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Papers by JOSE MANUEL MARTIN VILLA

Scientific Reports

HLA and disease studies by using single allele statistics have been fruitless during the last 40 ... more HLA and disease studies by using single allele statistics have been fruitless during the last 40 years for explaining association pathogenesis of the associated diseases.Other approaches are necessary to untangle this puzzle. We aim to revisit complement alleleism in humans and primates for both studying MHC and disease association to complotypes and extended MHC haplotypes in order to also explain the positive directional selection of maintaining immune response genes (complement, MHC adaptive and MHC non-specific genes) that keeps these three type of genes together in a short chromosome stretch (MHC) for million years. These genes may be linked to conjointly avoid microbes attack and autoimmunity. In the present paper, it is obtained a new Bf chimpanzee allele, provisionaly named Patr-Bf*A:01,that differs from other Bf alleles by having CTG at eleventh codon of exon 2 in order to start the newly suggested methodology and explain functional and evolutionary MHC obscure aspects. Exo...

Scientific Reports

The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years bc) towards M... more The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years bc) towards Mediterranean area had probably a double effect: both genetic and cultural connections have been described between Western Europe and North Africa. Sudanese populations from different ethnicities have been studied for HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 antigens by a standard microlymphotoxicity method. Results found show that Nubians are genetically related with African Sub-Saharan populations and distant from other Sudanese tribes, who are closer to Mediterranean populations than to Sub-Saharan ones. This is concordant with other authors and meta-analysis data. Our present work is, to our knowledge, the first and only one HLA research that studies Sudanese people according to different Sudan ethnic groups: samples were collected before Sudan partition between North and South. A prehistoric genetic and peoples exchange between Africa and the Mediterranean basin may be observed and is supported wi...

Human Immunology

Nahua population (also named Aztecs or Mexicas) were studied for HLA class II genes in a Mexican ... more Nahua population (also named Aztecs or Mexicas) were studied for HLA class II genes in a Mexican rural city (Santo Domingo Ocotitlan, Morelos State) belonging to the nowadays Náhuatl speaking areas in Mexico. The most frequent HLA class II alleles were typical Amerindian (HLA-DRB1*04:07, DQB1*03:01 DRB1*04:03 or DRB1*04:04) and also were some calculated extended haplotypes (HLA-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02,DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02, or DRB1*10:01-DQB1*05:01 among others). When using HLA-DRB1 Neís genetic distances, our isolated Nahua population was found to be close to other Central America Amerindians like the ancientestablished Mayans or Mixe. This may suggest that Nahuas origin was also from Central America. In contrast to legend that says they came from the North, and they built the Aztec Empire after submitting neighbouring ethnic groups before 1521 CE when Spaniards led by Hernán Cortés arrived to Mexico.

La garantia de calidad en el ambito universitario puede considerarse como la atencion sistematica... more La garantia de calidad en el ambito universitario puede considerarse como la atencion sistematica, estructurada y continua a las titulaciones ofertadas. La garantia de calidad se compromete a poner en marcha los medios que aseguren y demuestren la calidad de los programas formativos que se desarrollan en cada una de las titulaciones ofrecidas por la Universidad y asi cumplir con la obligacion que tiene con la sociedad. El presente proyecto nace como fruto de la responsabilidad adquirida para el cumplimiento de las funciones encomendadas y, con el objetivo de seguir adoptando una estrategia de mejora continua de la calidad de la docencia y satisfaccion de los colectivos implicados en el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje (Profesorado, Estudiantes y PAS).

