József Gerevich - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by József Gerevich
Psychopathology, 2014
Objective: To illustrate the use of fiction in understanding psychiatric disorders and refocus at... more Objective: To illustrate the use of fiction in understanding psychiatric disorders and refocus attention towards fiction as a valuable source of psychopathology, thereby contributing to the restoration of the narrative in psychiatry. Method: A psychopathological analysis of the novella Michael Kohlhaas written by Heinrich von Kleist, one of the outstanding literary figures of the German romantic movement of the early 19th century. Results: The protagonist of Kleist's novella, Michael Kohlhaas, a querulant horse trader, carries out an armed uprising disproportionate to the minor injustice of the unlawful seizure of his horses. Following unsuccessful attempts at legal recourse, Kohlhaas takes up arms against the authorities, and in the course of his uncompromising pursuit of justice eventually sacrifices his own and his family's lives. Kleist accurately portrays Kohlhaas' psychopathological development from a psychologically balanced, emotionally warm family man to one who...
Psychological Medicine, 2004
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2007
To date, few studies have investigated prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in Chinese pat... more To date, few studies have investigated prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in Chinese patients with schizophrenia in general and outpatients in particular. This study examined the role that socio-demographic and clinical factors play in determining psychotropic drug prescriptions for schizophrenia outpatients in China. Two hundred and fifty-five and 250 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia were randomly selected and interviewed in Hong Kong (HK) and Beijing (BJ) respectively, using standardized assessment instruments. Prescriptions of psychotropic drugs for all 505 subjects were collected at the time of the assessment. The relationship between antipsychotic drug prescription patterns and a host of socio-demographic and clinical variables was analyzed and compared between the two study sites. Prescription patterns were quite different for the two ethnically homogenous and clinically very similar samples. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the use of depot antipsychotics (DA) and site (HK vs BJ) both significantly predicted antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP), while symptoms of anxiety, use of clozapine and APP and site predicted use of DA. Age, number of hospitalizations, site, and use of DA predicted use of clozapine. No significant differences were found between the quality of life domains of patients with respect to APP, DA, and clozapine. A complex web of economic and clinical factors and health policies plays an important role in determining psychotropic drug prescription practices for Chinese outpatients with schizophrenia.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2016
The transition to adolescence involves biological and psychological changes, coinciding with a si... more The transition to adolescence involves biological and psychological changes, coinciding with a significant shift in school environment. These factors make young people vulnerable to drinking and smoking. These in turn can lead to aggressive behaviors, especially if they co-occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the use of alcohol and tobacco alone, and the joint use of these substances, with physical aggression in this population. A representative school sample of 14–16 years old adolescents (N = 944) was used (mean age 15.03 years). In the primary GLIMMIX analyses we used the trait-aggression scores as a continuous dependent variable; in the secondary analysis we investigated trait aggression as a categorical variable. Past month prevalence of smoking and drinking was 29.6 and 41.4 %, respectively. The prevalence of joint use was 21.7 %. Drinking and smoking were additively associated with elevated physical aggression, which was significantly higher among joint-users than in single substance users or non-users. Our findings pinpoint the potential importance of the joint use of these substances in the development of aggressive behaviors during this transition period.
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2009
The comorbidity of psychotic disorders and substance misuse disorder (SUD) is a well known and do... more The comorbidity of psychotic disorders and substance misuse disorder (SUD) is a well known and documented phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to find an answer to the question whether among the known Hungarian drug addicts how severe are the occurrence of the psychotic symptoms. The study sample consisted 194 out of 200 clinically treated drug addicts. The instruments used for the investigation were the European Adolescent Assessment Dialogue (Euro ADAD) and the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL 90-R). The most important findings suggest that the clinically relevant psychotic states were quite rare. The highest values of PSY subscale were associated with dependent people on the "other drugs" (hallucinogens, solvents), cocaine, alcohol and heroin. The correlation between the values of the subscale and the usage of the ambulant or hospital form of mental health care was not too strong, yet significant.
![Research paper thumbnail of [The influence of alcohol use and violent behaviour on the beliefs related to alcohol use and aggression]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119007364/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
The authors examined the effect of personal involvement (drinking, violent behaviour) on beliefs ... more The authors examined the effect of personal involvement (drinking, violent behaviour) on beliefs concerning the causal connections between drinking alcohol and aggressive behavior. The sample of the study comprised 1200 persons representative of the population over 18 years of age and was selected by a two-step, group stratified sampling method. The measuring instruments used for the study were the questionnaire on alcohol-aggression beliefs applied by Paglia and Room, the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and the sociodemographic characteristics of gender, age and education. Analyses using multivariate regression models showed that aggressive behaviour, particularly verbal and physical aggression, and heavy drinking significantly influence the belief of a causal connection between alcohol and aggression. The more a person drinks and the more aggressive he becomes, the more likely he is not to believe the opinion that drinking leads to aggression. Women and older people have ...
