Ismail Muhammad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ismail Muhammad

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using re... more Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using recommended diagnostic techniques. These available techniques often have certain peculiarities and mode applications, thus making them have different levels of performance and accuracy. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of PCR in relation to Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit (SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50)) in malaria diagnosis. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from the consented study subjects using the vein puncture technique and analysed using PCR and RDTs. Plasmodium falcifarum's DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep Plus Kit with catalog number D4069. 18SrRNA gene of Plasmodium falciparum from chromosome 13 was amplified using the two primers. For the RDTs technique, the SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) test kit was used. Malaria prevalence of 106(53.0%) and 132(66.0%) were recorded using PCR and RDTs respectively. The PCR demonstrates an overall accuracy of 0.53 with sensitivity and specificity values of 56.06 and 52.94% respectively. The negative and positive predictive values were 69.81 and 38.30% respectively. PCR demonstrated a good level of performance and is therefore recommended as an effective diagnostic tool for malaria, especially in patients where the parasite density/parasitaemia level is very low.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication ... more Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication of malaria infection. Apart from the gold standard technique (Microscopy), numerous diagnostic techniques perform a similar function to microscopy and in most cases tend to have varying sensitivity and specificity, especially when compared with the gold standard technique. Therefore this study aimed to determine the Performance and accuracy of SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) (Rapid Diagnostic Test kit) to Gold standard (Microscopy). A total of two hundred (200) samples were collected from the consented study subjects and analyzed using RDT and Giemsa staining technique. The result revealed an overall prevalence of 132(66.0%) and 167(83.5%) respectively by RDT and Microscopy, where 115 (57.5%) were true positive, there was no significant difference between the two techniques (P> 0.05, df= 1, χ 2 = 3.695). The RDT recorded a sensitivity and specificity value of 68.86% and 48.48% respectively with a positive predictive value of 87.78% and a negative predictive value of 23.53%. The RDT recorded an overall accuracy of 0.66. The Rapid Diagnostic test kit used in the present demonstrated a high level of sensitivity and positive predictive value with relatively low specificity and negative predictive value. Regular checks on the Performance and accuracy of all brands of RDT should be conducted as their performance can be easily affected by some intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Human beings are sometime expose to the same to predisposing factors of a given infectious diseas... more Human beings are sometime expose to the same to predisposing factors of a given infectious disease, but the outcome in terms of disease manifestation differs greatly. This variation is mainly attributed to the genetic makeup of such individuals; this is because human genetic has long been associated with the variation in susceptibility to various infectious diseases, which is termed as genetic resistance. Therefore the aim of this paper was to review the state of knowledge on genetic resistance associated with malaria infection. Genetic resistance to malaria can be describe as an inherited alteration or changes in the genetic material of humans specifically DNA molecule and other vital biomolecules which increases the chances of resistance to malaria and thus, result in an increased survival of individuals with those genetic alterations. In addition such changes also affect the general wellbeing and survival of the parasite to the extent that the parasite cannot even multiply or replicate itself while in such infected erythrocyte. This is because such alteration in the DNA molecule interferes with some of the vital chemical and biochemical processes of the parasite (Plasmodim spp). Therefore, several genetic disorders and or trait which include: Sickle cell disease, Glocose-6-Phosphatedehyrogenase deficiency, Pyruvate Kinase deficiency, Duffy antigen, Ovalocytocytosis, Thalassemia and ABO blood group are known to offer special protection against malaria disease in individuals who possessed at least one of such disorders or trait.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falc... more Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falciparum-malaria, but for a long, the drug has been officially withdrawn in almost all malariaendemic countries including Nigeria, due to the development of resistance by the parasite. Withdrawal of the drug may make the drug regains its efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of Biomarkers associated with chloroquine resistance from Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria after its withdrawal in 2005. Twenty hundred blood samples were collected from consented study subjects and analysed using Microscopy, RDT and PCR. DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep (No. D4069), Purity and Concentration of the DNA were determined using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. 57 true positive samples were selected for molecular analysis. Nested PCR was used to amplify the required codon (C72S, M74I, K76T and N75E) position of PCRT the gene of P. falciparum. Both Primary and Secondary PCR was carried out. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis in 2% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. The amplicons were purified and sequenced, after which the sequenced products were subjected to BLAST software. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism was recorded from C72S and K76T with a prevalence of 05(8.80%) and 46(80.70%) respectively. Confirmed biomarkers of Chloroquine resistance are still present in P. falciparum isolate from Gombe L.G.A.

