Irfan Qamruddin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Irfan Qamruddin

International Medical Journal, Feb 1, 2017

Objectives: The craniofacial characteristics of Pakistani adults were investigated in order to fo... more Objectives: The craniofacial characteristics of Pakistani adults were investigated in order to formulate cephalometric norms using Bjork-Jarabak's angular and linear measurements and to compare their mean differences with the established values of Bjork-Jarabak's cephalometric norms. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of one hundred lateral cephalometric radiographs of Pakistani adults including males and females with age ranging from 18-25 years. The selection criteria were Class I incisor relationship with no crowding, no skeletal abnormality or deformity, and no previous history of orthodontic treatment. All the landmarks and analysis involved in Bjork analysis were located and tracings were done. Results: There is no significant difference among both the sexes except for anterior cranial base, Ramus height, Length of body of mandible, posterior facial height and the values of Pakistani adults were similar to Bjork standard values except articular angle and PFH/AFH ratio. Conclusion: The dentofacial pattern of Pakistani adults had slightly more prognathic mandible and a slightly horizontal growth pattern in comparison to Caucasians. This values obtained in the current study can be used as cephalometric norms for the Pakistani adults during diagnosis and orthodontic treatment.

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, Jun 16, 2023

Background: Low power laser therapy or low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is relatively novel and has... more Background: Low power laser therapy or low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is relatively novel and has demonstrated tremendous advantages in dentistry which includes reduction in post-surgical pain as well as swelling and also accelerates wound healing and helps in bone regeneration etc. Objective: This systematic review aimed to find out whether low-level laser therapy promotes tooth extraction wound healing. Materials and Methods: Literature was searched from January 2010 till 31 December 2020 using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science. Further findings were done from gray literature google scholar, and Research Gate using Low-level laser therapy, photobiomodulation, wound healing, extraction socket healing, cold laser, biostimulation, low-level laser irradiation, and phototherapy. Any article that reported effects of low-level laser therapy on wound healing was included. 19 studies fulfilled the criteria and were included for this systematic review. Quality assessment was done for each article using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Results and Discussion: Throughout the search, approximately 22,808 relevant articles were found. Out of which 50 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. 31 articles were excluded because that did not fulfill inclusion criteria. 19 articles were included for this systematic review that compared the effects of low level-laser therapy on wound healing after extraction of a tooth. Conclusion: Overall, this systematic review concluded that low-level laser therapy enhanced the process of wound healing after extraction of teeth but most of the research was conducted on animals. Further research is needed to investigate the biostimulatory effects of low-level irradiation on wound healing after extraction of a tooth.

Case Reports in Dentistry, 2014

Skeletal class II has always been a challenge in orthodontics and often needs assistance of surgi... more Skeletal class II has always been a challenge in orthodontics and often needs assistance of surgical orthodontics in nongrowing patients when it presents with severe discrepancy. Difficulty increases more when vertical dysplasia is also associated with sagittal discrepancy. The advent of mini implants in orthodontics has broadened the spectrum of camouflage treatment. This case report presents a 16-year-old nongrowing girl with severe class II because of retrognathic mandible, and anterior dentoalveolar protrusion sagittally and vertically resulted in severe overjet of 13 mm and excessive display of incisors and gums. Both maxillary central incisors were trimmed by general practitioner few years back to reduce visibility. Treatment involved use of micro implant for retraction and intrusion of anterior maxillary dentoalveolar segment while lower incisors were proclined to obtain normal overjet, and overbite and pleasing soft tissue profile. Smile esthetics was further improved with composite restoration of incisal edges of both central incisors.

Introduction: Estimation of the mesio distal (MD) widths of unerupted teeth is essential in accur... more Introduction: Estimation of the mesio distal (MD) widths of unerupted teeth is essential in accurate diagnosis of mixed dentition orthodontic cases. Hence the purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the Moyer's method of prediction and to develop a new prediction method for Karachi based population. Material and Methods: A study was conducted on a sample of 200 patients of Karachi population, age range being 13-25 years with complete permanent teeth except third molars. MD dimensions of permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary/mandibular canines and premolars were measured using digital calipers with a calibration accuracy of 0.01mm. Paired sample T-test was carried out to compare the measured tooth sizes with Moyer's prediction table. Linear regression analysis was performed to correlate the relationship of lower incisors, maxillary and mandibular posterior segments with the established norms. Results: Significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the measured MD dimension of the buccal segment in maxillary arch in both males and females when compared with predicted width by Moyer's at the 75 th percentile level. New linear regression equations were derived for both genders to allow accurate tooth size prediction for Karachi's population. Correlation coefficients between the total MD widths of mandibular permanent incisors and that of maxillary/mandibular canines and premolars were found to be 0.712 and 0.539 in males and 0.880 and 0.875 in females. Conclusions: Moyer's prediction table is not an accurate method to estimate tooth dimensions in a Karachi based sample.