International Journal of Immunogenetics, 2021

HLA‐G allele frequencies were studied in Yucatán (Mexico) Maya Amerindians by a direct exon DNA s... more HLA‐G allele frequencies were studied in Yucatán (Mexico) Maya Amerindians by a direct exon DNA sequencing technique. It is described that Mayas are probably one of the first populations together with Olmecs that populated Meso America and that important HLA genetic differences between Mexican and Guatemalan Mayas support that Maya languages were imposed to several neighbouring Amerindian groups. HLA‐G*01:01:02, HLA‐G*01:01:01 and HLA‐G*01:04:01 are the most frequent alleles in this population. It is remarkable that HLA‐G*01:05N allele was not found in the population in accordance with similar results found in another Amerindians. Also, protein allele HLA‐G*01:04 frequency is found not to differ to those found in another far or close living Amerindians in contrast to other World populations. It seems that while high HLA‐G*01:05N frequency is found in Iran and Middle East populations, probably where this allele appeared within an ancestral HLA‐A*19 group of alleles haplotype and it is maintained by unknown evolutionary forces, Amerindians do not have a high frequency because a founder effect or because required natural evolutionary forces do not exist in America. Finally, we believe useful to study HLA‐G evolution for its physiopathology understanding in addition to the many papers on statistics on HLA‐G and in vitro models that are yearly published.

The Open Ornithology Journal, 2017

Introduction:GenusCarduelis(Fringillidaefamily) includes goldfinches, siskins, redpolls, greenfin... more Introduction:GenusCarduelis(Fringillidaefamily) includes goldfinches, siskins, redpolls, greenfinches and crossbills. Many of the species classified within this genus and other related genera have been grouped by using molecular systematics and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt cyt b) gene. According to this, the Eurasian siskin (C. spinus)is the only one extant direct ancestor of several North American finches; North American / South American radiations may have been originated by Eurasian siskin (or extinct relative). In the present work, we aim to perform a study of transpecies and transcontinental analyses of MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I alleles in several genusCarduelis/Spinusspecies in order to draw evolutionary conclusions in several wild bird species belonging to the genusCarduelis / Spinus.Materials and Methods:Blood was taken from worldwide wild bird species. Passerine phylogeny was done after analysing mtDNA with Maximun Likelihood and Bayesian dendrogr...

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), Jan 30, 2015

TCR-αβ(+) double-negative (DN; CD4(-)CD8(-)) T cells represent a poorly understood cellular subse... more TCR-αβ(+) double-negative (DN; CD4(-)CD8(-)) T cells represent a poorly understood cellular subset suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. DN T cells have been proposed to derive from CD8(+) cells. However, the conditions that govern the loss of CD8 expression after Ag encounter are unknown. In this study, we tracked the fate of CD8 T cells from transgenic TCR mice exposed to their cognate Ags as self or in the context of infection. We demonstrate that CD8 T cells lose CD8 expression and become DN only when cognate Ag is sensed as self. This process is restricted to tissues where the Ag is present. We also show that DN T cells derived from self-reactive CD8 cells express the inhibitory molecules PD-1 and Helios. These molecules identify a subset of DN T cells in normal mice. A similar population expands when CD8 T cells from repertoires enriched in self-reactive cells (Aire-deficient) are transferred into cognate hosts. Col...

Biology of Reproduction, 1999

Frontiers in Immunology, 2022

HLA-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule with immunomodulatory properties. It was initially ... more HLA-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule with immunomodulatory properties. It was initially described at the maternal-fetal interface, and it was later found that this molecule was constitutively expressed on certain immuneprivileged tissues, such as cornea, endothelial and erythroid precursors, and thymus. The immunosuppressive effect of HLA-G is exerted through the interaction with its cognate receptors, expressed on immunocompetent cells, like ILT2, expressed on NK, B, T cells and APCs; ILT4, on APCs; KIR, found on the surface of NK cells; and finally, the co-receptor CD8. Because of these immunomodulatory functions, HLA-G has been involved in several processes, amongst which organ transplantation, viral infections, cancer progression, and autoimmunity. HLA-G neo-expression on tumors has been recently described in several types of malignancies. In fact, tumor progression is tightly linked to the presence of the molecule, as it exerts its tolerogenic function, inhibiting the ...

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2017

Biology, 2021

Simple Summary Patients with gastric cancer may present variations in the copy number of the HER2... more Simple Summary Patients with gastric cancer may present variations in the copy number of the HER2 gene in their primary tumors. The techniques used to detect these variations and HER2 overexpression render false positive and negative results with high frequency, and robust methodologies are required to assess this amplification and confidently select patients who may benefit from HER2-specific monoclonal antibody-based therapies. We addressed this issue by molecular biology techniques using DNA samples from tumor or distal tissue of gastric cancer patients. The HER2 and a control (IFNG) gene were subjected to differential (diffPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). A cut-off point above which patients can be deemed positive was set based on the HER2/IFNG ratio, achieved using DNA from 30 healthy donors. Both, diffPCR and qPCR, identified the presence of somatic HER2 amplifications in 25% of patients in DNA from tumoral tissue, but not distal, paired tissue samples. Immunohistochemistry a...

