JAMAL NAZZAL - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by JAMAL NAZZAL

Oil Shale

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the oil obtained at pyrolysis of Jordan... more The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the oil obtained at pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale in a fluidised-bed reactor in the atmosphere of nitrogen and nitrogen/steam has been investigated. The final pyrolysis temperature was 520 °C, at which the maximum oil yield was established. The derived oils were fractionated into chemical classes using mini-column liquid chromatography followed by analysis using capillary column gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for identification and quantification of PAH. The derived oils were found to contain significant amounts of PAH, mainly naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene and their alkylated derivatives, and lower amounts of fluoranthrene, pyrene and chrysene. Some of the PAH found in the derived oils are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic, and consequently the oils may represent a significant environmental and health hazard. The PAH have probably formed via Diels-Alder type reactions or via gas-phase cracking of aliphatic compounds.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 2000

Gas Evolution from the Pyrolysis of Jordan Oil Shale in A Fixed-bed Reactor

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

Jordan oil shale from El-Lajjun deposit was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor and the in... more Jordan oil shale from El-Lajjun deposit was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor and the influence of the pyrolysis temperature between 400 to 620°C and the influence of the pyrolysis atmosphere using nitrogen and nitrogen/steam on the product yield and gas composition were investigated. The gases analysed were H2, CO, CO2 and hydrocarbons from C1 to C4. The results showed for both nitrogen and nitrogen/steam that increase the pyrolysis bed temperature from 400 to 520°C resulted in a significant increase in the oil yield, after which temperature the oil yield decreased. The alkene/alkane ratio including ethene/ethane, propene/propane, and butene/butane ratios, can be used as an indication of pyrolysis temperature and the magnitude of cracking reactions. Increasing alkene/alkane ratio occurring with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The alkene/alkane ratio for nitrogen/steam pyrolysis atmosphere was lower than the one found under nitrogen atmosphere.

Evaluation of Sultani Oil Shale Exploitation

Jordan is totally dependent on imported crude oil and petroleum products to meet all its energy r... more Jordan is totally dependent on imported crude oil and petroleum products to meet all its energy requirements, which is a significant load on the government's budget and the development of Jordan’s economy. So far, one of the important local sources of energy in Jordan is oil shale. Since Jordan has recently seen number of activities on oil shale exploration, which in turn requires proper studies to investigate the potential for Jordan oil shale exploitation. Therefore, this research aims at identifying and quantitatively assessing the Jordan oil shale properties. Eighteen representative oil shale samples obtained from two boreholes, nine samples from each borehole, in the Sultani oil shale deposit were used in this study and analyzed in Natural Resources Authority (NRA) laboratories. The chemical analyses that were performed in this study are: Fischer assay, Calorific Value, TOC, CHNS, TGA and X-Ray. A relatively high oil yield can be obtained from Sultani oil shale deposit due ...

In this paper, we introduce the multilayer preceptron neural network and describe how it can be u... more In this paper, we introduce the multilayer preceptron neural network and describe how it can be used for function approximation. The back propagation algorithm (including its variants) is the principle procedure for training multilayer perceptrons. Car must be taken when training perceptron network to ensure that they do not over fit the training data and then fail to generalize well

The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a functional imitation of simplified model of the biologic... more The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a functional imitation of simplified model of the biological neurons and their goal is to construct useful computers for real-world problems and reproduce intelligent data evaluation techniques like: Pattern recognition, classification and generalization by using simple, distributed and robust processing units called artificial neurons. ANNs are fine-grained parallel implementation of non -linear static-dynamic systems.

Effect of Composition of El-lajjun Oil Shale on Its Calorific Value

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 1994

ABSTRACT A geochemical analysis of El-lajjun oil shale in Jordan was carried out. It was found th... more ABSTRACT A geochemical analysis of El-lajjun oil shale in Jordan was carried out. It was found that El-lajjun oil shale consists of the following groups: organic matter, biogenic calcite and apatite, detrital clay minerals, and quartz. The calorific values of 100 samples of shale were determined. The effect of bore depth, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, and sulfur content on the calorific values were studied. Results were well correlated by the following equation Calorific value = 352.44 (CaCO[sub 3])[sup [minus]0.666](S)[sup 0.257](C[sub org])[sup 1.141] with correlation coefficient of 0.983 and with an average standard error of 2.63%.

Polycyclic aromatic compounds in oils derived from the fluidised bed pyrolysis of oil shale

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1995

... for their content of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), including poly cyclic aromatichydro... more ... for their content of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), including poly cyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAH), sulphurPAH ... as the formation route for aromatic and polycyclic aromatic compounds in the ... Chemicat Anatysis and Bioiogica) Fate: Poiycychc Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ...

