James E Ivey - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by James E Ivey

Southwestern Historical Quarterly

de Almazain, captain of the presidio, prepared a clear narrative for laying out the plaza and str... more de Almazain, captain of the presidio, prepared a clear narrative for laying out the plaza and streets, distributing town lots to the new residents, and surveying the lands of the villa. However, a comparison of this proposal with maps of San Antonio made thirty years later demonstrates that no trace of Perez de Almazain's intentions can be seen in the actual plan of the villa.' How can this difference between the narrative and subsequent survey and the later actual plan of the town be explained? As part of an effort to establish new towns on the northern frontier of New Spain, settlers from the Canary Islands were brought over. An examination of available evidence demonstrates that the islanders, for whom the new villa was to be established, elected to lay out their own plaza and principal lots within the already existing plan of the settlement rather than undertaking the laborious process of tearing down the old structures and building an entirely new town based on Almazain's plan. This meant that the central area of modern San Antonio does not reflect the plan of 1731, which was based on orders *James E. 'Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional Office of the National Park Service in Santa Fe. He was a contract historical archeologist in Texas for ten years, worked on several Alamo excavations, and has specialized in the cultural and architectural history of the Spanish colonial southwest. He is finishing his Ph.D. in Spanish colonial architectural history. The author wishes to thank Lee E. Goodwin for her help in understanding some of the documentation used in this article and Frank de la Teja for his advice and his guidance to manuscript material in the Texas General Land Office,

ANALES DEL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ESTÉTICAS, NÚM. 91, 2007

This is an analysis of an 1810 estimate for the construction of a roof over the unfinished nave,... more This is an analysis of an 1810 estimate for the construction of a roof over the unfinished nave, transepts, and sanctuary of the church of San Antonio de Valero (now known as "the Alamo") in order to use the completed building as the artillery storehouse for the military units stationed at San Antonio de Bexar in Texas.

"The National Park Service contracted with the University of Texas at San Antonio’s Center for Cu... more "The National Park Service contracted with the University of Texas at San Antonio’s Center for Cultural Sustainability to make final edits to and add images for the James Ivey authored document. To the greatest extent possible, text remains as written by Mr. Ivey. UTSA faculty and staff who contributed to the project include:
Professor William A. Dupont, FAIA
Leslie Root | Cristina Gonzalez Pope | Tracie Quinn | Marcus Huerta"

The original document was the manuscript for a historical structure report of the historical buildings of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, written by myself, with contributions by Marlys Thurber and Santiago Escobedo. Most of the intended plans, maps, and illustrations for this report were never completed by the National Park Service. Professor Dupont and his staff made use of available illustrations.
James E. Ivey

In March 1979, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio c... more In March 1979, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted test excavations in the vicinity of the north wall of the Alamo within the second patio. A great deal of information was recovered about all phases of the development of the site, from the early eighteenth century through the restoration period in the early twentieth century. Information was recovered on the location and dimensions of defensive trenches and structures constructed in the north courtyard in preparation for the battles of late 1835 and March 1836. A human cranium recovered from the fill of a defensive trench has been identified as possibly a male about 17 to 23 years of age. The ethnic affiliation of the individual could not be positively determined, nor could the cause of death.

Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Surve... more Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio
Archaeological Survey Report No. 114, 1999
In September 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) entered into a contract (No. CX702900023) with the National Park Service (NPS) to conduct archaeological studies at Mission Concepcion (41BX12). The studies would be designed to replot the original outline of the mission pueblo, to find the location of the mission granary, and to make an assessment of the state of preservation of the Native American quarters along the walls of the pueblo, all with minimum possible disturbance.
Preliminary research began in October 1980. During this phase, CAR located deed records and surveyor's notes dating from the 1820s through the 1880s in the Bexar County Courthouse which gave what appeared to be a reasonably accurate outline of the mission pueblo and the location of the granary. Subsequent fieldwork began in December 1980. Over a period of 85 working days, fieldwork confirmed the results of the preliminary research. Excavations showed that the foundations of the east wall of the pueblo were well preserved, with the associated living surfaces of the Native American quarters still relatively undisturbed for much of its length. Portions of the north wall and its Native American quarters were equally well preserved. Occasional traces of the west and south walls were also found in a field which had been scraped smooth by a bulldozer some years ago. The granary foundations and those of several adjoining rooms, located in the process of positive identification of the granary, were in good condition in the ground, but most of their associated floor surfaces had been disturbed.
In several areas beneath the stone foundations of the final form of Mission Concepcion, adobe walls of the first permanent mission buildings on the site were found. One of these structures was the first mission church of Concepcion. Test excavations within the outlines of the building revealed seven burials beneath its
floors.
As a result of the documents research, the original line of Mission Road was determined. This information is valuable in re-routing Mission Road around the remains of Mission Concepcion.
An amendment to the above contract necessitated archaeological survey of a number of specific areas within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Four proposed development areas in the immediate vicinity of the missions were surveyed. Twenty-two remote-sensing anomalies were examined and, where possible, were identified and/or explained. In addition, three large park areas were surveyed. Seven recorded historic and prehistoric sites and buildings were re-examined and their importance assessed. Four new archaeological sites were recorded.

The first season of excavation and historical research of the ruins of the Rancho de las Cabras, ... more The first season of excavation and historical research of the ruins of the Rancho de las Cabras, the ranch of the mission of San Francisco de la Espada, in San Antonio, Texas, now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.
Published by the Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.
Archaeological Survey Report No. 104, 1981

An analysis of the archaeology and architectural history of the Salinas Mission group in Salinas ... more An analysis of the archaeology and architectural history of the Salinas Mission group in Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
Published by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Division of History, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional papers no. 15, 1988.

This report is an analysis of the archaeological excavations and architectural history of the S... more This report is an analysis of the archaeological excavations and architectural history
of the Spanish colonial churches and related buildings at Pecos National Historical Park,
1617-1995.
The paper was published by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, History Program, Division of Cultural Resources Management, Intermountain Region, Professional Paper No. 59, June, 2005.

Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 2004

James Ivey: This is my review of Kent Lightfoot's book, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In the summer of 1981, the second season of excavations at the Rancho de las Cabras (41 WN 30) wa... more In the summer of 1981, the second season of excavations at the Rancho de las Cabras (41 WN 30) was conducted by the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas. This season included further architectural testing and stratigraphic excavations in a large trash pit located during season one, July 1980. A five by six meter area of the interior northwest corner was excavated revealing wall trenches and floors of part of a jacal complex. A more exact plan of Rancho de las Cabras was drawn, and professional surveyors from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department made a contour map of the site. Recommendations for future historical and archaeological research are included in this report.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In October and November of 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas ... more In October and November of 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, conducted an intensive resource survey and limited testing in an area on either side of the mouth of the Brazos River in Brazoria County, Texas. A history was composed of the project area in relation to that of the Republic and State of Texas. A structural history of the town of Velasco was compiled from archival and historical research. Intensive survey and assessment of the project area resulted in the conclusion that, aside from a few possible subsurface indications at or below the water level, Fort Velasco and the townsite of Velasco have been eliminated by the action of successive tropical storms. It is recommended, however, that further intensive testing be carried out if the area within Monument Square of old Velasco is to be seriously impacted by the Freeport Harbor Navigation Improvement Project.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State, 1980

Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 2012

El autor ha identificado un plano sin fechar para la construcción de un techo de madera sobre una... more El autor ha identificado un plano sin fechar para la construcción de un techo de madera sobre una iglesia sin nombre, correspondiente a un cálculo preparado en 1810 para el techado de la misión inacabada de San Antonio de Valero (El Álamo), en San Antonio, Texas. Este plano y cálculo previos no identificados nos informan sobre las condiciones de la iglesia en 1810. Un análisis de la información sobre el plano y documento nos da una visión de los métodos de construcción y del pensamiento innovador del maestro masón que trabajaba en la frontera norte de la Nueva España, justo antes del inicio de la revolución mexicana.