لسـانـنـا (LISANUNA): Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Pembelajarannya

The researcher choose this title because some of students at MTsS Darul Ulum thought if Arabic le... more The researcher choose this title because some of students at MTsS Darul Ulum thought if Arabic lesson is difficult and complicated. This because the teacher used old instructional media and made class atmosphere bored. So that makes students don’t like Arabic lesson. Expecially in listening, even though listening is a basic skill that students must have in learning a language. Therefore, researcher wants to use cartoon films and Arabic songs as a instructional media to improve student's listening skill. This study use an experimental method with a quasi-experimental research design. And the researcher took samples from class VIII3 and class VIII4 which amounted to 40 students, 20 students for the experimental cartoon film class and 20 students for the experimental Arabic song class. This study uses test instruments, namely pre-test and post-test, using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques, paired sample T-test, and independent sample T-test using the SPSS 25 program....

Science Forum (Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences), 2021

ABSTRACT Malaria is an ancient disease that continues to cause enormous human morbidity and morta... more ABSTRACT Malaria is an ancient disease that continues to cause enormous human morbidity and mortality mainly due to the invasion of the erythrocyte by the merozoite stage of the Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum), as the parasite spend much of it life intracellularly. Therefore the aim of this paper was to review the state of knowledge on the mechanism of erythrocytic invasion by the merozoite of Plasmodium falciparum. The invasion process is a coordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor. The invasion is achieved through either, sialic acid dependent which uses EBA-140,EBA-175,EBA-181 and PfRH1 or sialic acid in-dependent pathways which uses PfRH2 and PfRH4. Successful invasion process is completed in the following steps; Meroziote activation, Merozoite binding, Reorientation and deformation, Junction formation and Parasite entry. Merozoite acitivation involve egresses of the merozite from the erythrocyte where exoneme secretes the first protein called subtisilin-like protease-1 (PfSUB-1) in to the parasitophorous vacuole which ensure primary proteolysis of Serine-Repeat antingen (SERA) which in turn act on Parasitophorous Vacoule and Red Blood Cell to initiate host cell rupture. Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPAP3) also contribute to the egress by regulating the maturation of PfSUB-1. The initial interaction between the merozoite and the erythrocyte is due to random and weak collision and presumptively involves in the first instance a reversible interaction between proteins on the merozoite surface and the host erythrocyte. In this ligands bind to specific receptors on the merozoite, where Erythrocyte Binding Anitigen-175 (EBA-175) bind to Glycophorin A, EBA-140 binds to Glycophorin C, Erythrocyte Binding-like-1 protein (EBL-1) binds to Glycophorin B and PfRh4 binds to Complement Receptor-1 (CR-1) and PfRh5 binds to Basigin (CD147) on the erythrocyte. This is followed by permanent positioning of the apical organelles of the merozoite on to the red blood cell (re-orientation) and release of adhesive proteins (adhesins), Protease and membrane altering agent specifically Subtisilin-2 (PfSUB-2), Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA1).Junction formation is an intimate circumferential contact with the host cell called tight junction and it is formed under the influence of Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and Rhoptery neck (RON). Finally the merozoite penetrates in to the erythrocyte bilayer with the help of Actin- Myosin motor, Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein family (TRAP) and aldolase

Some teachers still use conventional learning, as well as in media use, still use books, blackboa... more Some teachers still use conventional learning, as well as in media use, still use books, blackboards and rarely use audiovisual media, which causes students to feel bored, and make learning more monotonous, the emergence of this problem is caused by the many teachers who do not use audiovisual media, the purpose of this consideration is to describe the results of research using audiovisual media in learning Arabic, with the literature review method. by describing the results of research using audiovisual media in learning Arabic. The results of this research are that the use of audio visual media that from the Maharah Lughawiyah aspect is very important, and the use of audiovisual media from its effectiveness aspect, that the use of audiovisual media in learning is very effective. The implication of not using audiovisual media is that Arabic learning is more monotonous and boring and can affect student outcomes.

