Muhammad Arslan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Muhammad Arslan
Since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the miracle happened, under the leadership of Muhamma... more Since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the miracle happened, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah the minority converted into majority. The Quaid addressed in 1st Constitutional assembly of Pakistan announced equal rights for every citizen of Pakistan and too much focused on minorities of Pakistan for their equal rights. The constitution of Pakistan 1973 guarantees the equal rights for every citizen but there is lot of marginalized groups neglected by the society. This paper focusing on the three minority groups including Christians, Sikhs and Hindus these groups are considering as marginalized. The study reveals the constitutional rights implementation for equal treatment for these minorities. The study also explores the response of society and institutions of Pakistan for equal treatment with these groups. The Study is the combination of both primary and secondary and data collected from 7 districts of Punjab. After the completion of the study, an analysis come to know that the lot these groups are neglecting by the society for their equal treatment. The government of Pakistan should have to develop new mechanism for providence of equal treatment, and implementations of constitutional guarantees.
Annals of Human and Social Sciences , 2022
The catastrophic event of 1971 separation of East Pakistan is great riddle for researchers. Large... more The catastrophic event of 1971 separation of East Pakistan is great riddle for researchers. Large number of books and articles are available on this issue, but the quest of truth is still prevailing in the academic sphere. The estimated numbers of causalities are the main controversial point in the minds of people especially the concerned parties. Bangladesh side claims that there were massive war crimes from the Pakistani army including torture, killing and rapes. Where the Pakistan stance is different due to the responsibility burden, Pakistan consider Bangladesh stance as an exaggeration and denunciation. Indian side also back Bangladesh's propaganda due to its rivalry with Pakistan. Neutral observers provide some use full details on the death toll of 1971 which is more near to the stance of effected party. Some of the writers declare it great deception from Pakistan army which undermines the causalities. Some claim it as ethnic cleansing or genocide. The purpose of this research is to present the true picture of war Realities which would be more balanced and neutral description of 1971. Both primary and secondary data has been taken from government reports, research articles, newspapers etc.
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMEN, 2022
Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other i... more Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other international and regional organizations. These human rights treaties focus on human rights protection in democratic society where every individual have their rights. These treaties also give the framework for rights of all types of the minorities living in state. Minorities' rights protection means that people from different ethnicities, nationalities and religion enjoy fundamental rights like freedom, nondiscrimination, political and civil rights. But sometimes in states like Pakistan, social norms, slow process of decision making and policy execution interrupt minorities to enjoy their basic rights. The study aimed to elucidate minorities' rights protection in Punjab, specially focused on Sikh minority in Punjab. Sikhs are facing lot of issues like other minorities are facing. Primary data has been collected from Sikh community residing in Punjab. 120 Sikhs have been selected for survey and among 120, (112 males & 08 female) through questionnaire. There is a dire need to focus upon the minorities so that they can live freely in Pakistan according to their own faith.
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 4, Issue 4, 2021
of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The focus of this research wo... more of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The focus of this research work is to elucidate minorities rights focused on Christian Minority mechanism in Punjab and to explore the difference between theory and practice. The data has been collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data has been collected through questionnaire. The data was collected from 800 Christian minority people from Punjab. After analysis of data it has come to know that there is a difference in theory and its implications. The government should more focus on minorities rights mechanism and mindset of people should be change towards protection of minorities rights.
Research Article, 2022
Religious Minorities are facing serious issues in Pakistan. They are living and having a lot of i... more Religious Minorities are facing serious issues in Pakistan. They are living and having a lot of issues in toleration from the society. Article 20 of the Constitution states that every Pakistani citizen have liberty to establish their religious institutions and practice their own religion. With all these equal rights mentioned in constitution the country has lack of implementation of state policies. The purpose of the research is to explore the realities about the Hindu group and dealing with them by society. The constitution of 1973 provides the guarantee of equal rights of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The Special focus of this research is to collect primary data from Hindu Minority. For this purpose, a questionnaire has designed to get the basic information form Hindu Minority.
