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Papers by JAMES E ENSTROM
Physical review, Aug 1, 1971
The Physics of fluids, Nov 1, 1972
Similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmos... more Similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmospheres are refined and then compared with the corresponding numerical hydrodynamic calculations. All of the hydrodynamic solutions are then shown to be invalid except for the initial radius-time dependence in a very limited region, after which time diffusion becomes the dominant expansion method. Apparent agreement with observed gas expansions at later times is due only to the similar radial growth for hydrodynamics (∼t0.4) and diffusion (∼t0.5).
Abstract : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interi... more Abstract : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballistics (charge burning, propellant gas expansion and shell acceleration) and the nature of the gas expansion and air shock beyond the muzzle. Solutions are accomplished by a numerical program which integrates the partial differential equations appropriate to the gas dynamics in one space dimension. The equations of state for the gas and air are treated in some detail, as is the nature of the charge burn, the barrel friction, and the shell inertia. The dynamics of the partially burned charge gases which sometimes flash burn after ejection from the muzzle are treated with the limits of expansion into various conical geometries. Comparisons are made with observations of both the interior ballistics and of the smoke, flash, and blast from the exhaust.
Physical Review D, 1971
A measurement of the rate I(Kk-* 2~) has been made relative to the rates I'(Ki-+ 3x0), F(KL-T~~~v... more A measurement of the rate I(Kk-* 2~) has been made relative to the rates I'(Ki-+ 3x0), F(KL-T~~~v~), and I'(KL-+ "&e-v,) in a spark chamber scintillation counter experiment. Using published branching ratios of the three body decays relative to the rate I'(KL-. all), the branching ratio F(K" L-2r)/I'(Kt-all) has been found to be (4.5+1.0)x 10-4, based on 23 valid decays, which were separated from a small background.
British Journal of Cancer, 1977
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
Circulation, 1996
Background Thirteen of 14 epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of ≈20% for corona... more Background Thirteen of 14 epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of ≈20% for coronary heart disease (CHD) for never-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), but this association remains controversial. If true, ETS might account for an estimated 35 000 to 40 000 heart disease deaths per year in the United States. Methods and Results We have conducted the largest study to date, a prospective study of 353 180 female and 126 500 male never-smokers enrolled in 1982 in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II and followed through 1989. Analyses focused on subcohorts of 309 599 married pairs and of 135 237 subjects concordant for self-reported exposure and exposure reported by each one's spouse. More than 2800 CHD deaths (ICD 410-414) occurred among married pairs; 10% of married men and 28% of married women were married to currently smoking spouses, while 10% and 32%, respectively, were married to former smokers. After controlling for many...
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
Physics Letters B, Apr 1, 1978
Grimm seriously misrepresents tobacco industry funding of research at the University of
International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2017
A review is presented of the epidemiology of vitamin C. This review summarizes the epidemiologic ... more A review is presented of the epidemiology of vitamin C. This review summarizes the epidemiologic relationship of vitamin C intake to mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases and the results of randomized controlled trials involving vitamin C supplements and mortality. Many studies show an inverse relationship between mortality and vitamin C intake, particularly for levels close to the current U.S. recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 75–90 mg per day for adults. The inverse relationship is particularly strong for serum vitamin C. However, several studies show no relationship at all or no significant relationship after controlling for confounding variables. There is little evidence of a relationship at high or low levels of vitamin C supplement intake. The results of randomized intervention trials assessing the impact of supplemental vitamin C on mortality and cancer survival are largely negative, but there are selective instances of benefits. There have been very few intervention trials focusing on vitamin C. Most of the available prospective cohort data on vitamin C and mortality have not been analyzed. Additional cohort analyses and new intervention trials would substantially refine the evidence. Vitamin C is an essential human nutrient and there is substantial epidemiologic evidence that regular intake of at least the RDA of vitamin C is beneficial for optimum health.