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2016

Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian... more Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian (Colombia) ethnic group. Results are compared with other World populations in order to obtain information about Chimila and Amerindian Health promotion, Amerindian origins and America peopling. Written consent was obtained from Chimila subjects to be included in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and HLA DNA genotyping was carried out by standard methods. Analyses of Chimila relatedness with other Amerindians and worldwide populations was performed with a standard NJ dendrogram and correspondence analyses methodology. Chimila HLA gene profile showed to be related to that of other Amerindians groups. New complete HLA extended haplotypes were obtained. Some of them are described for the first time. Also, specific genealogical comparisons were done between Chimila Amerindians and Pacific Islanders by using specific HLA alleles. Our conclusions are: 1) These new data and HLA extended ha...

Open Medicine Journal, 2015

HLA genes (class I and II) have been studied in a Kurd population from Iran (North West towns of ... more HLA genes (class I and II) have been studied in a Kurd population from Iran (North West towns of Saqqez and Baneh, close to Irak border). Kurds speak an Iranian language. HLA Kurd profile has been compared with those of Central Asians, Siberians, Mediterraneans and other worldwide populations; a total of 7746 chromosomes were used for computer comparisons. Both Neighbor-joining and correspondence genetic analyses place Kurds in the Mediterranean population cluster, close to Iranians, Europeans and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgian). New extended HLA haplotypes are described, being A*02:01-B*35:01-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01 and A*24:02-B*18:09-DRB1*11:01- DQB1*03:01 the most frequent ones; other Kurd extended haplotypes are also found in Azeris and Palestinians. This research work may be useful for: 1) future Iranian Kurds transplantation regional programs, 2) HLA pharmacogenomics in order to practise a preventive Medicine and drug side effects, and 3) Epidemiology of HLA-associated...

Open Medicine Journal, 2018

Background:HLA-G molecules are immunosuppressive and avoid fetal rejection by giving negative sig... more Background:HLA-G molecules are immunosuppressive and avoid fetal rejection by giving negative signals to maternal immune system from fetal trophoblast cell surface. HLA-G genes have been associated to different pathologies: Spontaneous abortions, autoimmunity, tumor progression, transplant rejection and infection. In addition, different World populations show remarkable different HLA-G allele frequencies in the allele that does not produce a full HLA-G molecule (HLA-G*05N); this allele is almost absent in studied Amerindians.Objectives:The aim is to study HLA-A.-B,-DRB1 and –G alleles and extended haplotypes in Amerindians for the first time. This may be useful to asses HLA-G epidemiology, association to disease and Preventive Medicine in Amerindians.Methods:HLA-A,-B and -DRB1 have been typed by using standard automatic protocols. HLA-G alleles have been detected by direct HLA-G exon 2, exon 3 and exon 4 DNA sequencing. Computer calculations have been done by specific standard metho...

Human immunology, 2018

Original San Basilio de Palenque population (North Colombia) fled from Spanish traders that carri... more Original San Basilio de Palenque population (North Colombia) fled from Spanish traders that carried them as slaves and they funded in nearby Maria Mountains a fortified town (Palenque). They started helping new Africans brought as slaves to flee and join them. Most of them spoke a Bantu-Congo language and nowadays they speak the only one extant Bantu-Spanish Creole language. Spanish Crown was forced to issue a decree declaring them free (1691 CE), more than 100 years before than Haiti Republic existed. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles were studied and further computer procedures were performed with Arlequin 3.5 software. No Amerindian or Europeans gene flow to this population was found. However, three specific HLA extended haplotypes are found in this population, which may reflect an isolation from other Africans or Afro-Americans also. This may be due to the maintenance of their own African culture, and even their unique Creole language.