PalArch's Journals, 2021
An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. ... more An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. To analyze the policy-making process, various approaches, theories, and models have been introduced by social and political scientists. American political scientist Harold Laswell presented the term ‘Public Policy’ in 1951 initially. Laswell projected a multi-disciplinary innovative dexterous approach to control the political procedures of industrialized civilizations of Post-World War II. At present, the study of policy process and analysis has quickly established a higher level of theoretical framework commonly in the West. The theoretical approaches that are primarily connected with public policy formulation are rational-choice theory, incremental theory, policy output analysis, political system theory, and institutionalism, group theory, and elite theory. The cyclic/stages model offers a systematic framework for the examination of public policies. A reviewing study of theoretical approaches to study public policy was initiated, which explored the process of public policy as a cyclic model. The purpose of the study is to learn about the different approaches to study public policy. The finding indicates that the complex process of public policy formulation will relatively convert into the easiest mode by following the logical apparatus of the cyclic model. This paper recommends that the cyclic/stages model offers an upright design and methodical framework to examine public policies and could be used for data collection.
Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 2021
It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India... more It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India. Nevertheless, Pakistan was also the homeland of many other religious natives such as Christian, Sikhs, Hindus, Parsis, Buddhists. Even many Jews lived in Pakistan who were the natives of this land for centuries before the partition of 1947. All of these religions are completely different from each other and also have their rituals, traditions, language, caste system, creed, ethnicity, marriage, and divorce laws. All of Pakistan’s constitutions give minorities equal rights, but when in the 1960s, Pakistan developed its first family laws for Muslims and launched “Nikah Nama”, and made other rules and regulations for the majority of its population but forgot about its minorities. Pakistan’s minorities suffer under Anglo Hindu Laws and The Christian Marriage Act of 1872 until recently. Pakistan introduced The Sindh Hindus Marriage Act 2016, the Hindu Marriage Act of 2017 Passed by the Nati...
Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 2020
Empowerment under the local self-government system is a longawaited desire of the citizens of Pak... more Empowerment under the local self-government system is a longawaited desire of the citizens of Pakistan. As Pakistan is a land of diverse cultures and traditions, a single formula for all the decentralizing units would never serve the purpose of empowerment of marginalized communities and national development. Thus, the local government system is the only way to strengthen Pakistan's democratization and the issues at grass root level. This research paper is an analysis of the
Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2019
Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In al... more Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In altered military governments, Pakistan faced severe swipes in public policy formulation since first martial law of Ayub Khan to the last military government of General Musharraf. Military governments tried to get de-jure prestige after coming into power and designed the government structure to sponsor their interests. Under military governance, performance of judiciary, religious leaders, external players and local administration persisted in critical situation. During military regimes, transformation program was executed in the country through public policy formulation intended to bring broadminded modifications in the constitution, legal and public domains of the country. This study will observe the major policies of the military regimes in Pakistan and their impacts on social setup of the country. The core purpose of this study is to scrutinize the process of public policy formulation i...
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, 2021
During the Pakistan Movement and after its creation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah always admi... more During the Pakistan Movement and after its creation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah always admired the support of Pakistan by the leadership of the other religions. After getting independence, Quaid-e-Azam, as a governor-general, promised free will, absolute free-living, equal rights, and equal identities of all citizens, including religious minorities in the newly born state. All three constitutions of the state followed UNCHR and gave equal rights and freedom to worship according to any religion to its citizens. However, with time attitude of political leadership, the approach of society, structure of the system changed. New laws introduced by new leadership and political suppression took place and made the religious minorities a marginalised community. Now, the political participation of these religious minorities is below the average. Constitution of 1973 reserved ten seats for minorities
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, 2021
It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India... more It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India. Nevertheless, Pakistan was also the homeland of many other religious natives such as Christian, Sikhs, Hindus, Parsis, Buddhists. Even many Jews lived in Pakistan who were the natives of this land for centuries before the partition of 1947. All of these religions are completely different from each other and also have their rituals, traditions, language, caste system, creed, ethnicity, marriage, and divorce laws. All of Pakistan's constitutions give minorities equal rights, but when in the 1960s, Pakistan developed its first family laws for Muslims and launched "Nikah Nama", and made other rules and regulations for the majority of its population but forgot about its minorities. Pakistan's minorities suffer under
PSSR, 2018
This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their imp... more This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their implementation in the country specially focused on Faisalabad division. In Islam every human has equal rights, but in Pakistan it is hard to say that “Transgender” has been neglected or being ignored by the governments and society. This paper highlights various issues faced by this community in Pakistan. The research is based on Primary data and analysis of this paper shows that Government fails to implement passed law regarding this marginalized section of the society. There should be need to provide education, health and economic opportunities for this community.