Journal of Hard Tissue Biology

Introduction: The successful correction of various malocclusions in orthodontics requires absolut... more Introduction: The successful correction of various malocclusions in orthodontics requires absolute anchorage. Hence it is thought that temporary anchorage devices (mini-implants) could provide a good solution for the problems that are encountered in conventional mechanics used for absolute anchorage. The aim of this review is to analyze the available literature on mini-implants in orthodontics so that the reader is familiarized with their ever growing importance and with the factors that account for their failures. Material and Methods: Various databases were searched to write a review article that could provide information about the usage, classification and the factors that resulted in failures of mini-implant systems. Results: The factors found in literature include mini-implants related failures, operator related failures and patient related failures. Conclusions: It should be comprehended that mini-implants ought to be selected and used with immense precaution to decrease rate ...

Journal of Hard Tissue Biology, 2014

Lateral cephalometric analysis is an integral part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plannin... more Lateral cephalometric analysis is an integral part of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The usual practice is to compare the cephalometric analysis of the patient with the established normal values. Since craniofacial morphology varies among different populations therefore it becomes important to establish the cephalometric norms of all cephalometric analyses, for every population. The aims of this study were to evaluate the validity of newly introduced cephalometric analysis using W angle and YEN angle in Pakistani and Bangladeshi samples and to compare both populations with commonly used sagittal measurements. In this study 200 lateral cephalograms of Bangladeshi population and 209 of Pakistani population were traced for ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta angle, W angle and YEN angle. Patients were divided into skeletal Class I, II and III groups. A significant difference was found in all performed measurements among skeletal groups in both the samples (p<0.001). Mean values of ANB, Wits appraisal and YEN angle differed significantly between both the samples in class I and class II subjects (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in Beta angle and W angle values. The norm for W angle was established for the Pakistani (54.5±3) and Bangladeshi population (55±3). YEN angle norm for the Pakistani population was found to be 119.5±3, and for the Bangladeshi population it was 120.5±3. These results suggest that all the performed analyses are valid and can be used to diagnose skeletal discrepancies and diagnosis based on single analysis is insufficient. Bangladeshi and Pakistani populations differ in craniofacial morphology; therefore their own cephalometric norms should be followed for treatment of patients belonging to their respective populations.

JOURNAL OF PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 2012

To determine the differences in various linear and angular measurements between erupted and impac... more To determine the differences in various linear and angular measurements between erupted and impacted lower third molar group on conventional panoramic radiographs. The quasi-experimental study based on non-probability convenience sampling and done at the National Institute of Oral Diseases, Karachi, comprised 140 patients having full dentition with bilaterally present mandibular third molars varying between ages of 18-30 years. After clinical examination, 280 lower third molars were divided into two groups; Group A had erupted, while Group B comprised impacted mandibular third molars. All radiographs were traced and measured for five variables to compare the two groups. For statistical purpose, SPSS version 10, and t test were used. Retromolar space measured from Xi (centre of ramus) was 31.60 +/- 3.33 mm in Group A and 27.02 +/- 4.17mm in Group B. Retromolar space measured from anterior edge of ramus (AER) was 16.30 +/- 2.51 mm in Group A and 11.21 +/- 3.69 in Group B. Mesiodistal ...

Copyright © 2014 Irfan Qamruddin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Crea... more Copyright © 2014 Irfan Qamruddin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Skeletal class II has always been a challenge in orthodontics and often needs assistance of surgical orthodontics in nongrowing patients when it presents with severe discrepancy. Difficulty increases more when vertical dysplasia is also associated with sagittal discrepancy. The advent of mini implants in orthodontics has broadened the spectrum of camouflage treatment. This case report presents a 16-year-old nongrowing girl with severe class II because of retrognathic mandible, and anterior dentoalveolar protrusion sagittally and vertically resulted in severe overjet of 13mmand excessive display of incisors and gums. Bothmaxillary central incisors were trimmed by general practitioner few years back to reduce visibility. Treatment inv...

