Irfan Hayee - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Irfan Hayee

Telehealth in the Developing World, 2019

Page 260. Telehealth for mountainous and remote areas of northern Pakistan Hameed A Khan and Irfa... more Page 260. Telehealth for mountainous and remote areas of northern Pakistan Hameed A Khan and Irfan Hayee Introduction Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. ... Trop Doct 2003; 33: 36–8. Office of Technology Policy, US Department of Commerce. ...

Views expressed in this Book are only those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those o... more Views expressed in this Book are only those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of COMSATS or THE EDITORS

The development in the world today is closely linked to development of new technologies and their... more The development in the world today is closely linked to development of new technologies and their maturation as industry. The industrial revolution, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, gave birth to the steam engine, textiles, printing press, etc. Countries that underwent this industrial revolution became developed, as machines took over some of the work from man; while countries that did not undergo industrialization remained underdeveloped and agrarian. This Industrial revolution had no direct linkage with science. However, the new technologies of the twentieth century were knowledge-based. Examples of these are: Nuclear technology, Space technology, Biotechnology, Information technology etc. Moreover, development in each new technology benefits other contemporary technologies; in fact, they reinforce one another. Furthermore, new technologies help generate knowledge, which further breeds newer technologies, thus leading to an explosive growth, both in science and in technology. Thus, there is a synergy in knowledge and technology. As no knowledge can be acquired as a black box, therefore new technologies also cannot be acquired as black boxes. For adoption and absorption of technology, a certain indigenous capacity is needed in the form of appropriate human development and S&T infrastructure. Each modern technology has an impact on all sectors of development, such as agriculture, human health, water resources, energy, etc. For countries of the South, the problems of development extend far beyond the issues of economic strategy alone. Market forces that promote particular science and technology in the developed country do not exist in poor countries. There is a dearth of science and technology that is crucial to addressing the critical problems of countries of the South; science and technology in the South is generally both too little and too weak. Furthermore, there is an absence of informed and sound decision-making. Some fundamental changes in outlook are needed, both in areas of science and in economic planning, for ensuring sustained development. Development requires the national economic plans to be intertwined with corresponding science and technology plans. The laboratory scientist, as well as technologist, has to learn business management, while the economist has to be aware of realistic potential of various new S&T applications. Scientists and technologists have to reach out to build partnerships with entrepreneurs in the private sector. Worldwide strategic planning, by integration of the real human needs with the applications of science and technology, has to be undertaken to map a path across the fast-changing global scenario. The concept of sustainable development has been elaborated in the Brundtland Commission report (1987). This report defines sustainable development as "the development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability for the future generation to meet their own needs". The major elements of development are food-security, sufficient availability of clean water, proper health-care, clean air and reliable energy-supply at affordable price, while ensuring the graded shift from agrarian to industrial economic strategies. Nuclear Technology has the ability to contribute in a significant manner to all issues of developmentindeed as a sustainable development. Let us now see in detail how nuclear technology can contribute to the sustainable development. Nuclear technology may be broadly divided into nuclear power applications and nuclear non-power applications. We will first take up the non-power applications. These applications are mainly in the fields of food and agriculture, medicine and health, water resources and industry, all of which are essential components of sustainable development. NON-POWER APPLICATIONS Agriculture and Food Security Radiation-induced mutations produce better crops, which give high yields, are early maturing, have