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2017

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2015

Scientific Reports

HLA and disease studies by using single allele statistics have been fruitless during the last 40 ... more HLA and disease studies by using single allele statistics have been fruitless during the last 40 years for explaining association pathogenesis of the associated diseases.Other approaches are necessary to untangle this puzzle. We aim to revisit complement alleleism in humans and primates for both studying MHC and disease association to complotypes and extended MHC haplotypes in order to also explain the positive directional selection of maintaining immune response genes (complement, MHC adaptive and MHC non-specific genes) that keeps these three type of genes together in a short chromosome stretch (MHC) for million years. These genes may be linked to conjointly avoid microbes attack and autoimmunity. In the present paper, it is obtained a new Bf chimpanzee allele, provisionaly named Patr-Bf*A:01,that differs from other Bf alleles by having CTG at eleventh codon of exon 2 in order to start the newly suggested methodology and explain functional and evolutionary MHC obscure aspects. Exo...

Scientific Reports

The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years bc) towards M... more The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years bc) towards Mediterranean area had probably a double effect: both genetic and cultural connections have been described between Western Europe and North Africa. Sudanese populations from different ethnicities have been studied for HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 antigens by a standard microlymphotoxicity method. Results found show that Nubians are genetically related with African Sub-Saharan populations and distant from other Sudanese tribes, who are closer to Mediterranean populations than to Sub-Saharan ones. This is concordant with other authors and meta-analysis data. Our present work is, to our knowledge, the first and only one HLA research that studies Sudanese people according to different Sudan ethnic groups: samples were collected before Sudan partition between North and South. A prehistoric genetic and peoples exchange between Africa and the Mediterranean basin may be observed and is supported wi...

Human Immunology

Nahua population (also named Aztecs or Mexicas) were studied for HLA class II genes in a Mexican ... more Nahua population (also named Aztecs or Mexicas) were studied for HLA class II genes in a Mexican rural city (Santo Domingo Ocotitlan, Morelos State) belonging to the nowadays Náhuatl speaking areas in Mexico. The most frequent HLA class II alleles were typical Amerindian (HLA-DRB1*04:07, DQB1*03:01 DRB1*04:03 or DRB1*04:04) and also were some calculated extended haplotypes (HLA-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02,DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02, or DRB1*10:01-DQB1*05:01 among others). When using HLA-DRB1 Neís genetic distances, our isolated Nahua population was found to be close to other Central America Amerindians like the ancientestablished Mayans or Mixe. This may suggest that Nahuas origin was also from Central America. In contrast to legend that says they came from the North, and they built the Aztec Empire after submitting neighbouring ethnic groups before 1521 CE when Spaniards led by Hernán Cortés arrived to Mexico.

La garantia de calidad en el ambito universitario puede considerarse como la atencion sistematica... more La garantia de calidad en el ambito universitario puede considerarse como la atencion sistematica, estructurada y continua a las titulaciones ofertadas. La garantia de calidad se compromete a poner en marcha los medios que aseguren y demuestren la calidad de los programas formativos que se desarrollan en cada una de las titulaciones ofrecidas por la Universidad y asi cumplir con la obligacion que tiene con la sociedad. El presente proyecto nace como fruto de la responsabilidad adquirida para el cumplimiento de las funciones encomendadas y, con el objetivo de seguir adoptando una estrategia de mejora continua de la calidad de la docencia y satisfaccion de los colectivos implicados en el proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje (Profesorado, Estudiantes y PAS).