: An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballis... more : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballistics (charge burning, propellant gas expansion and shell acceleration) and the nature of the gas expansion and air shock beyond the muzzle. Solutions are accomplished by a numerical program which integrates the partial differential equations appropriate to the gas dynamics in one space dimension. The equations of state for the gas and air are treated in some detail, as is the nature of the charge burn, the barrel friction, and the shell inertia. The dynamics of the partially burned charge gases which sometimes flash burn after ejection from the muzzle are treated with the limits of expansion into various conical geometries. Comparisons are made with observations of both the interior ballistics and of the smoke, flash, and blast from the exhaust.
There is now overwhelming epidemiologic evidence that particulate matter (PM), both fine particul... more There is now overwhelming epidemiologic evidence that particulate matter (PM), both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and course particulate matter (PM10), is not related to total mortality in California. I will examine all the long-term PM epidemiologic cohort studies in California, and discuss the ways the findings from these studies have be used and/or ignored. I will discuss the limitations of these studies: lack of access to key databases; the ecological fallacy; failure to consider other pollutants; failure to satisfy causality criteria; and failure to consider other competing health risks. Also, ethical issues underlying much of PM2.5 epidemiology will be discussed. I will make a strong case that PM2.5 is not killing Californians and that there is not a scientific or public health basis for the many of the existing and proposed regulations designed to reduce PM levels in California. Finally, I will make the case that PM health effects and regulations must be put into perspectiv...
: Recent published similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansion... more : Recent published similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmospheres are extended to include the influence of ambient pressure. The former solutions and extended solutions are then compared with exact numerical calculations for the same gas expansions. Limits of applicability of each solution are discussed, and results compared with observations for typical barium gas release in the upper atmosphere. The extended similarity solutions have a range of validity up to an order of magnitude greater than that of the previous solutions. However, all of the similarty solutions are rendered inapplicable by the early onset of diffusion as the dominate expansion mechanism. Apparent agreement at later times is due to the similar growth rates for diffusion about t to the 0.5 power and similarity about t to the 0.4 power. (Author)
Journal of clinical epidemiology, 1999
The long-term impact of smoking cessation on mortality is assessed among two U.S. populations: a ... more The long-term impact of smoking cessation on mortality is assessed among two U.S. populations: a large cohort of U.S. veterans aged 55-64 at entry and followed from 1954 through 1979 and the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS) cohort of a national sample of U.S. adults aged 55-74 at entry and followed from 1971 through 1992. Direct and indirect survey data indicate that 50-70% of those who were current cigarette smokers at entry had quit smoking during the 19- to 26-year follow-up periods. The impact of smoking cessation on mortality among the cigarette smokers as a whole has been assessed by determining the time trend of the relative risk (RR) of death and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the cigarette smokers compared with never-smokers over the entire follow-up period in both cohorts. The total death rates for the 1954/57 U.S. veteran smokers as a whole (63,159 males) have converged only slightly toward those of never-smokers, from RR = 1.65 (1.58-1.72) during 1954-1959...
Differential antiproton-proton elastic scattering cross sections versus ltl exhibit distinct chan... more Differential antiproton-proton elastic scattering cross sections versus ltl exhibit distinct changes in slope at several values of ltl.. ·Interpretation as a diffraction pattern suggests that the slope changes occur at the diffraction maxima and that the interaction has a characteristic radius of 1.8 fermis. The optical model for elastic scattering by a black disc suggests an explanation for some features of particle scattering at laboratory momenta up to 25 GeV/c. Namely, the optical model representation for the differential cross section, in terms of the Bessel's function J 1 (x), . 2 2 do/dO = {kr J 1 (x)/x} (1) with x = 2kr sin 6/2 = ltl 112 r (2) where ltl is the momentum exchanged at barycentral angle e, and r is a l ~ ...... characteristic radius for elementary particles, predicts a diffraction \ .•.. pattern consisting of concentric rings with maximal intensities at x* = 0, 5.52, 8.64, 11.8, 14.9, 18.0, •••• It is interesting that plots in ln(do/dt) versus ltl for experi...