The worldwide celebrations of the International Year of Physics-2005 have brought tremendous inte... more The worldwide celebrations of the International Year of Physics-2005 have brought tremendous intellectual and scientific benefits to the physics community. The year 2005 was well chosen for this occasion, as it was linked to Einstein's three revolutionary and imaginative scientific papers published in 1905-remembered as Annus Mirabilis (Miraculous Year) by the men of science. These three publications by Einstein gave an entirely new perception to the thinking processes of physicists in the twentieth century and provided the world with inventions that surround our everyday lives with abundance and with inescapable necessities. The physics community of Pakistan has participated in the celebrations with zeal and joy. The Commission on Science and Technology on Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) has taken a leading role in making the occasion a success, in collaboration with the public and private-sector research and teaching institutions. The objectives and purposes of the IYP-2005 did not remain confined to celebrations alone, but went much beyond that. For Pakistan, like many developing countries, it meant taking stock of the stature of physics, its quality, its benefits to the society and creating new opportunities to improve the education and basic research in various disciplines of physics. The most important aspects were the revival of interest in physics by the younger generation of Pakistan enhanced enrolment of female students in physics classes, creation of more conducive environment for careers in physics and public awareness of the potentials of physics in promoting socioeconomic development in the country. Like the three revolutionary papers of Einstein a hundred years ago, three of his very appropriate quotes fitting the importance of IYP-2005 and relevant to Pakistan are (i) imagination is more important than knowledge, (ii) science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it, and (iii) most teachers waste their time by asking questions which are intended to discover what a pupil does not know, whereas the true art of questioning has for its purpose to discover what the pupil knows or is capable of knowing. These quotes very subtly refer to the three areas where the physics culture of our society needs readjustment, i.e., quality of physics, careers in physics and teaching of physics. It

No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, inc... more No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, including photocopy, xerography, recording, or by use of any information storage. The only exceptions are small sections that may be incorporated into book-reviews. This book is published under the series title, and is number 12th of this series.

Copyright: COMSATS Headquarters No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form... more Copyright: COMSATS Headquarters No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, including photocopy, xerography, recording, or by use of any information storage. The only excerptions are small sections that may be incorporated into book-reviews. This book is published under the series title and is number 7-A of the series. Copies of the book may be ordered from: COMSATS Headquarters 4th floor, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat

Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. About a third of the populat... more Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. About a third of the population lives below the poverty line, with unhygienic living conditions, poor health, and food and water insecurity. As a consequence, there is a high burden of infectious and chronic diseases among people in Pakistan, especially women and children. Poor nutrition and repeated infections have aggravated the situation. According to a health assessment conducted by the Aga Khan University, Pakistan ranks 157th in the world in terms of infant mortality, and 39th in child mortality. Moreover, with agriculture being the main occupation in the country, the majority of the population still live in rural and remote areas that are underprivileged in terms of access to basic health care services.

Telehealth in the Developing World, 2019

Page 260. Telehealth for mountainous and remote areas of northern Pakistan Hameed A Khan and Irfa... more Page 260. Telehealth for mountainous and remote areas of northern Pakistan Hameed A Khan and Irfan Hayee Introduction Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. ... Trop Doct 2003; 33: 36–8. Office of Technology Policy, US Department of Commerce. ...

Views expressed in this Book are only those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those o... more Views expressed in this Book are only those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of COMSATS or THE EDITORS

The development in the world today is closely linked to development of new technologies and their... more The development in the world today is closely linked to development of new technologies and their maturation as industry. The industrial revolution, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, gave birth to the steam engine, textiles, printing press, etc. Countries that underwent this industrial revolution became developed, as machines took over some of the work from man; while countries that did not undergo industrialization remained underdeveloped and agrarian. This Industrial revolution had no direct linkage with science. However, the new technologies of the twentieth century were knowledge-based. Examples of these are: Nuclear technology, Space technology, Biotechnology, Information technology etc. Moreover, development in each new technology benefits other contemporary technologies; in fact, they reinforce one another. Furthermore, new technologies help generate knowledge, which further breeds newer technologies, thus leading to an explosive growth, both in science and in technology. Thus, there is a synergy in knowledge and technology. As no knowledge can be acquired as a black box, therefore new technologies also cannot be acquired as black boxes. For adoption and absorption of technology, a certain indigenous capacity is needed in the form of appropriate human development and S&T infrastructure. Each modern technology has an impact on all sectors of development, such as agriculture, human health, water resources, energy, etc. For countries of the South, the problems of development extend far beyond the issues of economic strategy alone. Market forces that promote particular science and technology in the developed country do not exist in poor countries. There is a dearth of science and technology that is crucial to addressing the critical problems of countries of the South; science and technology in the South is generally both too little and too weak. Furthermore, there is an absence of informed and sound decision-making. Some fundamental changes in outlook are needed, both in areas of science and in economic planning, for ensuring sustained development. Development requires the national economic plans to be intertwined with corresponding science and technology plans. The laboratory scientist, as well as technologist, has to learn business management, while the economist has to be aware of realistic potential of various new S&T applications. Scientists and technologists have to reach out to build partnerships with entrepreneurs in the private sector. Worldwide strategic planning, by integration of the real human needs with the applications of science and technology, has to be undertaken to map a path across the fast-changing global scenario. The concept of sustainable development has been elaborated in the Brundtland Commission report (1987). This report defines sustainable development as "the development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability for the future generation to meet their own needs". The major elements of development are food-security, sufficient availability of clean water, proper health-care, clean air and reliable energy-supply at affordable price, while ensuring the graded shift from agrarian to industrial economic strategies. Nuclear Technology has the ability to contribute in a significant manner to all issues of developmentindeed as a sustainable development. Let us now see in detail how nuclear technology can contribute to the sustainable development. Nuclear technology may be broadly divided into nuclear power applications and nuclear non-power applications. We will first take up the non-power applications. These applications are mainly in the fields of food and agriculture, medicine and health, water resources and industry, all of which are essential components of sustainable development. NON-POWER APPLICATIONS Agriculture and Food Security Radiation-induced mutations produce better crops, which give high yields, are early maturing, have

