Jade Smith - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jade Smith

Journal of Immunology, May 1, 2021

Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating neglected tropical diseases, infecting an estimate... more Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating neglected tropical diseases, infecting an estimated 600 million people worldwide. Infections with parasitic helminths, like Schistosoma mansoni, influence modulation of the immune system of the host by shifting the TH1 and TH2 responses, which are likely coincident with changes in the gut microbiome composition. To gain greater insight into the relationship between parasitic worm infections and their mammalian host gut microbiomes, we monitored the composition of the fecal microbiome of mice experimentally infected with chronic schistosomiasis and compared it to uninfected age-matched mice. To generate operational taxonomic units (OTUs), we analyzed 16s rRNA sequences from fecal samples collected during the establishment of a chronic schistosome infection in mice (10 weeks). Using open-source software (Qiita), we characterized the changes in alpha and beta diversities. We compared gut microbiome compositions between and within groups ac...

International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 2017

Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) is considered ... more Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorusnitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H and 13 C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO 2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.

International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 2018

A flame retardant surface has been prepared by the layer-by layer assemblies of branched polyethy... more A flame retardant surface has been prepared by the layer-by layer assemblies of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), kaolin, urea, and diammonium phosphate (DAP) on cotton fabrics. Four different kinds of cotton fabrics (print cloth, mercerized print cloth, mercerized twill, and fleece) were prepared using solutions of BPEI, urea, DAP, and kaolin. Layer-bylayer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied by the pad-dry-cure method and each coating formula was rotated for 10, 20, 30, or 40 bilayers. To assess the effectiveness to resist flame propagation on treated fabrics of different constructions the vertical flammability test (ASTM D 6413-11) was used. In most cases char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D 2863-09) were also used to test for flame retardancy. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 19-21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the four types of treated fabrics were greater than 35% when add-on wt% values were between 11.1-18.6 wt %. In addition, structural characterizations of treated fabrics were studied by SEM methods.

International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 2019

Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich cas... more Flame retardant behaviour was imparted using the layer-by layer assemblies of phosphorus rich casein milk protein with eco-friendly inorganic chemicals on cotton fabrics. The cotton twill fabrics were prepared using two solutions; a mixture of positively charged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) with urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and negatively charged casein. Layer-by-layer assemblies for flame retardant properties were applied using the pad-dry-cure method, and each coating formula was rotated for 20 bi-layers. The effectiveness to resist flame spread on treated fabrics was evaluated using vertical (ASTM D6413-08) and 45° angle flammability test (ASTM D1230-01) methods. In most case, char lengths of fabrics that passed the vertical flammability tests were less than 50% of the original length, and after-flame and after-glow times were less than one second. Thermal properties were tested the extent of char produced by untreated and treated fabrics at 600°C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Micro-scale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and Limiting oxygen indices (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were also assessed. All untreated fabrics showed LOI values of about 21% oxygen in nitrogen. LOI values for the treated casein with BPEI/urea/DAP fabrics were greater than 29-34% between 5.80-9.59 add on wt%. Their structural characterizations were revealed by TGA/FT-IR and SEM methods. The treated fabrics exhibited improved thermal stability, as evidenced by increased ignition times and lower heat release rates. The results of this study show that flame retardant nanocoatings can be readily applied to textile fabrics using a continuous process that is ideal for commercial and industrial applications.

Current Microwave Chemistry, 2019

Background: New methods for preparing surface modification of flame retardant cotton fabrics were... more Background: New methods for preparing surface modification of flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by applying a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Efforts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with economic and environmentally friendly flame retardant compounds based on the small molecules piperazine, PN and PNN, were done successfully. Methods and Results: The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45°angle (clothing textiles test) and limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Thermogravimetric analysis of all treated cotton fabrics in a nitrogen atmosphere showed high thermal stability, as decomposition occurred between 276.9~291.2°C with 30.5~35.7% residue weight char yield at 600°C. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and the 45° angle flammability test were used to determine ...