The Western Historical Quarterly, 1989

Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 2008

... James E. "Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional... more ... James E. "Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional Office of the National Park Service in Santa Fe. ... mo Señor virrey de esta nueba españa; en razon de la subplantacion de la Villa de S[a]n Fernando con Quince Familias de las Yslas de Canarias . . ...

The American Historical Review, 2005

Thesis Chapters by James E Ivey

“BY ORDER OF THE COMMANDANT GENERAL”: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BOURBON REFORMS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF MISSION SAN FRANCISCO DE LA ESPADA, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, 2022

The effects of Bourbon reforms on mission architecture of the northern frontier of New Spain have... more The effects of Bourbon reforms on mission architecture of the northern frontier of New Spain have not been examined in the surprisingly limited historiography of the San Antonio, Texas missions. The few existing architectural studies overlook major structural and developmental changes at the missions. Using the construction history of Mission San Francisco de la Espada, I argue that most of these changes are the result of the application of the Bourbon-revised mission administrative method, the método nuevo, made possible by the Patronato Real Universal of 1753 that gave the King of Spain temporal control over the Catholic Church within the Spanish Empire. In Texas, the método nuevo instituted new mission structural goals intended to improve mission defenses, reduce the cost and complexity of mission structures, move the missions toward secularization, and provide housing for salaried vecinos who replaced some of the declining Native American population. The number of houses at Espada was doubled in the 1780s, in contrast to the standard historical narrative that the missions deteriorated and failed in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Episodes of construction at Espada indicate that projects designed and directed by the maestros were only those requiring arches, vaults, or domes. Most of the structures built were simple trabeated buildings, an ancient and still ongoing tradition where inexpensive housing may be needed in the Americas, the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, and elsewhere. These structures were designed and their construction directed by the Franciscans or their mayordomos as part of the application of the método nuevo. The recognition of these and other episodes of redesign and construction at Espada gives us a new understanding of the effects of Bourbon reforms on the architecture of the San Antonio missions and their changes to the mission goals and intents on the northern frontier.

Southwestern Historical Quarterly

de Almazain, captain of the presidio, prepared a clear narrative for laying out the plaza and str... more de Almazain, captain of the presidio, prepared a clear narrative for laying out the plaza and streets, distributing town lots to the new residents, and surveying the lands of the villa. However, a comparison of this proposal with maps of San Antonio made thirty years later demonstrates that no trace of Perez de Almazain's intentions can be seen in the actual plan of the villa.' How can this difference between the narrative and subsequent survey and the later actual plan of the town be explained? As part of an effort to establish new towns on the northern frontier of New Spain, settlers from the Canary Islands were brought over. An examination of available evidence demonstrates that the islanders, for whom the new villa was to be established, elected to lay out their own plaza and principal lots within the already existing plan of the settlement rather than undertaking the laborious process of tearing down the old structures and building an entirely new town based on Almazain's plan. This meant that the central area of modern San Antonio does not reflect the plan of 1731, which was based on orders *James E. 'Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional Office of the National Park Service in Santa Fe. He was a contract historical archeologist in Texas for ten years, worked on several Alamo excavations, and has specialized in the cultural and architectural history of the Spanish colonial southwest. He is finishing his Ph.D. in Spanish colonial architectural history. The author wishes to thank Lee E. Goodwin for her help in understanding some of the documentation used in this article and Frank de la Teja for his advice and his guidance to manuscript material in the Texas General Land Office,

ANALES DEL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES ESTÉTICAS, NÚM. 91, 2007

This is an analysis of an 1810 estimate for the construction of a roof over the unfinished nave,... more This is an analysis of an 1810 estimate for the construction of a roof over the unfinished nave, transepts, and sanctuary of the church of San Antonio de Valero (now known as "the Alamo") in order to use the completed building as the artillery storehouse for the military units stationed at San Antonio de Bexar in Texas.