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
The correlation between being a subject to physical abuse in childhood and violent and suicidal b... more The correlation between being a subject to physical abuse in childhood and violent and suicidal behaviour in adulthood has long been proved. The present research was aimed at answering the question whether an abuse event suffered in childhood creates a tendency to aggressive and suicidal behaviour in adulthood, and whether a correlation exists between these two forms of behaviour. The study sample consisted of 235 clinically treated alcoholics. The instruments used for the investigation were the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and the Janus Questionnaire. The most important findings suggest that persons who were physically abused in childhood by their parents were more likely to strike or beat someone in the course of their lives (Chi(2) =9.79, p<0.001). Within the most aggressive group, 18 % had not suffered physical abuse in childhood, while 81% had been abused (Chi(2) =13.25, p<0.001). If the subject had been physic...
![Research paper thumbnail of [Prevalence of hazardous alcohol use]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119007341/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
Determining the prevalence of reckless drinking indicates the degree of the problem in the popula... more Determining the prevalence of reckless drinking indicates the degree of the problem in the population at risk and can provide an opportunity to prevent the development of harmful effects. The authors assessed the prevalence of hazardous drinking in Hungary by applying the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), which is widely used in international research and has good reliability indicators, as well as other psychopathological measures in a nationally representative sample (N=1200). 32.9% of the male drinkers (N=449) and 10% of the female drinkers can be regarded as being at risk. Applying the 8-point screening criteria of the AUDIT, it was found that 8.3% of the total sample can be regarded as drinkers at serious risk. This rate was 14.6 % for men and 2.7 % for women. Men scored significantly higher than women in all items of the questionnaire. Consumption of alcohol was markedly higher among men aged 45-64 years, in contrast with the younger age groups and the group o...
Orvosi hetilap, Jan 22, 2004
There have not been any substantive collection of data on cocaine users in Hungary although there... more There have not been any substantive collection of data on cocaine users in Hungary although there were numerous indications that a cocaine problem may exist. In the frame of the project entitled "Support Needs for Cocaine and Crack Users in Europe" the aim of the authors was to identify the qualitative characteristics of Hungarian cocaine users. In addition to a quantitative study of 210 cocaine users, we selected nine subjects by random sampling and conducted problem-oriented depth interviews with them. Three of the subjects belonged in the party group (weekend use, social integration), three in the scene group (part of the marginal drug-using subculture) and three in the therapy group (undergoing treatment for drug use at the time of the study). The main thread of the interview covered the following main aspects: 1. Drug-using behaviour--reduction, termination or continuation of use; 2. Use of support services; 3. Experiences with addiction medicine services; 4. Support ...
Orvosi hetilap, Jan 31, 2005
There is an increasing attention to the research of the treatment efficiency of drug users and ab... more There is an increasing attention to the research of the treatment efficiency of drug users and abusers. Some measure tools (Addiction Severity Index, Opiate Treatment Index) have been developed for last years. Use of these methods is limited by the relative long duration (one hour) of the interview. The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) is used in more European countries because of it's easy implementation. In this study the authors have focused on the Hungarian adaptation of the MAP. 103 heroin addicts were selected on the basis of the degrees of social integration and participation in any treatment programs. The MAP offers reliable data on the substance use, health risk behaviors and personal-social functioning regarding the last 30 days before the investigation. The data of this study strengthen the reliability and applicability of the MAP. This result is in accord with a previous study of the authors and other international studies. The MAP is very sensitive for the differenc...
Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1994
There is little substantive information on the present trends on drug use in the countries of cen... more There is little substantive information on the present trends on drug use in the countries of central and eastern Europe, including Hungary. There has been a substantial change in recent years in the illegal and legal use of psychoactive substances: the western type of drug trade and drug use has begun, with the influx of the classical drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, LSD and hashish). In addition, a study based on data obtained from all district physicians shows that the rate of regular use of psychoactive substances is very high in the parts of Hungary with poor infrastructure. This “poverty” drug use, together with the poppy cult and the traditions of grape cultivation and wine drinking could be a serious obstacle to the wider spread of western type drug use in Hungary.