Physical review, Aug 1, 1971
The Physics of fluids, Nov 1, 1972
Similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmos... more Similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmospheres are refined and then compared with the corresponding numerical hydrodynamic calculations. All of the hydrodynamic solutions are then shown to be invalid except for the initial radius-time dependence in a very limited region, after which time diffusion becomes the dominant expansion method. Apparent agreement with observed gas expansions at later times is due only to the similar radial growth for hydrodynamics (∼t0.4) and diffusion (∼t0.5).
Abstract : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interi... more Abstract : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballistics (charge burning, propellant gas expansion and shell acceleration) and the nature of the gas expansion and air shock beyond the muzzle. Solutions are accomplished by a numerical program which integrates the partial differential equations appropriate to the gas dynamics in one space dimension. The equations of state for the gas and air are treated in some detail, as is the nature of the charge burn, the barrel friction, and the shell inertia. The dynamics of the partially burned charge gases which sometimes flash burn after ejection from the muzzle are treated with the limits of expansion into various conical geometries. Comparisons are made with observations of both the interior ballistics and of the smoke, flash, and blast from the exhaust.
Physical Review D, 1971
A measurement of the rate I(Kk-* 2~) has been made relative to the rates I'(Ki-+ 3x0), F(KL-T~~~v... more A measurement of the rate I(Kk-* 2~) has been made relative to the rates I'(Ki-+ 3x0), F(KL-T~~~v~), and I'(KL-+ "&e-v,) in a spark chamber scintillation counter experiment. Using published branching ratios of the three body decays relative to the rate I'(KL-. all), the branching ratio F(K" L-2r)/I'(Kt-all) has been found to be (4.5+1.0)x 10-4, based on 23 valid decays, which were separated from a small background.
British Journal of Cancer, 1977
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
Circulation, 1996
Background Thirteen of 14 epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of ≈20% for corona... more Background Thirteen of 14 epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of ≈20% for coronary heart disease (CHD) for never-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), but this association remains controversial. If true, ETS might account for an estimated 35 000 to 40 000 heart disease deaths per year in the United States. Methods and Results We have conducted the largest study to date, a prospective study of 353 180 female and 126 500 male never-smokers enrolled in 1982 in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II and followed through 1989. Analyses focused on subcohorts of 309 599 married pairs and of 135 237 subjects concordant for self-reported exposure and exposure reported by each one's spouse. More than 2800 CHD deaths (ICD 410-414) occurred among married pairs; 10% of married men and 28% of married women were married to currently smoking spouses, while 10% and 32%, respectively, were married to former smokers. After controlling for many...
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006
Physics Letters B, Apr 1, 1978
Grimm seriously misrepresents tobacco industry funding of research at the University of
International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2017
A review is presented of the epidemiology of vitamin C. This review summarizes the epidemiologic ... more A review is presented of the epidemiology of vitamin C. This review summarizes the epidemiologic relationship of vitamin C intake to mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases and the results of randomized controlled trials involving vitamin C supplements and mortality. Many studies show an inverse relationship between mortality and vitamin C intake, particularly for levels close to the current U.S. recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 75–90 mg per day for adults. The inverse relationship is particularly strong for serum vitamin C. However, several studies show no relationship at all or no significant relationship after controlling for confounding variables. There is little evidence of a relationship at high or low levels of vitamin C supplement intake. The results of randomized intervention trials assessing the impact of supplemental vitamin C on mortality and cancer survival are largely negative, but there are selective instances of benefits. There have been very few intervention trials focusing on vitamin C. Most of the available prospective cohort data on vitamin C and mortality have not been analyzed. Additional cohort analyses and new intervention trials would substantially refine the evidence. Vitamin C is an essential human nutrient and there is substantial epidemiologic evidence that regular intake of at least the RDA of vitamin C is beneficial for optimum health.
