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Research paper thumbnail of Electrophysiology of Perception and Processing of Phonological Information as Indices of Toddlers' Language Performance

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2017

Purpose The toddler years are a critical period for language development and growth. We investiga... more Purpose The toddler years are a critical period for language development and growth. We investigated how event-related potentials (ERPs) to repeated and novel nonwords are associated with clinical assessments of language in young children. In addition, nonword repetition (NWR) was used to measure phonological working memory to determine the unique and collective contribution of ERP measures of phonemic discrimination and NWR as predictors of language ability. Method Forty children between the ages of 24–48 months participated in an ERP experiment to determine phonemic discrimination to repeated and novel nonwords in an old / new design. Participants also completed a NWR task to explore the contribution of phonological working memory in predicting language. Results ERP analyses revealed that faster responses to novel stimuli correlated with higher language performance on clinical assessments of language. Regression analyses revealed that an earlier component was associated with lower...

Research paper thumbnail of A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, Jul 31, 2017

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an int... more This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants' knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially ...

Research paper thumbnail of Teaching and learning guide for audiovisual speech perception: A new approach and implications for clinical populations

Language and Linguistics Compass, 2017

When a speaker talks, the visible consequences of what they are saying can be seen. This auditory... more When a speaker talks, the visible consequences of what they are saying can be seen. This auditory (the speech sound) and visual (movements of the lips and other articulators), or AV speech influences what listeners hear both in noisy listening environments and when auditory speech can easily be heard. Thought to be a cross-cultural phenomenon that emerges early in typical language development, variables that influence audiovisual speech perception include properties of the visual and the auditory signal, attentional demands, and individual differences. Further, the existing neurobiological evidence suggests facilitatory effects of audiovisual over auditory only speech. Studies of audiovisual speech perception in certain clinical populations (e.g., individuals with an autism spectrum disorder, developmental language disorder or hearing loss) have revealed differences in processing that may inform future interventions. Finally, a new method of assessing AV speech that does not require obvious cross-category mismatch or auditory noise is proposed as an alternative approach to traditional measures of AV speech perception for investigators. 2 | AUTHOR RECOMMENDS Please add 5-10 annotated readings to help situate readers in the key relevant works in this field. If referencing an online publication, please provide a full citation, link, and a digital object identifier (DOI) if possible. See examples below:

Research paper thumbnail of An event related potentials method for assessing audiovisual speech integration: Implications for children with autism spectrum disorders

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2016

Perceptual studies of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) strongly implicate deficits i... more Perceptual studies of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) strongly implicate deficits in processing of audiovisual (AV) speech. Previous research with AV stimuli has typically been conducted in the context of auditory noise or with mismatched auditory and visual (“McGurk”) stimuli. Although both types of stimuli are well-established methods for testing typically developing (TD) participants, they may create additional processing problems for children with ASD. To more precisely examine audiovisual (AV) speech perception in children with ASD, we developed a novel measure of AV processing that involves neither noise nor AV cross-category conflict. The speech stimuli include clear exemplars of the syllable /ba/ and a modified version of /ba/ in which the consonant is substantially weakened so that the syllable is heard as “/a/ ”. These are dubbed with a video of the speaker saying /ba/. Audiovisual integration should result in the visual information effectively “restoring” the weakened auditory “/a...

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an audiovisual speech perception app for children with autism spectrum disorders

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2014

Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic informat... more Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic information. This article reviews the known differences in audiovisual speech perception in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and specifies the need for interventions that address this construct. Elements of an audiovisual training program are described. This researcherdeveloped program delivered via an iPad app presents natural speech in the context of increasing noise, but supported with a speaking face. Children are cued to attend to visible articulatory information to assist in perception of the spoken words. Data from four children with ASD ages 8-10 are presented showing that the children improved their performance on an untrained auditory speech-in-noise task.