Substance Use & Misuse, 1995
Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in... more Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in Hungary. The social composition of drug users is changing and new forms of drugs and uses have appeared, such as heroin use and cocaine snorting. The legal regulation of access to drugs changed in 1993: stricter sentences can be imposed on drug traffickers, while the possibility has been created for drug users to undertake therapy in place of punishment. The Interministerial Committee on Drug Affairs and the Hungarian Association on Drug Use and Addiction have been set up. There are a few scientifically-based prevention programs. A number of clear paradigms have emerged in prevention policy and therapy, although it is not yet possible to see which of these will be confirmed by time and practice.
Psychopathology, 2005
We attempted a Hungarian adaptation of the European version (EuropASI) of the widely used Addicti... more We attempted a Hungarian adaptation of the European version (EuropASI) of the widely used Addiction Severity Index (ASI) within the frame of a multi-stage quality development programme. The ASI is characterised by good reliability and validity indicators. The empirical background for our research was the data obtained from ASI ratings for 266 alcohol- and drug-using patients presenting for treatment in addiction medicine clinics in different regions of the country. The reliability indicators for measurement tool rating (interrater) and time (test-retest) were high, with the exception of the correlation value for employment and support. The internal consistency of the test was good. The degree of correlation between the individual items did not exceed that found internationally. The psychometric results corresponded to the results obtained in foreign investigations. The Hungarian version of the ASI can be regarded as a useful and reliable measuring tool that can be used to identify t...
Psychiatry Research, 2012
Journal of Substance Use, 2004
ABSTRACT
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 2010
Little data have been published on specific health indicators for Roma, especially on substance u... more Little data have been published on specific health indicators for Roma, especially on substance use and related problems, and to our knowledge no data are available for Roma adolescents. The objective was to assess substance use of Roma as compared with non-Roma adolescents. Prevalence of tobacco and illicit drug use, and alcohol intoxication were examined in 225 Roma and 182 non-Roma adolescents. Relationship between substance use and potential risk factors, and ethnicity, was investigated by logistic regression analyses. A matched sample of Roma and non-Roma subjects was also used for additional confirmatory conditional regression analyses. Results indicated a significant association between Roma ethnicity and higher lifetime prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol intoxication, and illicit drugs use. Roma girls as compared with non-Roma girls evidenced a disproportionately higher prevalence of smoking as compared with the difference between Roma and non-Roma boys. Chi square analyses showed for both Roma parents a higher level of tolerant attitude to smoking. The inequalities of the health status in substance use behaviors of the Roma versus non-Roma population, expressed in a more pronounced way in the female Roma population, emerge at an early age, based on our data; they are observable already in the early adolescent and adolescent age groups.
Psychopathology, 2014
Objective: To illustrate the use of fiction in understanding psychiatric disorders and refocus at... more Objective: To illustrate the use of fiction in understanding psychiatric disorders and refocus attention towards fiction as a valuable source of psychopathology, thereby contributing to the restoration of the narrative in psychiatry. Method: A psychopathological analysis of the novella Michael Kohlhaas written by Heinrich von Kleist, one of the outstanding literary figures of the German romantic movement of the early 19th century. Results: The protagonist of Kleist's novella, Michael Kohlhaas, a querulant horse trader, carries out an armed uprising disproportionate to the minor injustice of the unlawful seizure of his horses. Following unsuccessful attempts at legal recourse, Kohlhaas takes up arms against the authorities, and in the course of his uncompromising pursuit of justice eventually sacrifices his own and his family's lives. Kleist accurately portrays Kohlhaas' psychopathological development from a psychologically balanced, emotionally warm family man to one who...
Psychological Medicine, 2004
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2007
To date, few studies have investigated prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in Chinese pat... more To date, few studies have investigated prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in Chinese patients with schizophrenia in general and outpatients in particular. This study examined the role that socio-demographic and clinical factors play in determining psychotropic drug prescriptions for schizophrenia outpatients in China. Two hundred and fifty-five and 250 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia were randomly selected and interviewed in Hong Kong (HK) and Beijing (BJ) respectively, using standardized assessment instruments. Prescriptions of psychotropic drugs for all 505 subjects were collected at the time of the assessment. The relationship between antipsychotic drug prescription patterns and a host of socio-demographic and clinical variables was analyzed and compared between the two study sites. Prescription patterns were quite different for the two ethnically homogenous and clinically very similar samples. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the use of depot antipsychotics (DA) and site (HK vs BJ) both significantly predicted antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP), while symptoms of anxiety, use of clozapine and APP and site predicted use of DA. Age, number of hospitalizations, site, and use of DA predicted use of clozapine. No significant differences were found between the quality of life domains of patients with respect to APP, DA, and clozapine. A complex web of economic and clinical factors and health policies plays an important role in determining psychotropic drug prescription practices for Chinese outpatients with schizophrenia.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2016
The transition to adolescence involves biological and psychological changes, coinciding with a si... more The transition to adolescence involves biological and psychological changes, coinciding with a significant shift in school environment. These factors make young people vulnerable to drinking and smoking. These in turn can lead to aggressive behaviors, especially if they co-occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the use of alcohol and tobacco alone, and the joint use of these substances, with physical aggression in this population. A representative school sample of 14–16 years old adolescents (N = 944) was used (mean age 15.03 years). In the primary GLIMMIX analyses we used the trait-aggression scores as a continuous dependent variable; in the secondary analysis we investigated trait aggression as a categorical variable. Past month prevalence of smoking and drinking was 29.6 and 41.4 %, respectively. The prevalence of joint use was 21.7 %. Drinking and smoking were additively associated with elevated physical aggression, which was significantly higher among joint-users than in single substance users or non-users. Our findings pinpoint the potential importance of the joint use of these substances in the development of aggressive behaviors during this transition period.