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the cephalometric values among Pakistani males and females usi... more OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the cephalometric values among Pakistani males and females using commonly used sagittal skeletal measurements (ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle) and newly developed cephalometric analyses (Yen-angle and W-angle). STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Orthodontic Department of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from August to October 2013. METHODOLOGY Atotal of 209 pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients were selected from departmental records, comprised of 92 males and 117 females. Radiographs were traced for measurements of ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle, W-angle and Yen-angle. Patients were categorized into skeletal classes I, II, and III on the basis of performed measurements, incisor classification, and profile recorded from their records. Descriptive analysis was used to obtain median interquartile range in both the genders and Mann-Whitney U-test was used to ob...

European Journal of General Dentistry, 2021

Around half of all malocclusions that need orthodontic treatment are class II in nature. Patients... more Around half of all malocclusions that need orthodontic treatment are class II in nature. Patients with class II malocclusion primarily seek treatment for aesthetic improvement. Most of the skeletal class II malocclusions are because of mandibular deficiency, and can be best treated during the growing phase of development by removable functional appliances. The objective of this review is to evaluate and compare skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of various removable functional appliances in the treatment of class II malocclusion. Manual and electronic databases were searched, and out of 5,711 articles, 221 abstracts were shortlisted and reviewed. A total of 19 articles that fulfilled the selection criteria were then retrieved and analyzed. A significant increase in mandibular length and dentoalveolar effects with an increase in vertical dimension in a short time were observed with Twin-Block appliance treatment, followed by Bionator appliance treatment. The long-term stability of re...

Pain Research & Management, 2021

Objective Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a noninvasive modality to stimulate bone rem... more Objective Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a noninvasive modality to stimulate bone remodeling (BR) and the healing of hard and soft tissues. This research evaluates the biostimulatory effect of LIPUS on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and associated pain, when applied at 3-week intervals. Methods Twenty-two patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 19.18 ± 2.00 years) having Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. After the initial stage of alignment and leveling with contemporary edgewise MBT (McLaughlin–Bennett–Trevisi) prescription brackets (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, Calif) of 22 mil, followed by extractions of premolars bilaterally, 6 mm nickel-titanium spring was used to retract the canines separately by applying 150 g force on 0.019 × 0.025-in stainless steel working archwires. LIPUS (1.1 MHz frequency and 30 mW/cm2 intensit...

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2005

OBJECTIVE To compare the difference in sagittal cephalometric analysis in centric occlusion (CO) ... more OBJECTIVE To compare the difference in sagittal cephalometric analysis in centric occlusion (CO) and in centric relation (CR), among Angle's classes i.e. class I, class II, and class III. DESIGN Comparative, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Orthodontic Outpatient Department, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, from July 2003 to December 2004. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty pre-treatment orthodontic patients were divided into 3 groups according to Angle's classification. The first lateral cephalogram was taken in CO. Then leaf gauges were placed in between incisors for deprogramming. The second cephalogram was taken with leaf gauges in place to obtain centric relation. Both the radiographs were traced. Angle ANB was measured for sagittal analysis. ANB angle compares the position of mandible with the maxilla relating it with the cranial base. Angles from both cephalograms were compared with each other. RESULTS Significant difference (p<0.0001) was fo...

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 2015

Lateral Cephalometry (LCM) has been a mandatory diagnostic tool in orthodontics since a very long... more Lateral Cephalometry (LCM) has been a mandatory diagnostic tool in orthodontics since a very long time. Nowadays with the advent of 3D imaging, the use of this two dimensional radiographic technique is questioned for its competence. However there are few aspects which are overlooked and should be heeded before obsolete the technique completely from the field of orthodontics.

Work, 2020

BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are be poorly documented by primary care physicians. OBJECTIVE Our ... more BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are be poorly documented by primary care physicians. OBJECTIVE Our objective for this survey was to assess the awareness level amongst medical and dental house officers, medical and dental practitioners, and ear, nose and throat specialists (ENTs) regarding OSA and its effects on daily life. METHODS This was a questionnaire-based survey with yes and no and true and false type questions. In order to assess knowledge, questions related to the most common signs and symptoms of OSA were selected. Questionnaires were distributed in seven medical and dental colleges in Karachi, Pakistan under graduates and above. Stratified random sampling technique was used to assess specific professionals which made a total sample size of 614. The data of this descriptive study was compiled and analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS 84% of the participants stated their awareness about OSA. After analyzing a detailed response in the form of questionnaires, an average of onl...