PalArch's Journals, 2021
An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. ... more An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. To analyze the policy-making process, various approaches, theories, and models have been introduced by social and political scientists. American political scientist Harold Laswell presented the term ‘Public Policy’ in 1951 initially. Laswell projected a multi-disciplinary innovative dexterous approach to control the political procedures of industrialized civilizations of Post-World War II. At present, the study of policy process and analysis has quickly established a higher level of theoretical framework commonly in the West. The theoretical approaches that are primarily connected with public policy formulation are rational-choice theory, incremental theory, policy output analysis, political system theory, and institutionalism, group theory, and elite theory. The cyclic/stages model offers a systematic framework for the examination of public policies. A reviewing study of theoretical approaches to study public policy was initiated, which explored the process of public policy as a cyclic model. The purpose of the study is to learn about the different approaches to study public policy. The finding indicates that the complex process of public policy formulation will relatively convert into the easiest mode by following the logical apparatus of the cyclic model. This paper recommends that the cyclic/stages model offers an upright design and methodical framework to examine public policies and could be used for data collection.
South Asia has plausible economic growth, preponderant natural resources, energetic labour, ferti... more South Asia has plausible economic growth, preponderant natural resources, energetic labour, fertile landmass and extended maritime space which provide vital access to its five nations with international trade network. Despite these excellent opportunities and potentials, terrorism has befallen as the major handicap to progress and stability in the region. The conflicts and terrorism practices are deeply ingrained in South Asia. South Asia is facing serious challenges such as corruption, poverty, unemployment, marginalization of some minorities and small provinces in socioeconomic aspects which incites the menaces of separatism, extremism and ethnic nationalism. Pakistan is the most dangerous place after Afghanistan on earth due to terrorism phenomena. Terrorism is a major factor which is posing threat to Pakistan's stability and livings of its denizens. Pakistan has tolerated bunch of problems due to war on terror and still devouring by its chronic impacts. The war on terror considerably affected the internal dynamic of Pakistan's demography and domestic security. The aim of this research is to investigate terrorism conundrum imperially and also evaluate its lethal impacts on Pakistan. Another objective of the study is to shed lights on war on terror as a challenge to Pakistan's sovereignty. This study critically assesses and evaluates the issue in the perspective of historical facts and current context regarding terrorism stigma. Chronological data was collected from different journals, books, newspapers and magazines.
Afghanistan and India has been emerged as close affiliates after the Incumbent Karzai regime. She... more Afghanistan and India has been emerged as close affiliates after the Incumbent Karzai regime. She has helped Afghanistan in infrastructural development, institutionalizing capacity building, small development projects, assistance in food procurement, imparting training to Afghanistan’s students on scholarships. India has signed Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) with Afghanistan in the year of 2011. All the neighbouring states and Pakistan as well have vested interests and key objectives in Afghanistan and to guard their interests and retain peace in the region. Afghanistan has been victim of regional and international hegemonic designs of Super Powers. It has great importance to outreach the Central Asian Republic States (CARS). India is trying to increase its influence in Afghanistan which is very much disturbing for Pakistan as India’s growing influence in Afghanistan is the strategic loss for Pakistan. The prevalent security dilemma has increased the mistrust between India and Pakistan. The increased influence of India in Afghanistan is rankling in the strategist’s minds of Pakistan as it debilitates the psychological advantages of Pakistan over India. The stable and tranquil Afghanistan is need of the hour for Pakistan as it is a gateway to Central Asia, South Asia and Middle East. The growing relationship of India with Afghanistan is vitiating the strategic depth paradigm of Pakistan.
Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In al... more Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In altered military governments, Pakistan faced severe swipes in public policy formulation since first martial law of Ayub Khan to the last military government of General Musharraf. Military governments tried to get de-jure prestige after coming into power and designed the government structure to sponsor their interests. Under military governance, performance of judiciary, religious leaders, external players and local administration persisted in critical situation. During military regimes, transformation program was executed in the country through public policy formulation intended to bring broadminded modifications in the constitution, legal and public domains of the country. This study will observe the major policies of the military regimes in Pakistan and their impacts on social setup of the country. The core purpose of this study is to scrutinize the process of public policy formulation in Pakistan during military regimes, their effects upon the socio-political environment of Pakistan and addresses the key causes of disappointing results of these policies. The causes of armed forces interventions in politics of Pakistan will also be analyzed. The findings specifies that pitiable articulation of policies, feeble establishment, dominating behavior of military executives, poor structure of funds management, varied interests of community and that execution of public policies blemished by exploitation are noteworthy reasons to failure of public policies in the country. The study acclaims rearrangement of sociopolitical situations as benevolent expansions for difficulties of public policy.
Indian society has been divided in the standpoint of contentious constitutional developments that... more Indian society has been divided in the standpoint of contentious constitutional developments that have made in the second consecutive tenure of BJP in the history of India. Stiff ideology of Modi's government may pave the way to replace the state secularism with Hinduism. For improvising theocratic values in the state affairs, drastic steps have been taken by the current government of BJP & State Institutions. These constitutional updates are making intentionally to marginalize the second largest Muslim community of India. Research work mainly focuses on the issues of CAB-NRC, abolish of special status of Kashmir and Ayodhya verdict. Paper is explaining, how the Muslim community is directly affecting from these amendments and what would be the long term impacts & implications on Indian society while how the Muslim community is responding on these constitutional changes. On the other hand, it is deeply examining the multi ethno-religious society of India could digest the bitter doze of supremacist tenets of BJP government.
This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their imp... more This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their implementation in the country specially focused on Faisalabad division. In Islam every human has equal rights, but in Pakistan it is hard to say that “Transgender” has been neglected or being ignored by the governments and society. This paper highlights various issues faced by this community in Pakistan. The research is based on Primary data and analysis of this paper shows that Government fails to implement passed law regarding this marginalized section of the society. There should be need to provide education, health and economic opportunities for this community.
Like many other developing countries, Pakistan experienced dictatorship and collapse of parliamen... more Like many other developing countries, Pakistan experienced dictatorship and collapse of parliamentary system four times moreover, the immature attitude of political leaders enforcing the military to do unconstitutional act in Pakistan. PPP remained the most dominant political party of Pakistan and four times has got a chance to remain in power. After the assassination of Benazir, Bhutto party won the majority vote in 2008 election and made coalition government. Pakistan people party government adopts the policy of reconciliation and revives the constitution in its original shape and it was the first time in the history of Pakistan when democratic government completed its full tenure. In its period it passed three significantly important amendments and women empowerment bill. PPP government adopted the policy of reconciliation and revives the constitution in its original shape.
Federalism is a form of state in which the component provinces and units under a political organi... more Federalism is a form of state in which the component provinces and units under a political organization take part by sharing powers and functions through cooperative manners despite of having ethnic pluralism and cultural diversities. Federalism is considered to be wide range of institutional arrangements under the auspice of constitution to mitigate trust deficit and diversities to ensure political and social participation in acquiring national interests by maintaining political identities of distinct groups and units. A number of political scholars stated that the federal system of Pakistan remained under many martial laws imposed by various dictators or military men. They did not pay any attention for giving provincial autonomy to the federating units of the country without taking into account the participation of ethnic minorities. This structure of federalism was run by the military and civil bureaucracy for long since rather than democratic regimes. In addition, many time the constitutions of Pakistan such as 1956, 1962 and 1973 were abrogated and suspended during martial laws. Having hegemonic design of central government, plenty of time provincial governments were dissolved and emergencies were executed by intervening in the jurisdiction of provinces. This article analyzes the issues and conflicts emerged in the federal system of the country in the shape of distinct linguistic, economic, fiscal and ethnic dimensions by the monopoly of center. This article also sheds light on constitutional amendments done in various times till now.