Proceedings of 2017 the 7th International Workshop on Computer Science and Engineering, 2017

Public-key cryptography is indispensable for securing the communications in Advanced Metering Inf... more Public-key cryptography is indispensable for securing the communications in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) networks. However, few works have studied the efficient use of public key cryptography certificates in such a network and most of them focus on certificates' revocation. In this paper, we extensively investigate the performance our previous proposal on an efficient certificate renewal scheme that we proposed for AMI networks. First, quantitative analysis is carried out to compare our scheme against signature-based certificate renewal schemes. Then, all schemes are implemented in a realistic network model using NS-3 to evaluate their performance. Simulation results demonstrate the improved performance of our scheme in computational cost, communication overhead, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and required bandwidth compared with the signature-based certificate renewal scheme.

Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICSPS 2017), 2018

The development of the global economy has both positive and negative impact. As a developing coun... more The development of the global economy has both positive and negative impact. As a developing country, Indonesia also experiences the effects of the global economic process. Seizure of Mbah Priok graveyard in 2010, which involves conflict between the locals and Pelindo II shows the example of the impact of global economic development. The incident happens following the ignorance of local values in implementing the economic liberalism. The conflict itself brought a bad influence on the development of Tanjung Priok area. People need a peaceful solution to create a better development of Tanjung Priok society.

Asynchronous transfer mode BS Base station CAC Call admission control CBR Constant bit rate CDMA ... more Asynchronous transfer mode BS Base station CAC Call admission control CBR Constant bit rate CDMA Code division multiple access CDF Cumulative distribution function CCDF Complement cumulative distribution function CPRA Constant price resource allocation CORA Centralized optimal resource allocation CPA Cutting plane algorithm CA Content aware CSI Channel state information DORA Decentralized optimal resource allocation DSRA Decentralized sub-optimal resource allocation DAG Directed acyclic graph xvi EIA Energy independent approach EDFA Earliest deadline first approach EPA Equal power allocation ≥ q l Γ u,vu Threshold on received SNR from MT radio interface u to support data

Oral Diseases, 2019

We read with interest the article by Otero Rey E. M. and colleagues that was recently published i... more We read with interest the article by Otero Rey E. M. and colleagues that was recently published in Oral Diseases (Otero Rey E. M. et al., 2018). They provided evidence showed that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) ranges from 1.6% to 37.7% while the prevalence of OLP among patients with DM ranges from 0.5% to 6.1%. For the inconsistent statistics with heterogeneity, Otero Rey E. M. et al. explained that different criteria of diagnosis, different inclusions of gender, age and type of DM should be considered when studying this relationship of OLP and DM. We'd like to go along with their opinion since this study strongly proved the reciprocal association between OLP and DM, furthermore, we think that the types of OLP also need to be taken into

Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2014

A multiple regression estimator has been developed by using information on "k" auxiliary variable... more A multiple regression estimator has been developed by using information on "k" auxiliary variables. The mean square error has been obtained of the Multiple Regression estimator and comparison has been made with existing estimators for estimation of population characteristic.

All praises for Almighty Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent, Who gave me health, wisdom, courage... more All praises for Almighty Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent, Who gave me health, wisdom, courage, strength to go on and uplifted me to achieve this goal. All respect for His last Holly Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) who enabled us to recognize our creator.