Research paper thumbnail of Atypical Phonemic Discrimination but not Audiovisual Speech Integration in Children with the Broader Autism Phenotype, Autism and Speech Sound Disorder

When a speaker talks, the consequences of this can be heard (audio) and seen (visual). We use a n... more When a speaker talks, the consequences of this can be heard (audio) and seen (visual). We use a novel visual phonemic restoration task to assess behavioral discrimination and neural signatures (ERP) of audiovisual processing in typically developing children with a range of social and communicative skill and in children with autism. In an auditory oddball design we presented two types of stimuli to the listener, a clear exemplar of an auditory consonant-vowel syllable /ba/ and a syllable in which the auditory cues for the consonant was substantially weakened, creating a stimulus which is more like /a/. All speech tokens were paired with a face producing /ba/ or a face with a pixelated mouth, effectively masking visual speech articulation. In this paradigm, the visual /ba/ should cause the auditory /a/ to be perceived as /ba/, creating an attenuated oddball response (phonemic restoration), but the pixelated video should not have this effect. Across two studies we observed behavioral and ERP effects that are consistent with phonemic restoration overall; however, autism-like traits and autism were associated with overall reductions in phonemic discrimination regardless of face context, suggesting that autism may be associated with impairments in speech processing but not AV speech integration.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Speech Sounds in School-Aged Children with Speech Sound Disorders

Seminars in Speech and Language, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an audiovisual speech perception app for children with autism spectrum disorders

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2015

Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic informat... more Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic information. This article reviews the known differences in audiovisual speech perception in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and specifies the need for interventions that address this construct. Elements of an audiovisual training program are described. This researcher-developed program delivered via an iPad app presents natural speech in the context of increasing noise, but supported with a speaking face. Children are cued to attend to visible articulatory information to assist in perception of the spoken words. Data from four children with ASD ages 8-10 are presented showing that the children improved their performance on an untrained auditory speech-in-noise task.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Speech Sounds in School-Aged Children with Speech Sound Disorders

Seminars in Speech and Language, 2015

Children with speech sound disorders may perceive speech differently than children with typical s... more Children with speech sound disorders may perceive speech differently than children with typical speech development. The nature of these speech differences is reviewed with an emphasis on assessing phoneme-specific perception for speech sounds that are produced in error. Category goodness judgment, or the ability to judge accurate and inaccurate tokens of speech sounds, plays an important role in phonological development. The software Speech Assessment and Interactive Learning System, which has been effectively used to assess preschoolers' ability to perform goodness judgments, is explored for school-aged children with residual speech errors (RSEs). However, data suggest that this particular task may not be sensitive to perceptual differences in school-aged children. The need for the development of clinical tools for assessment of speech perception in school-aged children with RSE is highlighted, and clinical suggestions are provided.

Research paper thumbnail of Electrophysiology of Perception and Processing of Phonological Information as Indices of Toddlers' Language Performance

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2017

Purpose The toddler years are a critical period for language development and growth. We investiga... more Purpose The toddler years are a critical period for language development and growth. We investigated how event-related potentials (ERPs) to repeated and novel nonwords are associated with clinical assessments of language in young children. In addition, nonword repetition (NWR) was used to measure phonological working memory to determine the unique and collective contribution of ERP measures of phonemic discrimination and NWR as predictors of language ability. Method Forty children between the ages of 24–48 months participated in an ERP experiment to determine phonemic discrimination to repeated and novel nonwords in an old / new design. Participants also completed a NWR task to explore the contribution of phonological working memory in predicting language. Results ERP analyses revealed that faster responses to novel stimuli correlated with higher language performance on clinical assessments of language. Regression analyses revealed that an earlier component was associated with lower...

Research paper thumbnail of A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, Jul 31, 2017

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an int... more This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants' knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially ...

Research paper thumbnail of Teaching and learning guide for audiovisual speech perception: A new approach and implications for clinical populations

Language and Linguistics Compass, 2017

When a speaker talks, the visible consequences of what they are saying can be seen. This auditory... more When a speaker talks, the visible consequences of what they are saying can be seen. This auditory (the speech sound) and visual (movements of the lips and other articulators), or AV speech influences what listeners hear both in noisy listening environments and when auditory speech can easily be heard. Thought to be a cross-cultural phenomenon that emerges early in typical language development, variables that influence audiovisual speech perception include properties of the visual and the auditory signal, attentional demands, and individual differences. Further, the existing neurobiological evidence suggests facilitatory effects of audiovisual over auditory only speech. Studies of audiovisual speech perception in certain clinical populations (e.g., individuals with an autism spectrum disorder, developmental language disorder or hearing loss) have revealed differences in processing that may inform future interventions. Finally, a new method of assessing AV speech that does not require obvious cross-category mismatch or auditory noise is proposed as an alternative approach to traditional measures of AV speech perception for investigators. 2 | AUTHOR RECOMMENDS Please add 5-10 annotated readings to help situate readers in the key relevant works in this field. If referencing an online publication, please provide a full citation, link, and a digital object identifier (DOI) if possible. See examples below:

