in this study. As the current density increased from 5 to 9 A/dm2. The nickel grain size in the Ni-FA composite coating were decreased. The decreasing in nickel grain size resulted in increasing of hardness value. Besides, the hardness results show a clear increasing trend with a...

Research paper thumbnail of Material Deposition on Aluminium by Electrical Discharge Coating (Edc) with a Tungsten Powder Suspension

In this research, material deposition on an aluminium mould and die material was carried out via ... more In this research, material deposition on an aluminium mould and die material was carried out via electrical discharge coating (EDC) with a tungsten powder suspension. The effects of EDC parameters, such as peak current (I P ), pulse-on time (T ON ) and discharge voltage (V), on the weight percentage of deposited elements and micro-hardness and surface topography of aluminium were experimentally investigated. Results showed that five elements, including carbon, aluminium, tungsten, oxygen and copper, were deposited on the aluminium surface. The amount of deposited materials was strongly affected by I P , T ON and V. Bulk deposition and globules formed on the material surface after EDC, and the micro-hardness of the material increased twofold compared with that of the base aluminium under the conditions of I P = 3 A, T ON = 150 µs and V = 40 V.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative study of tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

Tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were ... more Tensile properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were examined in this study. Composite of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% weight of randomly chopped kenaf bast and core fibre were prepared. Tensile test was carried out in accordance to the ASTM D5083. The results showed that the optimal value to obtain the highest tensile strength was 20%. It also has been observed that the elongation at break for both bast and core fibre composites had decreased as the fibre content increases. It also can be noted that composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre are found to have consistently higher tensile properties than kenaf core fibre composites.

Research paper thumbnail of Weight Loss By Soil Burial Degradation Of Green Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Modified By Tapioca Starch

The weight loss of soil degraded natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch was inves... more The weight loss of soil degraded natural rubber vulcanizates modified by tapioca starch was investigated. The samples were prepared by melt compounding using a Haake internal mixer at different tapioca starch loading of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 phr. The samples were exposed to soil burial testing for duration of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Then, the weight loss was measured using the difference in weight before and after the testing. The mass reduction was observed to be proportionately increased with the increment of tapioca starch loadings and prolonged soil burial duration. The rate of degradations observed was supported with morphological characteristics of the vulcanizates. This study is highly significant towards the development of green natural rubber composites by incorporation of tapioca starch.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrodeposition of nickel coatings on aluminium alloy 7075 through a modified single zincating process

Electrodeposition on aluminium alloy substrates often is often difficult in producing a coating w... more Electrodeposition on aluminium alloy substrates often is often difficult in producing a coating with good adhesion when compared to other metals. This is due to the rapid formation of oxide layers on the substrate’s surface when exposed to air and water, preventing metallic bonds from forming between the nickel coating and the aluminium alloy substrate which in turn resulting in poor adhesion. Adhesion of the coating on the substrate influences the quality of the coating. To overcome this problem, a series of critical surface pre-treatment procedures are required for a successful electrodeposition process with a strong coating adhesion. The pre-treatment process consists of mechanical grinding and polishing, alkaline and acidic cleaning, zincating and activation process. This study focuses on the zincating process to obtain a strong adherence coating on the substrate. An aim of this study was to replace the complex double zincating process. To this end, modification has been made to...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect Of Current Density And Heat Treatment On The Characteristic, Wear Resistance And Adhesion Of Nickel Nanocrystalline Coatings Deposited On Aluminum Alloy 7075 Substrate

The nickel-fly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 7075 (AA... more The nickel-fly ash (Ni-FA) composite coatings were deposited on zincated aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) substrate by using electrodeposition technique.The electrodeposition process was carried out for 1 hour at 40o C.The current density used was extended from 1,5 to 9 A/dm2.Fly ash particles was added to nickel citrate bath at 0,10,50 and 90 g/l for electrodeposition of Ni-FA composite coating.The produced composite coatings were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD).Microhardness of Ni-FA composite coatings were also investigated in this study.As the current density increased from 5 to 9 A/dm2.the nickel grain size in the Ni-FA composite coating were decreased. The decreasing in nickel grain size resulted in increasing of hardness value.Besides,the hardness results show a clear increasing trend with an increase of fly ash composition from 10 to 90 g/l,due to the presence of hard oxide in the fly ash particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Tensile, Flexural and Fracture Morphological Properties of Recycled Polypropylene (rPP) Filled Dried Banana Leaves Fibre (DBLF) Composites: Effects of DBLF Loadings

Global interest to reduce the use and disposal of non-degradable plastic based product, has entic... more Global interest to reduce the use and disposal of non-degradable plastic based product, has enticed the initiative to develop eco-friendly plastic based composites. Green product require degradability attribute while maintaining superior mechanical and physical properties, especially for packaging application. For such reason, some portion of thermoplastic was substituted with some portion of plant based natural fibre, for composite production. In this study, recycled waste polypropylene (rPP) was filled with dried banana leaves fibre (DBLF), for rPP/DBLF composites fabrication. The effects of DBLF fibre loadings (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) towards the resulted mechanical, physical and fracture morphological properties of rPP/DBLF composites were studied. Local supply of dried banana leaves was grinded into 60 µm of fibre length, and rPP was obtained from waste injection moulding scrapped and crushed beforehand into finer rPP particles. The rPP/DBLF composites were prepared through d...