offered me a place in his lab and provided me all the required facilities, technical help and tho... more offered me a place in his lab and provided me all the required facilities, technical help and thought provoking discussions during my stay in this Department. I would like to pay thanks to Erika B Fritsch and Rebecca Davies for helping and technical guidance in finalizing my job. I am highly appreciative to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for the provision of financial support throughout my study period and great opportunity under International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) to accomplish part of my PhD research work in world distinguished University of California Davis, USA. I will ever remember the generous attitude and nice cooperation of my close fellow Mr.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using re... more Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using recommended diagnostic techniques. These available techniques often have certain peculiarities and mode applications, thus making them have different levels of performance and accuracy. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of PCR in relation to Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit (SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50)) in malaria diagnosis. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from the consented study subjects using the vein puncture technique and analysed using PCR and RDTs. Plasmodium falcifarum's DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep Plus Kit with catalog number D4069. 18SrRNA gene of Plasmodium falciparum from chromosome 13 was amplified using the two primers. For the RDTs technique, the SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) test kit was used. Malaria prevalence of 106(53.0%) and 132(66.0%) were recorded using PCR and RDTs respectively. The PCR demonstrates an overall accuracy of 0.53 with sensitivity and specificity values of 56.06 and 52.94% respectively. The negative and positive predictive values were 69.81 and 38.30% respectively. PCR demonstrated a good level of performance and is therefore recommended as an effective diagnostic tool for malaria, especially in patients where the parasite density/parasitaemia level is very low.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication ... more Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication of malaria infection. Apart from the gold standard technique (Microscopy), numerous diagnostic techniques perform a similar function to microscopy and in most cases tend to have varying sensitivity and specificity, especially when compared with the gold standard technique. Therefore this study aimed to determine the Performance and accuracy of SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) (Rapid Diagnostic Test kit) to Gold standard (Microscopy). A total of two hundred (200) samples were collected from the consented study subjects and analyzed using RDT and Giemsa staining technique. The result revealed an overall prevalence of 132(66.0%) and 167(83.5%) respectively by RDT and Microscopy, where 115 (57.5%) were true positive, there was no significant difference between the two techniques (P> 0.05, df= 1, χ 2 = 3.695). The RDT recorded a sensitivity and specificity value of 68.86% and 48.48% respectively with a positive predictive value of 87.78% and a negative predictive value of 23.53%. The RDT recorded an overall accuracy of 0.66. The Rapid Diagnostic test kit used in the present demonstrated a high level of sensitivity and positive predictive value with relatively low specificity and negative predictive value. Regular checks on the Performance and accuracy of all brands of RDT should be conducted as their performance can be easily affected by some intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Human beings are sometime expose to the same to predisposing factors of a given infectious diseas... more Human beings are sometime expose to the same to predisposing factors of a given infectious disease, but the outcome in terms of disease manifestation differs greatly. This variation is mainly attributed to the genetic makeup of such individuals; this is because human genetic has long been associated with the variation in susceptibility to various infectious diseases, which is termed as genetic resistance. Therefore the aim of this paper was to review the state of knowledge on genetic resistance associated with malaria infection. Genetic resistance to malaria can be describe as an inherited alteration or changes in the genetic material of humans specifically DNA molecule and other vital biomolecules which increases the chances of resistance to malaria and thus, result in an increased survival of individuals with those genetic alterations. In addition such changes also affect the general wellbeing and survival of the parasite to the extent that the parasite cannot even multiply or replicate itself while in such infected erythrocyte. This is because such alteration in the DNA molecule interferes with some of the vital chemical and biochemical processes of the parasite (Plasmodim spp). Therefore, several genetic disorders and or trait which include: Sickle cell disease, Glocose-6-Phosphatedehyrogenase deficiency, Pyruvate Kinase deficiency, Duffy antigen, Ovalocytocytosis, Thalassemia and ABO blood group are known to offer special protection against malaria disease in individuals who possessed at least one of such disorders or trait.

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falc... more Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falciparum-malaria, but for a long, the drug has been officially withdrawn in almost all malariaendemic countries including Nigeria, due to the development of resistance by the parasite. Withdrawal of the drug may make the drug regains its efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of Biomarkers associated with chloroquine resistance from Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria after its withdrawal in 2005. Twenty hundred blood samples were collected from consented study subjects and analysed using Microscopy, RDT and PCR. DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep (No. D4069), Purity and Concentration of the DNA were determined using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. 57 true positive samples were selected for molecular analysis. Nested PCR was used to amplify the required codon (C72S, M74I, K76T and N75E) position of PCRT the gene of P. falciparum. Both Primary and Secondary PCR was carried out. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis in 2% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. The amplicons were purified and sequenced, after which the sequenced products were subjected to BLAST software. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism was recorded from C72S and K76T with a prevalence of 05(8.80%) and 46(80.70%) respectively. Confirmed biomarkers of Chloroquine resistance are still present in P. falciparum isolate from Gombe L.G.A.