: An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballis... more : An investigation of the gas dynamics of various large naval guns, including the interior ballistics (charge burning, propellant gas expansion and shell acceleration) and the nature of the gas expansion and air shock beyond the muzzle. Solutions are accomplished by a numerical program which integrates the partial differential equations appropriate to the gas dynamics in one space dimension. The equations of state for the gas and air are treated in some detail, as is the nature of the charge burn, the barrel friction, and the shell inertia. The dynamics of the partially burned charge gases which sometimes flash burn after ejection from the muzzle are treated with the limits of expansion into various conical geometries. Comparisons are made with observations of both the interior ballistics and of the smoke, flash, and blast from the exhaust.
There is now overwhelming epidemiologic evidence that particulate matter (PM), both fine particul... more There is now overwhelming epidemiologic evidence that particulate matter (PM), both fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and course particulate matter (PM10), is not related to total mortality in California. I will examine all the long-term PM epidemiologic cohort studies in California, and discuss the ways the findings from these studies have be used and/or ignored. I will discuss the limitations of these studies: lack of access to key databases; the ecological fallacy; failure to consider other pollutants; failure to satisfy causality criteria; and failure to consider other competing health risks. Also, ethical issues underlying much of PM2.5 epidemiology will be discussed. I will make a strong case that PM2.5 is not killing Californians and that there is not a scientific or public health basis for the many of the existing and proposed regulations designed to reduce PM levels in California. Finally, I will make the case that PM health effects and regulations must be put into perspectiv...
: Recent published similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansion... more : Recent published similarity solutions for spherically and cylindrically symmetric gas expansions in rarefied atmospheres are extended to include the influence of ambient pressure. The former solutions and extended solutions are then compared with exact numerical calculations for the same gas expansions. Limits of applicability of each solution are discussed, and results compared with observations for typical barium gas release in the upper atmosphere. The extended similarity solutions have a range of validity up to an order of magnitude greater than that of the previous solutions. However, all of the similarty solutions are rendered inapplicable by the early onset of diffusion as the dominate expansion mechanism. Apparent agreement at later times is due to the similar growth rates for diffusion about t to the 0.5 power and similarity about t to the 0.4 power. (Author)
Journal of clinical epidemiology, 1999
The long-term impact of smoking cessation on mortality is assessed among two U.S. populations: a ... more The long-term impact of smoking cessation on mortality is assessed among two U.S. populations: a large cohort of U.S. veterans aged 55-64 at entry and followed from 1954 through 1979 and the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS) cohort of a national sample of U.S. adults aged 55-74 at entry and followed from 1971 through 1992. Direct and indirect survey data indicate that 50-70% of those who were current cigarette smokers at entry had quit smoking during the 19- to 26-year follow-up periods. The impact of smoking cessation on mortality among the cigarette smokers as a whole has been assessed by determining the time trend of the relative risk (RR) of death and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the cigarette smokers compared with never-smokers over the entire follow-up period in both cohorts. The total death rates for the 1954/57 U.S. veteran smokers as a whole (63,159 males) have converged only slightly toward those of never-smokers, from RR = 1.65 (1.58-1.72) during 1954-1959...
Differential antiproton-proton elastic scattering cross sections versus ltl exhibit distinct chan... more Differential antiproton-proton elastic scattering cross sections versus ltl exhibit distinct changes in slope at several values of ltl.. ·Interpretation as a diffraction pattern suggests that the slope changes occur at the diffraction maxima and that the interaction has a characteristic radius of 1.8 fermis. The optical model for elastic scattering by a black disc suggests an explanation for some features of particle scattering at laboratory momenta up to 25 GeV/c. Namely, the optical model representation for the differential cross section, in terms of the Bessel's function J 1 (x), . 2 2 do/dO = {kr J 1 (x)/x} (1) with x = 2kr sin 6/2 = ltl 112 r (2) where ltl is the momentum exchanged at barycentral angle e, and r is a l ~ ...... characteristic radius for elementary particles, predicts a diffraction \ .•.. pattern consisting of concentric rings with maximal intensities at x* = 0, 5.52, 8.64, 11.8, 14.9, 18.0, •••• It is interesting that plots in ln(do/dt) versus ltl for experi...