"The National Park Service contracted with the University of Texas at San Antonio’s Center for Cu... more "The National Park Service contracted with the University of Texas at San Antonio’s Center for Cultural Sustainability to make final edits to and add images for the James Ivey authored document. To the greatest extent possible, text remains as written by Mr. Ivey. UTSA faculty and staff who contributed to the project include:
Professor William A. Dupont, FAIA
Leslie Root | Cristina Gonzalez Pope | Tracie Quinn | Marcus Huerta"

The original document was the manuscript for a historical structure report of the historical buildings of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, written by myself, with contributions by Marlys Thurber and Santiago Escobedo. Most of the intended plans, maps, and illustrations for this report were never completed by the National Park Service. Professor Dupont and his staff made use of available illustrations.
James E. Ivey

In March 1979, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio c... more In March 1979, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio conducted test excavations in the vicinity of the north wall of the Alamo within the second patio. A great deal of information was recovered about all phases of the development of the site, from the early eighteenth century through the restoration period in the early twentieth century. Information was recovered on the location and dimensions of defensive trenches and structures constructed in the north courtyard in preparation for the battles of late 1835 and March 1836. A human cranium recovered from the fill of a defensive trench has been identified as possibly a male about 17 to 23 years of age. The ethnic affiliation of the individual could not be positively determined, nor could the cause of death.

Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio Archaeological Surve... more Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio
Archaeological Survey Report No. 114, 1999
In September 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) entered into a contract (No. CX702900023) with the National Park Service (NPS) to conduct archaeological studies at Mission Concepcion (41BX12). The studies would be designed to replot the original outline of the mission pueblo, to find the location of the mission granary, and to make an assessment of the state of preservation of the Native American quarters along the walls of the pueblo, all with minimum possible disturbance.
Preliminary research began in October 1980. During this phase, CAR located deed records and surveyor's notes dating from the 1820s through the 1880s in the Bexar County Courthouse which gave what appeared to be a reasonably accurate outline of the mission pueblo and the location of the granary. Subsequent fieldwork began in December 1980. Over a period of 85 working days, fieldwork confirmed the results of the preliminary research. Excavations showed that the foundations of the east wall of the pueblo were well preserved, with the associated living surfaces of the Native American quarters still relatively undisturbed for much of its length. Portions of the north wall and its Native American quarters were equally well preserved. Occasional traces of the west and south walls were also found in a field which had been scraped smooth by a bulldozer some years ago. The granary foundations and those of several adjoining rooms, located in the process of positive identification of the granary, were in good condition in the ground, but most of their associated floor surfaces had been disturbed.
In several areas beneath the stone foundations of the final form of Mission Concepcion, adobe walls of the first permanent mission buildings on the site were found. One of these structures was the first mission church of Concepcion. Test excavations within the outlines of the building revealed seven burials beneath its
floors.
As a result of the documents research, the original line of Mission Road was determined. This information is valuable in re-routing Mission Road around the remains of Mission Concepcion.
An amendment to the above contract necessitated archaeological survey of a number of specific areas within the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Four proposed development areas in the immediate vicinity of the missions were surveyed. Twenty-two remote-sensing anomalies were examined and, where possible, were identified and/or explained. In addition, three large park areas were surveyed. Seven recorded historic and prehistoric sites and buildings were re-examined and their importance assessed. Four new archaeological sites were recorded.

The first season of excavation and historical research of the ruins of the Rancho de las Cabras, ... more The first season of excavation and historical research of the ruins of the Rancho de las Cabras, the ranch of the mission of San Francisco de la Espada, in San Antonio, Texas, now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.
Published by the Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.
Archaeological Survey Report No. 104, 1981

An analysis of the archaeology and architectural history of the Salinas Mission group in Salinas ... more An analysis of the archaeology and architectural history of the Salinas Mission group in Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument.
Published by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Division of History, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Professional papers no. 15, 1988.

This report is an analysis of the archaeological excavations and architectural history of the S... more This report is an analysis of the archaeological excavations and architectural history
of the Spanish colonial churches and related buildings at Pecos National Historical Park,
1617-1995.
The paper was published by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, History Program, Division of Cultural Resources Management, Intermountain Region, Professional Paper No. 59, June, 2005.

Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 2004

James Ivey: This is my review of Kent Lightfoot's book, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In the summer of 1981, the second season of excavations at the Rancho de las Cabras (41 WN 30) wa... more In the summer of 1981, the second season of excavations at the Rancho de las Cabras (41 WN 30) was conducted by the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas. This season included further architectural testing and stratigraphic excavations in a large trash pit located during season one, July 1980. A five by six meter area of the interior northwest corner was excavated revealing wall trenches and floors of part of a jacal complex. A more exact plan of Rancho de las Cabras was drawn, and professional surveyors from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department made a contour map of the site. Recommendations for future historical and archaeological research are included in this report.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In October and November of 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas ... more In October and November of 1980, the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, conducted an intensive resource survey and limited testing in an area on either side of the mouth of the Brazos River in Brazoria County, Texas. A history was composed of the project area in relation to that of the Republic and State of Texas. A structural history of the town of Velasco was compiled from archival and historical research. Intensive survey and assessment of the project area resulted in the conclusion that, aside from a few possible subsurface indications at or below the water level, Fort Velasco and the townsite of Velasco have been eliminated by the action of successive tropical storms. It is recommended, however, that further intensive testing be carried out if the area within Monument Square of old Velasco is to be seriously impacted by the Freeport Harbor Navigation Improvement Project.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State, 1980

Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, 2012

El autor ha identificado un plano sin fechar para la construcción de un techo de madera sobre una... more El autor ha identificado un plano sin fechar para la construcción de un techo de madera sobre una iglesia sin nombre, correspondiente a un cálculo preparado en 1810 para el techado de la misión inacabada de San Antonio de Valero (El Álamo), en San Antonio, Texas. Este plano y cálculo previos no identificados nos informan sobre las condiciones de la iglesia en 1810. Un análisis de la información sobre el plano y documento nos da una visión de los métodos de construcción y del pensamiento innovador del maestro masón que trabajaba en la frontera norte de la Nueva España, justo antes del inicio de la revolución mexicana.

The Western Historical Quarterly, 1989

Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 2008

... James E. "Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional... more ... James E. "Jake" Ivey is a research historian for the Intermountain Regional Office of the National Park Service in Santa Fe. ... mo Señor virrey de esta nueba españa; en razon de la subplantacion de la Villa de S[a]n Fernando con Quince Familias de las Yslas de Canarias . . ...

The American Historical Review, 2005

“BY ORDER OF THE COMMANDANT GENERAL”: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BOURBON REFORMS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF MISSION SAN FRANCISCO DE LA ESPADA, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, 2022

The effects of Bourbon reforms on mission architecture of the northern frontier of New Spain have... more The effects of Bourbon reforms on mission architecture of the northern frontier of New Spain have not been examined in the surprisingly limited historiography of the San Antonio, Texas missions. The few existing architectural studies overlook major structural and developmental changes at the missions. Using the construction history of Mission San Francisco de la Espada, I argue that most of these changes are the result of the application of the Bourbon-revised mission administrative method, the método nuevo, made possible by the Patronato Real Universal of 1753 that gave the King of Spain temporal control over the Catholic Church within the Spanish Empire. In Texas, the método nuevo instituted new mission structural goals intended to improve mission defenses, reduce the cost and complexity of mission structures, move the missions toward secularization, and provide housing for salaried vecinos who replaced some of the declining Native American population. The number of houses at Espada was doubled in the 1780s, in contrast to the standard historical narrative that the missions deteriorated and failed in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. Episodes of construction at Espada indicate that projects designed and directed by the maestros were only those requiring arches, vaults, or domes. Most of the structures built were simple trabeated buildings, an ancient and still ongoing tradition where inexpensive housing may be needed in the Americas, the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, and elsewhere. These structures were designed and their construction directed by the Franciscans or their mayordomos as part of the application of the método nuevo. The recognition of these and other episodes of redesign and construction at Espada gives us a new understanding of the effects of Bourbon reforms on the architecture of the San Antonio missions and their changes to the mission goals and intents on the northern frontier.