لسـانـنـا (LISANUNA): Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa Arab dan Pembelajarannya

The researcher choose this title because some of students at MTsS Darul Ulum thought if Arabic le... more The researcher choose this title because some of students at MTsS Darul Ulum thought if Arabic lesson is difficult and complicated. This because the teacher used old instructional media and made class atmosphere bored. So that makes students don’t like Arabic lesson. Expecially in listening, even though listening is a basic skill that students must have in learning a language. Therefore, researcher wants to use cartoon films and Arabic songs as a instructional media to improve student's listening skill. This study use an experimental method with a quasi-experimental research design. And the researcher took samples from class VIII3 and class VIII4 which amounted to 40 students, 20 students for the experimental cartoon film class and 20 students for the experimental Arabic song class. This study uses test instruments, namely pre-test and post-test, using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques, paired sample T-test, and independent sample T-test using the SPSS 25 program....

Science Forum (Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences), 2021

ABSTRACT Malaria is an ancient disease that continues to cause enormous human morbidity and morta... more ABSTRACT Malaria is an ancient disease that continues to cause enormous human morbidity and mortality mainly due to the invasion of the erythrocyte by the merozoite stage of the Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum), as the parasite spend much of it life intracellularly. Therefore the aim of this paper was to review the state of knowledge on the mechanism of erythrocytic invasion by the merozoite of Plasmodium falciparum. The invasion process is a coordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor. The invasion is achieved through either, sialic acid dependent which uses EBA-140,EBA-175,EBA-181 and PfRH1 or sialic acid in-dependent pathways which uses PfRH2 and PfRH4. Successful invasion process is completed in the following steps; Meroziote activation, Merozoite binding, Reorientation and deformation, Junction formation and Parasite entry. Merozoite acitivation involve egresses of the merozite from the erythrocyte where exoneme secretes the first protein called subtisilin-like protease-1 (PfSUB-1) in to the parasitophorous vacuole which ensure primary proteolysis of Serine-Repeat antingen (SERA) which in turn act on Parasitophorous Vacoule and Red Blood Cell to initiate host cell rupture. Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPAP3) also contribute to the egress by regulating the maturation of PfSUB-1. The initial interaction between the merozoite and the erythrocyte is due to random and weak collision and presumptively involves in the first instance a reversible interaction between proteins on the merozoite surface and the host erythrocyte. In this ligands bind to specific receptors on the merozoite, where Erythrocyte Binding Anitigen-175 (EBA-175) bind to Glycophorin A, EBA-140 binds to Glycophorin C, Erythrocyte Binding-like-1 protein (EBL-1) binds to Glycophorin B and PfRh4 binds to Complement Receptor-1 (CR-1) and PfRh5 binds to Basigin (CD147) on the erythrocyte. This is followed by permanent positioning of the apical organelles of the merozoite on to the red blood cell (re-orientation) and release of adhesive proteins (adhesins), Protease and membrane altering agent specifically Subtisilin-2 (PfSUB-2), Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA1).Junction formation is an intimate circumferential contact with the host cell called tight junction and it is formed under the influence of Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and Rhoptery neck (RON). Finally the merozoite penetrates in to the erythrocyte bilayer with the help of Actin- Myosin motor, Thrombospondin-Related Anonymous Protein family (TRAP) and aldolase

Some teachers still use conventional learning, as well as in media use, still use books, blackboa... more Some teachers still use conventional learning, as well as in media use, still use books, blackboards and rarely use audiovisual media, which causes students to feel bored, and make learning more monotonous, the emergence of this problem is caused by the many teachers who do not use audiovisual media, the purpose of this consideration is to describe the results of research using audiovisual media in learning Arabic, with the literature review method. by describing the results of research using audiovisual media in learning Arabic. The results of this research are that the use of audio visual media that from the Maharah Lughawiyah aspect is very important, and the use of audiovisual media from its effectiveness aspect, that the use of audiovisual media in learning is very effective. The implication of not using audiovisual media is that Arabic learning is more monotonous and boring and can affect student outcomes.