Research paper thumbnail of The Effects of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Surface Treatment on Dried Banana Leaves Fibre (DBLF) to Prepare and Characterize Degradable Plastic Materials with waste Polypropylene

Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2019

A wide-ranging application of thermoplastic materials has stricken most current industries, such ... more A wide-ranging application of thermoplastic materials has stricken most current industries, such as manufacturing industry, transportation industry, medical industry and many more other industries [1]. Due to plastic flexibility characteristic, the utilization of petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastic is turn out to be endless. This scenario has cultivated the important of postproduction on waste plastic, combined with natural fibres, which are currently available and feasibly being consumed as a secondary phase of the polymer matrix composites (PMC). The resulting composite also known as green composites. The bio composition between waste plastic and natural fibres have superior and outstanding mechanical properties as well as physical properties [2]. Thermoplastic materials have been increasingly used for various applications [1]. In this research, the waste from injection moulding scrapped was consumed as a matrix and the plant-based natural fibres have been utilized to reinforce the matrix phase. pylene was taken from an injection moulding operation and was

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of surface topology in ball nose end milling process of Inconel 718

Wear, 2019

Inconel 718 known as hard-to-cut material due to its superior mechanical properties; high creep r... more Inconel 718 known as hard-to-cut material due to its superior mechanical properties; high creep resistance, high fatigue strength, and able to withstand at elevated temperature which remains as challenge to possesses a lower surface roughness (Ra) during machining. The surface topology indicates the integrity of the machined parts. The quality of the Inconel 718 surface during end milling process was investigated. The experiments involved the use of PVD coated with TiAlN/ AlCrN ball nose tungsten carbide with varying of cutting speeds (Vc) ranging between 100 and 140 m/min, a feed rate (fz) of 0.1-0.2 mm/tooth, and an axial depth of cut (DoC) of 0.5-1.0 mm. The effects of the width of cut (WoC) between 0.2 and 1.8 mm were carried out. Due to the profile of the milled surface is complex; some variations in gap distance on the spiral profile were detected. The cutting path area to be found that, the new cut is overlapped which generate a new surface roughness by eliminating the previous cut thus the non-uniform feed marks being created on the machined surface. The surface roughness measured in feed direction was found to be lowered than pick a direction. Furthermore it was found that the WoC are causes the variation in Ra. During machining at low feed rates, the phenomenon of carbide particles was observed which results third body abrasion of machined surface. The particles are then trapped between the fragments and tear surface of the workpiece, thus increases the surface roughness. Based on the interaction effect of WoC and fz, it can be concluded that the feed rate effects on the quality of machined surface whilst WoC controls Ra variation.

Research paper thumbnail of Adhesion Improvement of Nickel Electrodeposited on Aluminum Alloy 7075 by Modified Single Zincating Process

Key Engineering Materials, 2016

The time-transition curve of open circuit potential (Eoc) during the single zincating process of ... more The time-transition curve of open circuit potential (Eoc) during the single zincating process of aluminium alloy 7075 (AA7075) was recorded. Then, a suitable single zincating duration was selected from the Eoc slope, in order to get the optimum zincating duration. The evolution of surface morphology and composition of AA7075 substrate at various single zincating durations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of x- rays (EDX). The coating adhesions of single zincated samples produced at various durations were investigated using a scratch tester. SEM results showed that the substrates produced at a longer zincating duration were fully covered by a dense layer of zinc particles. The adhesion of the electrodeposited nickel on single zincated samples produced at longer zincating duration was higher than the conventional single zincating process. This morphology has contributed to the improvement of coating adhesion.

Research paper thumbnail of Tensile Behavior of Polypropylene Reinforced with Comminutes Extracted from Out-of-Condition Aerospace Grade Carbon Fiber Prepreg Waste

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015

Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are in demand for high performance composites, particularl... more Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are in demand for high performance composites, particularly for the aircraft industry. Waste disposal of carbon fiber in the form of off-cuts, out of life of prepreg and end-of-life components lead to the environmental pollution. This study focuses on the processing and characterization of carbon fiber prepreg comminutes reinforced polypropylene (PP) produced by melt compounding using an internal mixer. In this study, end-of-life carbon fiber prepreg were crushed into fine fibers and dried in oven at 220°C for one hour. It was divided into two types; (1) partially cured carbon fiber prepreg (c-CFP) and, (2) fully cured carbon fiber prepreg (c-CF). The composites were prepared by melt compounding in a Haake internal mixer at 180°C, 50 rpm for 10 minutes. Samples were tested for tensile properties (ASTM D638) and the morphology of fractured surface was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Increasing carbon fiber in polypropylene was...

Research paper thumbnail of Mechanical properties of kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2010

Kenaf fibre has high potential to be used for composite reinforcement in biocomposite material. I... more Kenaf fibre has high potential to be used for composite reinforcement in biocomposite material. It is made up of an inner woody core and an outer fibrous bark surrounding the core. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of short kenaf bast and core fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with varying fibre weight fraction i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The compression moulding technique was used to prepare the composite specimens for tensile, flexural and impact tests in accordance to the ASTM D5083, ASTM D790 and ASTM D256 respectively. The overall results showed that the composites reinforced with kenaf bast fibre had higher mechanical properties than kenaf core fibre composites. The results also showed that the optimum fibre content for achieving highest tensile strength for both bast and core fibre composites was 20%wt. It was also observed that the elongation at break for both composites decreased as the fibre content increased. For the flexural strength, the optimum fibre content for both composites was 10%wt while for impact strength, it was at 10%wt and 5%wt for bast and core fibre composites respectively.