International Journal of Immunogenetics, 2021

HLA‐G allele frequencies were studied in Yucatán (Mexico) Maya Amerindians by a direct exon DNA s... more HLA‐G allele frequencies were studied in Yucatán (Mexico) Maya Amerindians by a direct exon DNA sequencing technique. It is described that Mayas are probably one of the first populations together with Olmecs that populated Meso America and that important HLA genetic differences between Mexican and Guatemalan Mayas support that Maya languages were imposed to several neighbouring Amerindian groups. HLA‐G*01:01:02, HLA‐G*01:01:01 and HLA‐G*01:04:01 are the most frequent alleles in this population. It is remarkable that HLA‐G*01:05N allele was not found in the population in accordance with similar results found in another Amerindians. Also, protein allele HLA‐G*01:04 frequency is found not to differ to those found in another far or close living Amerindians in contrast to other World populations. It seems that while high HLA‐G*01:05N frequency is found in Iran and Middle East populations, probably where this allele appeared within an ancestral HLA‐A*19 group of alleles haplotype and it is maintained by unknown evolutionary forces, Amerindians do not have a high frequency because a founder effect or because required natural evolutionary forces do not exist in America. Finally, we believe useful to study HLA‐G evolution for its physiopathology understanding in addition to the many papers on statistics on HLA‐G and in vitro models that are yearly published.

The Open Ornithology Journal, 2017

Introduction:GenusCarduelis(Fringillidaefamily) includes goldfinches, siskins, redpolls, greenfin... more Introduction:GenusCarduelis(Fringillidaefamily) includes goldfinches, siskins, redpolls, greenfinches and crossbills. Many of the species classified within this genus and other related genera have been grouped by using molecular systematics and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt cyt b) gene. According to this, the Eurasian siskin (C. spinus)is the only one extant direct ancestor of several North American finches; North American / South American radiations may have been originated by Eurasian siskin (or extinct relative). In the present work, we aim to perform a study of transpecies and transcontinental analyses of MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I alleles in several genusCarduelis/Spinusspecies in order to draw evolutionary conclusions in several wild bird species belonging to the genusCarduelis / Spinus.Materials and Methods:Blood was taken from worldwide wild bird species. Passerine phylogeny was done after analysing mtDNA with Maximun Likelihood and Bayesian dendrogr...

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), Jan 30, 2015

TCR-αβ(+) double-negative (DN; CD4(-)CD8(-)) T cells represent a poorly understood cellular subse... more TCR-αβ(+) double-negative (DN; CD4(-)CD8(-)) T cells represent a poorly understood cellular subset suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. DN T cells have been proposed to derive from CD8(+) cells. However, the conditions that govern the loss of CD8 expression after Ag encounter are unknown. In this study, we tracked the fate of CD8 T cells from transgenic TCR mice exposed to their cognate Ags as self or in the context of infection. We demonstrate that CD8 T cells lose CD8 expression and become DN only when cognate Ag is sensed as self. This process is restricted to tissues where the Ag is present. We also show that DN T cells derived from self-reactive CD8 cells express the inhibitory molecules PD-1 and Helios. These molecules identify a subset of DN T cells in normal mice. A similar population expands when CD8 T cells from repertoires enriched in self-reactive cells (Aire-deficient) are transferred into cognate hosts. Col...

Biology of Reproduction, 1999

Frontiers in Immunology, 2022

HLA-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule with immunomodulatory properties. It was initially ... more HLA-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule with immunomodulatory properties. It was initially described at the maternal-fetal interface, and it was later found that this molecule was constitutively expressed on certain immuneprivileged tissues, such as cornea, endothelial and erythroid precursors, and thymus. The immunosuppressive effect of HLA-G is exerted through the interaction with its cognate receptors, expressed on immunocompetent cells, like ILT2, expressed on NK, B, T cells and APCs; ILT4, on APCs; KIR, found on the surface of NK cells; and finally, the co-receptor CD8. Because of these immunomodulatory functions, HLA-G has been involved in several processes, amongst which organ transplantation, viral infections, cancer progression, and autoimmunity. HLA-G neo-expression on tumors has been recently described in several types of malignancies. In fact, tumor progression is tightly linked to the presence of the molecule, as it exerts its tolerogenic function, inhibiting the ...

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2017

Biology, 2021

Simple Summary Patients with gastric cancer may present variations in the copy number of the HER2... more Simple Summary Patients with gastric cancer may present variations in the copy number of the HER2 gene in their primary tumors. The techniques used to detect these variations and HER2 overexpression render false positive and negative results with high frequency, and robust methodologies are required to assess this amplification and confidently select patients who may benefit from HER2-specific monoclonal antibody-based therapies. We addressed this issue by molecular biology techniques using DNA samples from tumor or distal tissue of gastric cancer patients. The HER2 and a control (IFNG) gene were subjected to differential (diffPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). A cut-off point above which patients can be deemed positive was set based on the HER2/IFNG ratio, achieved using DNA from 30 healthy donors. Both, diffPCR and qPCR, identified the presence of somatic HER2 amplifications in 25% of patients in DNA from tumoral tissue, but not distal, paired tissue samples. Immunohistochemistry a...