Proceedings of 2017 the 7th International Workshop on Computer Science and Engineering, 2017

Public-key cryptography is indispensable for securing the communications in Advanced Metering Inf... more Public-key cryptography is indispensable for securing the communications in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) networks. However, few works have studied the efficient use of public key cryptography certificates in such a network and most of them focus on certificates' revocation. In this paper, we extensively investigate the performance our previous proposal on an efficient certificate renewal scheme that we proposed for AMI networks. First, quantitative analysis is carried out to compare our scheme against signature-based certificate renewal schemes. Then, all schemes are implemented in a realistic network model using NS-3 to evaluate their performance. Simulation results demonstrate the improved performance of our scheme in computational cost, communication overhead, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and required bandwidth compared with the signature-based certificate renewal scheme.

Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICSPS 2017), 2018

The development of the global economy has both positive and negative impact. As a developing coun... more The development of the global economy has both positive and negative impact. As a developing country, Indonesia also experiences the effects of the global economic process. Seizure of Mbah Priok graveyard in 2010, which involves conflict between the locals and Pelindo II shows the example of the impact of global economic development. The incident happens following the ignorance of local values in implementing the economic liberalism. The conflict itself brought a bad influence on the development of Tanjung Priok area. People need a peaceful solution to create a better development of Tanjung Priok society.

Asynchronous transfer mode BS Base station CAC Call admission control CBR Constant bit rate CDMA ... more Asynchronous transfer mode BS Base station CAC Call admission control CBR Constant bit rate CDMA Code division multiple access CDF Cumulative distribution function CCDF Complement cumulative distribution function CPRA Constant price resource allocation CORA Centralized optimal resource allocation CPA Cutting plane algorithm CA Content aware CSI Channel state information DORA Decentralized optimal resource allocation DSRA Decentralized sub-optimal resource allocation DAG Directed acyclic graph xvi EIA Energy independent approach EDFA Earliest deadline first approach EPA Equal power allocation ≥ q l Γ u,vu Threshold on received SNR from MT radio interface u to support data

Oral Diseases, 2019

We read with interest the article by Otero Rey E. M. and colleagues that was recently published i... more We read with interest the article by Otero Rey E. M. and colleagues that was recently published in Oral Diseases (Otero Rey E. M. et al., 2018). They provided evidence showed that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) ranges from 1.6% to 37.7% while the prevalence of OLP among patients with DM ranges from 0.5% to 6.1%. For the inconsistent statistics with heterogeneity, Otero Rey E. M. et al. explained that different criteria of diagnosis, different inclusions of gender, age and type of DM should be considered when studying this relationship of OLP and DM. We'd like to go along with their opinion since this study strongly proved the reciprocal association between OLP and DM, furthermore, we think that the types of OLP also need to be taken into

Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2014

A multiple regression estimator has been developed by using information on "k" auxiliary variable... more A multiple regression estimator has been developed by using information on "k" auxiliary variables. The mean square error has been obtained of the Multiple Regression estimator and comparison has been made with existing estimators for estimation of population characteristic.

All praises for Almighty Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent, Who gave me health, wisdom, courage... more All praises for Almighty Allah, the Merciful, the Beneficent, Who gave me health, wisdom, courage, strength to go on and uplifted me to achieve this goal. All respect for His last Holly Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) who enabled us to recognize our creator.

offered me a place in his lab and provided me all the required facilities, technical help and tho... more offered me a place in his lab and provided me all the required facilities, technical help and thought provoking discussions during my stay in this Department. I would like to pay thanks to Erika B Fritsch and Rebecca Davies for helping and technical guidance in finalizing my job. I am highly appreciative to Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for the provision of financial support throughout my study period and great opportunity under International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP) to accomplish part of my PhD research work in world distinguished University of California Davis, USA. I will ever remember the generous attitude and nice cooperation of my close fellow Mr.