The worldwide celebrations of the International Year of Physics-2005 have brought tremendous inte... more The worldwide celebrations of the International Year of Physics-2005 have brought tremendous intellectual and scientific benefits to the physics community. The year 2005 was well chosen for this occasion, as it was linked to Einstein's three revolutionary and imaginative scientific papers published in 1905-remembered as Annus Mirabilis (Miraculous Year) by the men of science. These three publications by Einstein gave an entirely new perception to the thinking processes of physicists in the twentieth century and provided the world with inventions that surround our everyday lives with abundance and with inescapable necessities. The physics community of Pakistan has participated in the celebrations with zeal and joy. The Commission on Science and Technology on Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) has taken a leading role in making the occasion a success, in collaboration with the public and private-sector research and teaching institutions. The objectives and purposes of the IYP-2005 did not remain confined to celebrations alone, but went much beyond that. For Pakistan, like many developing countries, it meant taking stock of the stature of physics, its quality, its benefits to the society and creating new opportunities to improve the education and basic research in various disciplines of physics. The most important aspects were the revival of interest in physics by the younger generation of Pakistan enhanced enrolment of female students in physics classes, creation of more conducive environment for careers in physics and public awareness of the potentials of physics in promoting socioeconomic development in the country. Like the three revolutionary papers of Einstein a hundred years ago, three of his very appropriate quotes fitting the importance of IYP-2005 and relevant to Pakistan are (i) imagination is more important than knowledge, (ii) science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it, and (iii) most teachers waste their time by asking questions which are intended to discover what a pupil does not know, whereas the true art of questioning has for its purpose to discover what the pupil knows or is capable of knowing. These quotes very subtly refer to the three areas where the physics culture of our society needs readjustment, i.e., quality of physics, careers in physics and teaching of physics. It

No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, inc... more No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, including photocopy, xerography, recording, or by use of any information storage. The only exceptions are small sections that may be incorporated into book-reviews. This book is published under the series title, and is number 12th of this series.

Copyright: COMSATS Headquarters No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form... more Copyright: COMSATS Headquarters No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic means, including photocopy, xerography, recording, or by use of any information storage. The only excerptions are small sections that may be incorporated into book-reviews. This book is published under the series title and is number 7-A of the series. Copies of the book may be ordered from: COMSATS Headquarters 4th floor, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat

Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. About a third of the populat... more Pakistan is ranked 124 out of 191 countries in terms of health care. About a third of the population lives below the poverty line, with unhygienic living conditions, poor health, and food and water insecurity. As a consequence, there is a high burden of infectious and chronic diseases among people in Pakistan, especially women and children. Poor nutrition and repeated infections have aggravated the situation. According to a health assessment conducted by the Aga Khan University, Pakistan ranks 157th in the world in terms of infant mortality, and 39th in child mortality. Moreover, with agriculture being the main occupation in the country, the majority of the population still live in rural and remote areas that are underprivileged in terms of access to basic health care services.