Influence of temperature and steam on the products from the flash pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale

International Journal of Energy Research, 2002

ABSTRACT Oil shale samples from the Sultani deposit in the south of Jordan, were pyrolysed in a s... more ABSTRACT Oil shale samples from the Sultani deposit in the south of Jordan, were pyrolysed in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperature between 400 and 650°C were investigated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 520°C caused a large increase in the oil yield. Further increase of the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decrease in oil yield and a large increase in the evolved gases. This increase in the hydrocarbon gas yield was attributed to oil thermal cracking reactions. The evolved gases were composed of H2, CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons from C1 to C4. The presence of steam improved the oil yield which may be a result of reducing the degree of decomposition. The derived oils were fractionated into chemical classes using mini-column liquid chromatography. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Shale Oils: Influence of Process Conditions

Environmental Technology, 1998

ABSTRACT Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are a significant environmental chemical group, with... more ABSTRACT Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are a significant environmental chemical group, with an associated health hazard. They have been shown to be present in oils derived from the pyrolysis of oil shales; however, the influence of process conditions on their concentration is less well known. Oil shales were pyrolysed in a 200 cm3 stainless steel fixed bed reactor in relation to temperature from 400°C to 620°C in both a nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The condensed oils were analysed for their content of PAC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), sulphur-PAH (PASH) and Nitrogen-PAH (PANH). The derived gases were analysed in terms of H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and other hydrocarbons to C4 and the alkene/alkane ratio determined. The derived shale oils were found to contain significant concentrations of PAH, PASH and PANH some of which have been shown to be biologically active. The main PAH were naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene and their alkylated homologues; PASH identified included, benzothiophene, and dibenzothiophene and the PANH included indole, carbazole and quinoline and their alkylated derivatives. The concentration of PAC increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature and their formation was linked to increased secondary reactions as indicated by the gas phase alkene/alkane ratio. The influence of steam was to increase; the yield of oil significantly. The presence of steam also increased the concentration of PAC in the derived shale oil compared to using nitrogen as the sweep gas.

Energy Conversion and Management, 2008

In this work, the influence of shale grain size of 0.20-0.60, 0.60-1.20, 1.20-3.33, and 3.33-5.60... more In this work, the influence of shale grain size of 0.20-0.60, 0.60-1.20, 1.20-3.33, and 3.33-5.60 mm were carried out on the oil shale pyrolysis in a semi-continuous fluidised bed and 50 gm fixed bed reactor under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam pyrolysis atmosphere. The final pyrolysis temperature was 520°C, heating rate 12°C min À1 , vapour residence time of 25 and 28 s for the fluidised bed and fixed bed pyrolysis, respectively, and shale residence time of 45 min. The oil yield was increased as the particle grain size was increased from 0.2-0.6 to 3.33-5.6 mm under both nitrogen and nitrogen/steam pyrolysis atmospheres. Increasing the particle grain size caused a decrease in the derived hydrocarbon gases and an increase in the carbon and hydrogen content in the derived oil. Decreasing the particle grain size (in the studied range) caused an increase in the PAH concentration in the derived oil. This increase has been suggested as a result of the aromatisation of the derived oils by the secondary decomposition reactions.

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2007

Chaos control means to design a controller that is able to mitigating or eliminating the chaos be... more Chaos control means to design a controller that is able to mitigating or eliminating the chaos behavior of nonlinear systems that experiencing such phenomenon. In this paper, a nonlinear Sliding-Mode Controller (SMC) is presented. Two nonlinear chaotic systems are chosen to be our case study in this paper, the well known Chua's circuit and Lorenz system. The study shows the effectiveness of the designed nonlinear Sliding-Mode Controller.

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2009

The paper describes an experimental study of the bifurcation behaviour of a modular peak current-... more The paper describes an experimental study of the bifurcation behaviour of a modular peak current-mode controlled DC-DC boost converter. The parallel-input/parallel-output converter comprises two identical boost circuits and operates in the continuous-current conduction mode. A comparison is made between the results obtained from an experimental converter with those obtained from bifurcation diagrams generated from previous work and waveforms from a new MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation presented in this paper. Another comparison is made between the modular converter diagrams with those of the single boost converter.

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2002

Oil shale samples from Jordan were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor at a heating rate varied from... more Oil shale samples from Jordan were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor at a heating rate varied from 2 to 30°C min-1 up to a final temperature of 520°C under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The influence of heating rate on the yield and composition of the oil, gases, water, and spent shale was determined. It was observed that the oil yield was increased as the heating rate was increased from 2 to 10°C min-1. Increasing the heating rate up to 30°C min-1 caused a slight reduction in the oil yield. The main gases produced were H 2 , CO, CO 2 and CH 4 and also minor concentrations of alkane and alkenes gases. By increasing the heating rate from 2 to 30°C min-1 , the evolution of the hydrocarbon gases were increased. The oil was analysed for the elemental analysis and the atomic H/C ratio was obtained. The oils were fractionated into chemical classes (aliphatics, aromatics, esters, and polars compounds) using a mini-column liquid chromatography. The alkanes and alkenes hydrocarbon gases were increased with increasing heating rate. Alkene/alkane hydrocarbon gas ratios were determined and were linked to secondary reactions.

Oil Shale Pyrolysis, Influence of particle grain size and steam on the polycyclic aromatic compounds in the derived shale oils

Journal of the Energy Institute