Since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the miracle happened, under the leadership of Muhamma... more Since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the miracle happened, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah the minority converted into majority. The Quaid addressed in 1st Constitutional assembly of Pakistan announced equal rights for every citizen of Pakistan and too much focused on minorities of Pakistan for their equal rights. The constitution of Pakistan 1973 guarantees the equal rights for every citizen but there is lot of marginalized groups neglected by the society. This paper focusing on the three minority groups including Christians, Sikhs and Hindus these groups are considering as marginalized. The study reveals the constitutional rights implementation for equal treatment for these minorities. The study also explores the response of society and institutions of Pakistan for equal treatment with these groups. The Study is the combination of both primary and secondary and data collected from 7 districts of Punjab. After the completion of the study, an analysis come to know that the lot these groups are neglecting by the society for their equal treatment. The government of Pakistan should have to develop new mechanism for providence of equal treatment, and implementations of constitutional guarantees.
Annals of Human and Social Sciences , 2022
The catastrophic event of 1971 separation of East Pakistan is great riddle for researchers. Large... more The catastrophic event of 1971 separation of East Pakistan is great riddle for researchers. Large number of books and articles are available on this issue, but the quest of truth is still prevailing in the academic sphere. The estimated numbers of causalities are the main controversial point in the minds of people especially the concerned parties. Bangladesh side claims that there were massive war crimes from the Pakistani army including torture, killing and rapes. Where the Pakistan stance is different due to the responsibility burden, Pakistan consider Bangladesh stance as an exaggeration and denunciation. Indian side also back Bangladesh's propaganda due to its rivalry with Pakistan. Neutral observers provide some use full details on the death toll of 1971 which is more near to the stance of effected party. Some of the writers declare it great deception from Pakistan army which undermines the causalities. Some claim it as ethnic cleansing or genocide. The purpose of this research is to present the true picture of war Realities which would be more balanced and neutral description of 1971. Both primary and secondary data has been taken from government reports, research articles, newspapers etc.
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMEN, 2022
Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other i... more Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other international and regional organizations. These human rights treaties focus on human rights protection in democratic society where every individual have their rights. These treaties also give the framework for rights of all types of the minorities living in state. Minorities' rights protection means that people from different ethnicities, nationalities and religion enjoy fundamental rights like freedom, nondiscrimination, political and civil rights. But sometimes in states like Pakistan, social norms, slow process of decision making and policy execution interrupt minorities to enjoy their basic rights. The study aimed to elucidate minorities' rights protection in Punjab, specially focused on Sikh minority in Punjab. Sikhs are facing lot of issues like other minorities are facing. Primary data has been collected from Sikh community residing in Punjab. 120 Sikhs have been selected for survey and among 120, (112 males & 08 female) through questionnaire. There is a dire need to focus upon the minorities so that they can live freely in Pakistan according to their own faith.
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, Vol 4, Issue 4, 2021
of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The focus of this research wo... more of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The focus of this research work is to elucidate minorities rights focused on Christian Minority mechanism in Punjab and to explore the difference between theory and practice. The data has been collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data has been collected through questionnaire. The data was collected from 800 Christian minority people from Punjab. After analysis of data it has come to know that there is a difference in theory and its implications. The government should more focus on minorities rights mechanism and mindset of people should be change towards protection of minorities rights.
Research Article, 2022
Religious Minorities are facing serious issues in Pakistan. They are living and having a lot of i... more Religious Minorities are facing serious issues in Pakistan. They are living and having a lot of issues in toleration from the society. Article 20 of the Constitution states that every Pakistani citizen have liberty to establish their religious institutions and practice their own religion. With all these equal rights mentioned in constitution the country has lack of implementation of state policies. The purpose of the research is to explore the realities about the Hindu group and dealing with them by society. The constitution of 1973 provides the guarantee of equal rights of citizen, but some marginalized groups suppressed by the society. The Special focus of this research is to collect primary data from Hindu Minority. For this purpose, a questionnaire has designed to get the basic information form Hindu Minority.