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2009
The comorbidity of psychotic disorders and substance misuse disorder (SUD) is a well known and do... more The comorbidity of psychotic disorders and substance misuse disorder (SUD) is a well known and documented phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to find an answer to the question whether among the known Hungarian drug addicts how severe are the occurrence of the psychotic symptoms. The study sample consisted 194 out of 200 clinically treated drug addicts. The instruments used for the investigation were the European Adolescent Assessment Dialogue (Euro ADAD) and the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL 90-R). The most important findings suggest that the clinically relevant psychotic states were quite rare. The highest values of PSY subscale were associated with dependent people on the "other drugs" (hallucinogens, solvents), cocaine, alcohol and heroin. The correlation between the values of the subscale and the usage of the ambulant or hospital form of mental health care was not too strong, yet significant.
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
The authors examined the effect of personal involvement (drinking, violent behaviour) on beliefs ... more The authors examined the effect of personal involvement (drinking, violent behaviour) on beliefs concerning the causal connections between drinking alcohol and aggressive behavior. The sample of the study comprised 1200 persons representative of the population over 18 years of age and was selected by a two-step, group stratified sampling method. The measuring instruments used for the study were the questionnaire on alcohol-aggression beliefs applied by Paglia and Room, the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and the sociodemographic characteristics of gender, age and education. Analyses using multivariate regression models showed that aggressive behaviour, particularly verbal and physical aggression, and heavy drinking significantly influence the belief of a causal connection between alcohol and aggression. The more a person drinks and the more aggressive he becomes, the more likely he is not to believe the opinion that drinking leads to aggression. Women and older people have ...
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
The correlation between being a subject to physical abuse in childhood and violent and suicidal b... more The correlation between being a subject to physical abuse in childhood and violent and suicidal behaviour in adulthood has long been proved. The present research was aimed at answering the question whether an abuse event suffered in childhood creates a tendency to aggressive and suicidal behaviour in adulthood, and whether a correlation exists between these two forms of behaviour. The study sample consisted of 235 clinically treated alcoholics. The instruments used for the investigation were the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and the Janus Questionnaire. The most important findings suggest that persons who were physically abused in childhood by their parents were more likely to strike or beat someone in the course of their lives (Chi(2) =9.79, p<0.001). Within the most aggressive group, 18 % had not suffered physical abuse in childhood, while 81% had been abused (Chi(2) =13.25, p<0.001). If the subject had been physic...
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2006
Determining the prevalence of reckless drinking indicates the degree of the problem in the popula... more Determining the prevalence of reckless drinking indicates the degree of the problem in the population at risk and can provide an opportunity to prevent the development of harmful effects. The authors assessed the prevalence of hazardous drinking in Hungary by applying the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), which is widely used in international research and has good reliability indicators, as well as other psychopathological measures in a nationally representative sample (N=1200). 32.9% of the male drinkers (N=449) and 10% of the female drinkers can be regarded as being at risk. Applying the 8-point screening criteria of the AUDIT, it was found that 8.3% of the total sample can be regarded as drinkers at serious risk. This rate was 14.6 % for men and 2.7 % for women. Men scored significantly higher than women in all items of the questionnaire. Consumption of alcohol was markedly higher among men aged 45-64 years, in contrast with the younger age groups and the group o...
Orvosi hetilap, Jan 22, 2004
There have not been any substantive collection of data on cocaine users in Hungary although there... more There have not been any substantive collection of data on cocaine users in Hungary although there were numerous indications that a cocaine problem may exist. In the frame of the project entitled "Support Needs for Cocaine and Crack Users in Europe" the aim of the authors was to identify the qualitative characteristics of Hungarian cocaine users. In addition to a quantitative study of 210 cocaine users, we selected nine subjects by random sampling and conducted problem-oriented depth interviews with them. Three of the subjects belonged in the party group (weekend use, social integration), three in the scene group (part of the marginal drug-using subculture) and three in the therapy group (undergoing treatment for drug use at the time of the study). The main thread of the interview covered the following main aspects: 1. Drug-using behaviour--reduction, termination or continuation of use; 2. Use of support services; 3. Experiences with addiction medicine services; 4. Support ...