Research paper thumbnail of An event related potentials method for assessing audiovisual speech integration: Implications for children with autism spectrum disorders

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2016

Perceptual studies of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) strongly implicate deficits i... more Perceptual studies of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) strongly implicate deficits in processing of audiovisual (AV) speech. Previous research with AV stimuli has typically been conducted in the context of auditory noise or with mismatched auditory and visual (“McGurk”) stimuli. Although both types of stimuli are well-established methods for testing typically developing (TD) participants, they may create additional processing problems for children with ASD. To more precisely examine audiovisual (AV) speech perception in children with ASD, we developed a novel measure of AV processing that involves neither noise nor AV cross-category conflict. The speech stimuli include clear exemplars of the syllable /ba/ and a modified version of /ba/ in which the consonant is substantially weakened so that the syllable is heard as “/a/ ”. These are dubbed with a video of the speaker saying /ba/. Audiovisual integration should result in the visual information effectively “restoring” the weakened auditory “/a...

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an audiovisual speech perception app for children with autism spectrum disorders

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2014

Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic informat... more Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic information. This article reviews the known differences in audiovisual speech perception in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and specifies the need for interventions that address this construct. Elements of an audiovisual training program are described. This researcherdeveloped program delivered via an iPad app presents natural speech in the context of increasing noise, but supported with a speaking face. Children are cued to attend to visible articulatory information to assist in perception of the spoken words. Data from four children with ASD ages 8-10 are presented showing that the children improved their performance on an untrained auditory speech-in-noise task.

Research paper thumbnail of Atypical Phonemic Discrimination but not Audiovisual Speech Integration in Children with the Broader Autism Phenotype, Autism and Speech Sound Disorder

When a speaker talks, the consequences of this can be heard (audio) and seen (visual). We use a n... more When a speaker talks, the consequences of this can be heard (audio) and seen (visual). We use a novel visual phonemic restoration task to assess behavioral discrimination and neural signatures (ERP) of audiovisual processing in typically developing children with a range of social and communicative skill and in children with autism. In an auditory oddball design we presented two types of stimuli to the listener, a clear exemplar of an auditory consonant-vowel syllable /ba/ and a syllable in which the auditory cues for the consonant was substantially weakened, creating a stimulus which is more like /a/. All speech tokens were paired with a face producing /ba/ or a face with a pixelated mouth, effectively masking visual speech articulation. In this paradigm, the visual /ba/ should cause the auditory /a/ to be perceived as /ba/, creating an attenuated oddball response (phonemic restoration), but the pixelated video should not have this effect. Across two studies we observed behavioral and ERP effects that are consistent with phonemic restoration overall; however, autism-like traits and autism were associated with overall reductions in phonemic discrimination regardless of face context, suggesting that autism may be associated with impairments in speech processing but not AV speech integration.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Speech Sounds in School-Aged Children with Speech Sound Disorders

Seminars in Speech and Language, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Development of an audiovisual speech perception app for children with autism spectrum disorders

Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2015

Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic informat... more Perception of spoken language requires attention to acoustic as well as visible phonetic information. This article reviews the known differences in audiovisual speech perception in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and specifies the need for interventions that address this construct. Elements of an audiovisual training program are described. This researcher-developed program delivered via an iPad app presents natural speech in the context of increasing noise, but supported with a speaking face. Children are cued to attend to visible articulatory information to assist in perception of the spoken words. Data from four children with ASD ages 8-10 are presented showing that the children improved their performance on an untrained auditory speech-in-noise task.

Research paper thumbnail of Perception of Speech Sounds in School-Aged Children with Speech Sound Disorders

Seminars in Speech and Language, 2015

Children with speech sound disorders may perceive speech differently than children with typical s... more Children with speech sound disorders may perceive speech differently than children with typical speech development. The nature of these speech differences is reviewed with an emphasis on assessing phoneme-specific perception for speech sounds that are produced in error. Category goodness judgment, or the ability to judge accurate and inaccurate tokens of speech sounds, plays an important role in phonological development. The software Speech Assessment and Interactive Learning System, which has been effectively used to assess preschoolers' ability to perform goodness judgments, is explored for school-aged children with residual speech errors (RSEs). However, data suggest that this particular task may not be sensitive to perceptual differences in school-aged children. The need for the development of clinical tools for assessment of speech perception in school-aged children with RSE is highlighted, and clinical suggestions are provided.