PalArch's Journals, 2021
An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. ... more An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. To analyze the policy-making process, various approaches, theories, and models have been introduced by social and political scientists. American political scientist Harold Laswell presented the term ‘Public Policy’ in 1951 initially. Laswell projected a multi-disciplinary innovative dexterous approach to control the political procedures of industrialized civilizations of Post-World War II. At present, the study of policy process and analysis has quickly established a higher level of theoretical framework commonly in the West. The theoretical approaches that are primarily connected with public policy formulation are rational-choice theory, incremental theory, policy output analysis, political system theory, and institutionalism, group theory, and elite theory. The cyclic/stages model offers a systematic framework for the examination of public policies. A reviewing study of theoretical approaches to study public policy was initiated, which explored the process of public policy as a cyclic model. The purpose of the study is to learn about the different approaches to study public policy. The finding indicates that the complex process of public policy formulation will relatively convert into the easiest mode by following the logical apparatus of the cyclic model. This paper recommends that the cyclic/stages model offers an upright design and methodical framework to examine public policies and could be used for data collection.
Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 2021
It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India... more It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India. Nevertheless, Pakistan was also the homeland of many other religious natives such as Christian, Sikhs, Hindus, Parsis, Buddhists. Even many Jews lived in Pakistan who were the natives of this land for centuries before the partition of 1947. All of these religions are completely different from each other and also have their rituals, traditions, language, caste system, creed, ethnicity, marriage, and divorce laws. All of Pakistan’s constitutions give minorities equal rights, but when in the 1960s, Pakistan developed its first family laws for Muslims and launched “Nikah Nama”, and made other rules and regulations for the majority of its population but forgot about its minorities. Pakistan’s minorities suffer under Anglo Hindu Laws and The Christian Marriage Act of 1872 until recently. Pakistan introduced The Sindh Hindus Marriage Act 2016, the Hindu Marriage Act of 2017 Passed by the Nati...
Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 2020
Empowerment under the local self-government system is a longawaited desire of the citizens of Pak... more Empowerment under the local self-government system is a longawaited desire of the citizens of Pakistan. As Pakistan is a land of diverse cultures and traditions, a single formula for all the decentralizing units would never serve the purpose of empowerment of marginalized communities and national development. Thus, the local government system is the only way to strengthen Pakistan's democratization and the issues at grass root level. This research paper is an analysis of the
Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2019
Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In al... more Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In altered military governments, Pakistan faced severe swipes in public policy formulation since first martial law of Ayub Khan to the last military government of General Musharraf. Military governments tried to get de-jure prestige after coming into power and designed the government structure to sponsor their interests. Under military governance, performance of judiciary, religious leaders, external players and local administration persisted in critical situation. During military regimes, transformation program was executed in the country through public policy formulation intended to bring broadminded modifications in the constitution, legal and public domains of the country. This study will observe the major policies of the military regimes in Pakistan and their impacts on social setup of the country. The core purpose of this study is to scrutinize the process of public policy formulation i...
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, 2021
During the Pakistan Movement and after its creation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah always admi... more During the Pakistan Movement and after its creation, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah always admired the support of Pakistan by the leadership of the other religions. After getting independence, Quaid-e-Azam, as a governor-general, promised free will, absolute free-living, equal rights, and equal identities of all citizens, including religious minorities in the newly born state. All three constitutions of the state followed UNCHR and gave equal rights and freedom to worship according to any religion to its citizens. However, with time attitude of political leadership, the approach of society, structure of the system changed. New laws introduced by new leadership and political suppression took place and made the religious minorities a marginalised community. Now, the political participation of these religious minorities is below the average. Constitution of 1973 reserved ten seats for minorities
Pak. Journal of Int’L Affairs, 2021
It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India... more It is famously narrated that Pakistan came into being as a state for the Muslim minority of India. Nevertheless, Pakistan was also the homeland of many other religious natives such as Christian, Sikhs, Hindus, Parsis, Buddhists. Even many Jews lived in Pakistan who were the natives of this land for centuries before the partition of 1947. All of these religions are completely different from each other and also have their rituals, traditions, language, caste system, creed, ethnicity, marriage, and divorce laws. All of Pakistan's constitutions give minorities equal rights, but when in the 1960s, Pakistan developed its first family laws for Muslims and launched "Nikah Nama", and made other rules and regulations for the majority of its population but forgot about its minorities. Pakistan's minorities suffer under
PSSR, 2018
This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their imp... more This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their implementation in the country specially focused on Faisalabad division. In Islam every human has equal rights, but in Pakistan it is hard to say that “Transgender” has been neglected or being ignored by the governments and society. This paper highlights various issues faced by this community in Pakistan. The research is based on Primary data and analysis of this paper shows that Government fails to implement passed law regarding this marginalized section of the society. There should be need to provide education, health and economic opportunities for this community.