Orvosi hetilap, Jan 31, 2005
There is an increasing attention to the research of the treatment efficiency of drug users and ab... more There is an increasing attention to the research of the treatment efficiency of drug users and abusers. Some measure tools (Addiction Severity Index, Opiate Treatment Index) have been developed for last years. Use of these methods is limited by the relative long duration (one hour) of the interview. The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) is used in more European countries because of it's easy implementation. In this study the authors have focused on the Hungarian adaptation of the MAP. 103 heroin addicts were selected on the basis of the degrees of social integration and participation in any treatment programs. The MAP offers reliable data on the substance use, health risk behaviors and personal-social functioning regarding the last 30 days before the investigation. The data of this study strengthen the reliability and applicability of the MAP. This result is in accord with a previous study of the authors and other international studies. The MAP is very sensitive for the differenc...
Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 1994
There is little substantive information on the present trends on drug use in the countries of cen... more There is little substantive information on the present trends on drug use in the countries of central and eastern Europe, including Hungary. There has been a substantial change in recent years in the illegal and legal use of psychoactive substances: the western type of drug trade and drug use has begun, with the influx of the classical drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, LSD and hashish). In addition, a study based on data obtained from all district physicians shows that the rate of regular use of psychoactive substances is very high in the parts of Hungary with poor infrastructure. This “poverty” drug use, together with the poppy cult and the traditions of grape cultivation and wine drinking could be a serious obstacle to the wider spread of western type drug use in Hungary.
Substance Use & Misuse, 1995
Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in... more Based on surveys and clinical data, it is concluded that the use of illegal drugs is spreading in Hungary. The social composition of drug users is changing and new forms of drugs and uses have appeared, such as heroin use and cocaine snorting. The legal regulation of access to drugs changed in 1993: stricter sentences can be imposed on drug traffickers, while the possibility has been created for drug users to undertake therapy in place of punishment. The Interministerial Committee on Drug Affairs and the Hungarian Association on Drug Use and Addiction have been set up. There are a few scientifically-based prevention programs. A number of clear paradigms have emerged in prevention policy and therapy, although it is not yet possible to see which of these will be confirmed by time and practice.
Psychopathology, 2005
We attempted a Hungarian adaptation of the European version (EuropASI) of the widely used Addicti... more We attempted a Hungarian adaptation of the European version (EuropASI) of the widely used Addiction Severity Index (ASI) within the frame of a multi-stage quality development programme. The ASI is characterised by good reliability and validity indicators. The empirical background for our research was the data obtained from ASI ratings for 266 alcohol- and drug-using patients presenting for treatment in addiction medicine clinics in different regions of the country. The reliability indicators for measurement tool rating (interrater) and time (test-retest) were high, with the exception of the correlation value for employment and support. The internal consistency of the test was good. The degree of correlation between the individual items did not exceed that found internationally. The psychometric results corresponded to the results obtained in foreign investigations. The Hungarian version of the ASI can be regarded as a useful and reliable measuring tool that can be used to identify t...
Psychiatry Research, 2012
Journal of Substance Use, 2004
ABSTRACT
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 2010
Little data have been published on specific health indicators for Roma, especially on substance u... more Little data have been published on specific health indicators for Roma, especially on substance use and related problems, and to our knowledge no data are available for Roma adolescents. The objective was to assess substance use of Roma as compared with non-Roma adolescents. Prevalence of tobacco and illicit drug use, and alcohol intoxication were examined in 225 Roma and 182 non-Roma adolescents. Relationship between substance use and potential risk factors, and ethnicity, was investigated by logistic regression analyses. A matched sample of Roma and non-Roma subjects was also used for additional confirmatory conditional regression analyses. Results indicated a significant association between Roma ethnicity and higher lifetime prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol intoxication, and illicit drugs use. Roma girls as compared with non-Roma girls evidenced a disproportionately higher prevalence of smoking as compared with the difference between Roma and non-Roma boys. Chi square analyses showed for both Roma parents a higher level of tolerant attitude to smoking. The inequalities of the health status in substance use behaviors of the Roma versus non-Roma population, expressed in a more pronounced way in the female Roma population, emerge at an early age, based on our data; they are observable already in the early adolescent and adolescent age groups.