Pain Research and Management

Objective. To assess the effect of low-level laser applied at 3 weeks intervals on orthodontic to... more Objective. To assess the effect of low-level laser applied at 3 weeks intervals on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and pain using conventional brackets (CB). Materials and Methods. Twenty patients with Angle’s class II div 1 (10 males and 10 females; aged 20.25 ± 3.88 years) needing bilateral extractions of maxillary first bicuspids were recruited. Conventional brackets MBT of 0.022 in slot (McLaughlin Bennett Trevisi) prescription braces (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, Calif) were bonded. After alignment and levelling phase, cuspid retraction began with nitinol closed coil spring on 19 × 25 stainless steel archwire, wielding 150 gram force. 7.5 J/cm2 energy was applied on 10 points (5 buccal and 5 palatal) on the canine roots on the investigational side using gallium-aluminum-arsenic diode laser (940 nm wavelength, iLase™ Biolase, Irvine, USA) in a continuous mode. Target tissues were irradiated once in three weeks for 9 weeks at a stretch (T0, T1, and T2). Patients were given a feed...

Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada

To evaluate the rate of tooth movement and the pain perception via self-ligating (SL) and convent... more To evaluate the rate of tooth movement and the pain perception via self-ligating (SL) and conventional elastomeric ligation brackets (CB) system. Material and Methods: This study has been conducted at the Orthodontic Department of Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University. The sample size of this study comprised 40 patients, falling between the age of 12-30 years without any sex discrimination. Shapiro-Wilk was used to check the distribution of data. Non-parametric Mann Whitney U test was applied to evaluate the pain associated with SL and CB brackets system. To analysis the canine retraction Wilcoxon test was applied for the comparison of CB and SL brackets system. For all statistical analyses, the p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Pain level associated with retraction via CB and SL shows significant differences. However, the rate of canine retraction via CB and SL shows no significant differences at stages T0-T1 and T1-T2. However, stage T2-T3 shows a significant difference. Conclusion: As pain during orthodontic treatment is mostly associated with the level of compression of the periodontal ligament, it may be hypothesized that lower frictional forces generate less compression of the periodontal ligament and blood vessels, and so alter the type of pain experienced.

Korean journal of orthodontics, 2018

The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of a single application of low-level las... more The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of a single application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on spontaneous pain and pain on chewing after placement of initial archwires. Forty-two patients (26 women, 16 men) were randomly recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Each patient received super-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) initial archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch [in]) in the maxilla for leveling and alignment for an interval of 4 weeks between archwires. One side of the mouth was randomly designated as experimental, while the other side served as placebo. After insertion of each archwire, the experimental side was irradiated with a diode laser for 3 seconds each on 5 points facially and palatally per tooth, from the central incisor to first molar. On the placebo side, the laser device was held the same way but without laser application. A numerical rating scale was used to assess the intensity of spontaneous and masticatory pain fo...

American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser irradiation applied at 3-week... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser irradiation applied at 3-week intervals on orthodontic tooth movement and pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement using self-ligating brackets. Twenty-two patients (11 male, 11 female; mean age, 19.8 ± 3.1 years) with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion were recruited for this split-mouth clinical trial; they required extraction of maxillary first premolars bilaterally. After leveling and alignment with self-ligating brackets (SmartClip SL3; 3M Unitek, St Paul, Minn), a 150-g force was applied to retract the canines bilaterally using 6-mm nickel-titanium closed-coil springs on 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel archwires. A gallium-aluminum-arsenic diode laser (iLas; Biolase, Irvine, Calif) with a wavelength of 940 nm in a continuous mode (energy density, 7.5 J/cm(2)/point; diameter of optical fiber tip, 0.04 cm(2)) was applied at 5 points buccally and palatally around the canine roots on the experimental s...

BioMed Research International, 2015

Objective. To evaluate various noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures for the enhancement ... more Objective. To evaluate various noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures for the enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement in animals.Materials and Methods. Literature was searched using NCBI (PubMed, PubMed Central, and PubMed Health), MedPilot (Medline, Catalogue ZB MED, Catalogue Medicine Health, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE)), and Google Scholar from January 2009 till 31 December 2014. We included original articles related to noninvasive and minimally invasive procedures to enhance orthodontic tooth movement in animals. Extraction of data and quality assessments were carried out by two observers independently.Results. The total number of hits was 9195 out of which just 11 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Nine articles were good and 5 articles were moderate in quality. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was among the most common noninvasive techniques whereas flapless corticision using various instruments was among the commonest minimally invasive procedures to enhance v...