PalArch's Journals, 2021
An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. ... more An approach suggests authentic procedures and techniques for the solution of a specific problem. To analyze the policy-making process, various approaches, theories, and models have been introduced by social and political scientists. American political scientist Harold Laswell presented the term ‘Public Policy’ in 1951 initially. Laswell projected a multi-disciplinary innovative dexterous approach to control the political procedures of industrialized civilizations of Post-World War II. At present, the study of policy process and analysis has quickly established a higher level of theoretical framework commonly in the West. The theoretical approaches that are primarily connected with public policy formulation are rational-choice theory, incremental theory, policy output analysis, political system theory, and institutionalism, group theory, and elite theory. The cyclic/stages model offers a systematic framework for the examination of public policies. A reviewing study of theoretical approaches to study public policy was initiated, which explored the process of public policy as a cyclic model. The purpose of the study is to learn about the different approaches to study public policy. The finding indicates that the complex process of public policy formulation will relatively convert into the easiest mode by following the logical apparatus of the cyclic model. This paper recommends that the cyclic/stages model offers an upright design and methodical framework to examine public policies and could be used for data collection.
South Asia has plausible economic growth, preponderant natural resources, energetic labour, ferti... more South Asia has plausible economic growth, preponderant natural resources, energetic labour, fertile landmass and extended maritime space which provide vital access to its five nations with international trade network. Despite these excellent opportunities and potentials, terrorism has befallen as the major handicap to progress and stability in the region. The conflicts and terrorism practices are deeply ingrained in South Asia. South Asia is facing serious challenges such as corruption, poverty, unemployment, marginalization of some minorities and small provinces in socioeconomic aspects which incites the menaces of separatism, extremism and ethnic nationalism. Pakistan is the most dangerous place after Afghanistan on earth due to terrorism phenomena. Terrorism is a major factor which is posing threat to Pakistan's stability and livings of its denizens. Pakistan has tolerated bunch of problems due to war on terror and still devouring by its chronic impacts. The war on terror considerably affected the internal dynamic of Pakistan's demography and domestic security. The aim of this research is to investigate terrorism conundrum imperially and also evaluate its lethal impacts on Pakistan. Another objective of the study is to shed lights on war on terror as a challenge to Pakistan's sovereignty. This study critically assesses and evaluates the issue in the perspective of historical facts and current context regarding terrorism stigma. Chronological data was collected from different journals, books, newspapers and magazines.
Afghanistan and India has been emerged as close affiliates after the Incumbent Karzai regime. She... more Afghanistan and India has been emerged as close affiliates after the Incumbent Karzai regime. She has helped Afghanistan in infrastructural development, institutionalizing capacity building, small development projects, assistance in food procurement, imparting training to Afghanistan’s students on scholarships. India has signed Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) with Afghanistan in the year of 2011. All the neighbouring states and Pakistan as well have vested interests and key objectives in Afghanistan and to guard their interests and retain peace in the region. Afghanistan has been victim of regional and international hegemonic designs of Super Powers. It has great importance to outreach the Central Asian Republic States (CARS). India is trying to increase its influence in Afghanistan which is very much disturbing for Pakistan as India’s growing influence in Afghanistan is the strategic loss for Pakistan. The prevalent security dilemma has increased the mistrust between India and Pakistan. The increased influence of India in Afghanistan is rankling in the strategist’s minds of Pakistan as it debilitates the psychological advantages of Pakistan over India. The stable and tranquil Afghanistan is need of the hour for Pakistan as it is a gateway to Central Asia, South Asia and Middle East. The growing relationship of India with Afghanistan is vitiating the strategic depth paradigm of Pakistan.
Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In al... more Pakistan has faced intermittent military interventions in politics since its establishment. In altered military governments, Pakistan faced severe swipes in public policy formulation since first martial law of Ayub Khan to the last military government of General Musharraf. Military governments tried to get de-jure prestige after coming into power and designed the government structure to sponsor their interests. Under military governance, performance of judiciary, religious leaders, external players and local administration persisted in critical situation. During military regimes, transformation program was executed in the country through public policy formulation intended to bring broadminded modifications in the constitution, legal and public domains of the country. This study will observe the major policies of the military regimes in Pakistan and their impacts on social setup of the country. The core purpose of this study is to scrutinize the process of public policy formulation in Pakistan during military regimes, their effects upon the socio-political environment of Pakistan and addresses the key causes of disappointing results of these policies. The causes of armed forces interventions in politics of Pakistan will also be analyzed. The findings specifies that pitiable articulation of policies, feeble establishment, dominating behavior of military executives, poor structure of funds management, varied interests of community and that execution of public policies blemished by exploitation are noteworthy reasons to failure of public policies in the country. The study acclaims rearrangement of sociopolitical situations as benevolent expansions for difficulties of public policy.
Indian society has been divided in the standpoint of contentious constitutional developments that... more Indian society has been divided in the standpoint of contentious constitutional developments that have made in the second consecutive tenure of BJP in the history of India. Stiff ideology of Modi's government may pave the way to replace the state secularism with Hinduism. For improvising theocratic values in the state affairs, drastic steps have been taken by the current government of BJP & State Institutions. These constitutional updates are making intentionally to marginalize the second largest Muslim community of India. Research work mainly focuses on the issues of CAB-NRC, abolish of special status of Kashmir and Ayodhya verdict. Paper is explaining, how the Muslim community is directly affecting from these amendments and what would be the long term impacts & implications on Indian society while how the Muslim community is responding on these constitutional changes. On the other hand, it is deeply examining the multi ethno-religious society of India could digest the bitter doze of supremacist tenets of BJP government.
This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their imp... more This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their implementation in the country specially focused on Faisalabad division. In Islam every human has equal rights, but in Pakistan it is hard to say that “Transgender” has been neglected or being ignored by the governments and society. This paper highlights various issues faced by this community in Pakistan. The research is based on Primary data and analysis of this paper shows that Government fails to implement passed law regarding this marginalized section of the society. There should be need to provide education, health and economic opportunities for this community.
Like many other developing countries, Pakistan experienced dictatorship and collapse of parliamen... more Like many other developing countries, Pakistan experienced dictatorship and collapse of parliamentary system four times moreover, the immature attitude of political leaders enforcing the military to do unconstitutional act in Pakistan. PPP remained the most dominant political party of Pakistan and four times has got a chance to remain in power. After the assassination of Benazir, Bhutto party won the majority vote in 2008 election and made coalition government. Pakistan people party government adopts the policy of reconciliation and revives the constitution in its original shape and it was the first time in the history of Pakistan when democratic government completed its full tenure. In its period it passed three significantly important amendments and women empowerment bill. PPP government adopted the policy of reconciliation and revives the constitution in its original shape.
Federalism is a form of state in which the component provinces and units under a political organi... more Federalism is a form of state in which the component provinces and units under a political organization take part by sharing powers and functions through cooperative manners despite of having ethnic pluralism and cultural diversities. Federalism is considered to be wide range of institutional arrangements under the auspice of constitution to mitigate trust deficit and diversities to ensure political and social participation in acquiring national interests by maintaining political identities of distinct groups and units. A number of political scholars stated that the federal system of Pakistan remained under many martial laws imposed by various dictators or military men. They did not pay any attention for giving provincial autonomy to the federating units of the country without taking into account the participation of ethnic minorities. This structure of federalism was run by the military and civil bureaucracy for long since rather than democratic regimes. In addition, many time the constitutions of Pakistan such as 1956, 1962 and 1973 were abrogated and suspended during martial laws. Having hegemonic design of central government, plenty of time provincial governments were dissolved and emergencies were executed by intervening in the jurisdiction of provinces. This article analyzes the issues and conflicts emerged in the federal system of the country in the shape of distinct linguistic, economic, fiscal and ethnic dimensions by the monopoly of center. This article also sheds light on constitutional amendments done in various times till now.