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2016

Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian... more Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian (Colombia) ethnic group. Results are compared with other World populations in order to obtain information about Chimila and Amerindian Health promotion, Amerindian origins and America peopling. Written consent was obtained from Chimila subjects to be included in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and HLA DNA genotyping was carried out by standard methods. Analyses of Chimila relatedness with other Amerindians and worldwide populations was performed with a standard NJ dendrogram and correspondence analyses methodology. Chimila HLA gene profile showed to be related to that of other Amerindians groups. New complete HLA extended haplotypes were obtained. Some of them are described for the first time. Also, specific genealogical comparisons were done between Chimila Amerindians and Pacific Islanders by using specific HLA alleles. Our conclusions are: 1) These new data and HLA extended ha...

Open Medicine Journal, 2015

HLA genes (class I and II) have been studied in a Kurd population from Iran (North West towns of ... more HLA genes (class I and II) have been studied in a Kurd population from Iran (North West towns of Saqqez and Baneh, close to Irak border). Kurds speak an Iranian language. HLA Kurd profile has been compared with those of Central Asians, Siberians, Mediterraneans and other worldwide populations; a total of 7746 chromosomes were used for computer comparisons. Both Neighbor-joining and correspondence genetic analyses place Kurds in the Mediterranean population cluster, close to Iranians, Europeans and Caucasus populations (Svan and Georgian). New extended HLA haplotypes are described, being A*02:01-B*35:01-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01 and A*24:02-B*18:09-DRB1*11:01- DQB1*03:01 the most frequent ones; other Kurd extended haplotypes are also found in Azeris and Palestinians. This research work may be useful for: 1) future Iranian Kurds transplantation regional programs, 2) HLA pharmacogenomics in order to practise a preventive Medicine and drug side effects, and 3) Epidemiology of HLA-associated...

Open Medicine Journal, 2018

Background:HLA-G molecules are immunosuppressive and avoid fetal rejection by giving negative sig... more Background:HLA-G molecules are immunosuppressive and avoid fetal rejection by giving negative signals to maternal immune system from fetal trophoblast cell surface. HLA-G genes have been associated to different pathologies: Spontaneous abortions, autoimmunity, tumor progression, transplant rejection and infection. In addition, different World populations show remarkable different HLA-G allele frequencies in the allele that does not produce a full HLA-G molecule (HLA-G*05N); this allele is almost absent in studied Amerindians.Objectives:The aim is to study HLA-A.-B,-DRB1 and –G alleles and extended haplotypes in Amerindians for the first time. This may be useful to asses HLA-G epidemiology, association to disease and Preventive Medicine in Amerindians.Methods:HLA-A,-B and -DRB1 have been typed by using standard automatic protocols. HLA-G alleles have been detected by direct HLA-G exon 2, exon 3 and exon 4 DNA sequencing. Computer calculations have been done by specific standard metho...

Human immunology, 2018

Original San Basilio de Palenque population (North Colombia) fled from Spanish traders that carri... more Original San Basilio de Palenque population (North Colombia) fled from Spanish traders that carried them as slaves and they funded in nearby Maria Mountains a fortified town (Palenque). They started helping new Africans brought as slaves to flee and join them. Most of them spoke a Bantu-Congo language and nowadays they speak the only one extant Bantu-Spanish Creole language. Spanish Crown was forced to issue a decree declaring them free (1691 CE), more than 100 years before than Haiti Republic existed. HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles were studied and further computer procedures were performed with Arlequin 3.5 software. No Amerindian or Europeans gene flow to this population was found. However, three specific HLA extended haplotypes are found in this population, which may reflect an isolation from other Africans or Afro-Americans also. This may be due to the maintenance of their own African culture, and even their unique Creole language.

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2017

International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 2015