Fibers, 2018

Innovative approaches for preparing flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by utilizing a m... more Innovative approaches for preparing flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by utilizing a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Our attempts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with low cost inorganic formulations, such as urea and diammonium phosphate, were done successfully. The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45° angle (clothing textiles test), vertical flame (clothing textile test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). For formulations with urea only, LOI values of treated fabrics were 21.0–22.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 5.16–18.22%. For formulations comprising urea with diammonium phosphate, LOI values were greater than 29.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 1.85–7.73%. With the formulation comprising urea and diammonium phosp...

Fibers and Polymers, 2017

ACS Symposium Series, 2012

ABSTRACT

Materials Sciences and Applications, 2014

Recent studies have shown interest in flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur... more Recent studies have shown interest in flame retardants containing phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur a combination small molecule with a promising new approach in preparing an important class of flame retardant materials. Tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (TEPP) and O,O,O',O'tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (TMPT), based on Piperazine derivatives, were prepared successfully and their structures were proved by means of 1 H, 13 C and 31 P NMR. Cotton twill fabric was treated with both compounds to provide different add-on levels. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC), vertical and 45˚ flame test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated twill fabrics (5 wt%-7 wt% add-ons) were tested using the vertical flammability test (ASTM D6413-11), we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM 2863-09) was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated twill fabric to a maximum of 30 vol% for the highest add-on of twill. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflection-Infrared (ATR-IR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared (TGA-FTIR) spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics, as well as, the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Additionally, analysis of the release gas products by TGA-FTIR shows some distinctive detail in the degradation of the treated fa-* Corresponding author.

Enzymatic bio-processing of cotton generates significantly less hazardous, readily biodegradable ... more Enzymatic bio-processing of cotton generates significantly less hazardous, readily biodegradable wastewater effluents, yet having several critical shortcomings, such as expensive processing costs and slow reaction rates, which impedes its acceptance at an industrial level. Our research showed that the introduction of a low-energy, uniform ultrasound field in enzyme-processing solutions greatly improved enzyme efficiency by significantly increasing their reaction rate. It has been established that the following specific features of combined enzyme/ultrasound bio-processing of cotton are critically important: a) the cavitation effects caused by the introduction of an ultrasound field in the enzyme processing solution greatly enhance the transport of enzyme macromolecules towards the substrate surface, b) the mechanical impact, produced by the collapse of the cavitation bubbles, provides an important benefit, that of "opening up" the surface of the solid substrates to the action of enzymes, c) the effect of cavitation is several hundred times higher in heterogeneous (solid substrate-liquid) than in homogeneous systems, and d) in water, the maximum effects of cavitation occur at ~50 °C, which is the optimum temperature for many industrial enzymes. At a laboratory scale, the introduction of ultrasonic energy in the reaction chamber during enzymatic biopreparation of greige cotton fabrics and enzymatic bio-conversion of cotton gin and cotton lint waste biomass in sugars resulted in a significant improvement in enzyme efficiency.

Care Programme Approach (CPA) report. This is not an actual CPA, but is a sample CPA report based... more Care Programme Approach (CPA) report. This is not an actual CPA, but is a sample CPA report based on â real lifeâ cases. (DOCX 12 kb)

BMC psychiatry, Jan 4, 2018

Around 25% of prisoners meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD... more Around 25% of prisoners meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because ADHD is associated with increased recidivism and other functional and behavioural problems, appropriate diagnosis and treatment can be a critical intervention to improve outcomes. While ADHD is a treatable condition, best managed by a combination of medication and psychological treatments, among individuals in the criminal justice system ADHD remains both mis- and under-diagnosed and consequently inadequately treated. We aimed to identify barriers within the prison system that prevent appropriate intervention, and provide a practical approach to identify and treat incarcerated offenders with ADHD. The United Kingdom ADHD Partnership hosted a consensus meeting to discuss practical interventions for youth (< 18 years) and adult (≥18 years) offenders with ADHD. Experts at the meeting addressed prisoners' needs for effective identification, treatment, and multiagency liai...

AATCC Journal of Research, 2014

Conventional pad-dry-cure (non-scCO 2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) application meth... more Conventional pad-dry-cure (non-scCO 2) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) application methods were used to study the effectiveness of a newly synthesized phosphazene derivative as a flame retardant on cotton fabric.