James Akre - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Akre
Turkish Workers in Europe, 1960-1975, 1976
Breastfeeding Review, 2010
Nearly a decade has passed since the \\'rrrld Health Organization adopted the Global Strategy fo... more Nearly a decade has passed since the \\'rrrld Health Organization
adopted the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child
Feeding (WHO 2003) with the aim of improving the nutritional
status, growth and development, health, and thus the survival of
infants and young children. In addition to its own set of specific
objectives, the Global Strategy re-affirmed the operational targets
of the Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and
Support of Breastfeeding (UNICEF/W'HO 1990).
As described in detail elsewhere (Akre 2009), in strict
chronological terms the Global Strategy was just over two years
in the making. Viewed from a broader historical perspective,
however, it was in fact the product of a gradual - and decidedly
non-linear - progression in international public health nutrition
thinking over three decades.
Midwives, 2010
Th e subliminal messages in magazine advertising and the RCM’s policies within the breastfeeding... more Th e subliminal messages in magazine advertising and the RCM’s policies
within the breastfeeding arena... James Akre, author and member of the
board of directors of the International Board of Lactation Consultant
Examiners gives his insight into this contentious world.
International Breastfeeding Journal, 2011
Breast milk is the natural and optimal food for infants. In addition to meeting nutritional needs... more Breast milk is the natural and optimal food for infants. In addition to meeting nutritional needs, breast milk provides numerous immunologic, developmental, psychologic, economic, and practical advantages. It is postulated that breast-feeding may also be related to the prevention of some adult health problems such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Malnutrition among infants and young children, which remains one of the most severe global public health problems, is among the main reasons that the World Health Organization (WHO) so strongly supports breast-feeding. However, WHO recognizes the growing concern expressed by scientists, health professionals, environmentalists, and mothers about the potential risks posed by the presence of toxicants and infectious agents in breast milk. In this paper we review the main infectious hazards (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus) and selected chemical hazards (tobacco, persistent contaminants) and the activities und...
The best formula for human health and the planet: mother’s milk. Commentary prepared by James Akre, 2020
Sustainability Times deserves high marks for its recent focus on Nature’s plan for appropriate nu... more Sustainability Times deserves high marks for its recent focus on Nature’s plan for appropriate nurturing and nutrition for all the world’s children. Of concern, however, is the potential for some of the article’s fundamental messages, as currently framed, to inadvertently mislead readers who might be inadequately informed.
The key aspects and features of the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding by the Wor... more The key aspects and features of the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding by the World Health Organization are discussed. Details of ten distinct, yet complementary proposals for broadening the public health nutrition policy agenda are highlighted.
Breastfeeding Review Professional Publication of the Australian Breastfeeding Association, Jul 1, 2010
Archives de pédiatrie : organe officiel de la Sociéte française de pédiatrie, 2000
Since prehistoric times, how babies should be fed has been a constant for our species, which is o... more Since prehistoric times, how babies should be fed has been a constant for our species, which is one of the more than 4,600 varieties of milk-producing creatures collectively known as mammals. Each mammal produces its own unique milk, and thus feeding a baby something other than breast milk will always be a deviation from the biological norm for our species. Indeed, breast milk is the only truly universal food uniting all 6 billion of us, irrespective of geography and culture. While in extreme cases it may be necessary to feed a baby a breast-milk substitute, this is not without considerable risk. In any case, it should remain the exception. Paediatricians and other professionals responsible for health services are particularly well placed to provide the leadership to sustain or, if necessary, to re-establish, a 'breastfeeding culture'. The WHO/UNICEF Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative offers a useful framework for doing just this. In only eight short years, more than 16,000 h...
Breastfeeding Medicine, 2014
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002
Infant and Young Child …, 2009
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002
Turkish Workers in Europe, 1960-1975, 1976
Breastfeeding Review, 2010
Nearly a decade has passed since the \\'rrrld Health Organization adopted the Global Strategy fo... more Nearly a decade has passed since the \\'rrrld Health Organization
adopted the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child
Feeding (WHO 2003) with the aim of improving the nutritional
status, growth and development, health, and thus the survival of
infants and young children. In addition to its own set of specific
objectives, the Global Strategy re-affirmed the operational targets
of the Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and
Support of Breastfeeding (UNICEF/W'HO 1990).
As described in detail elsewhere (Akre 2009), in strict
chronological terms the Global Strategy was just over two years
in the making. Viewed from a broader historical perspective,
however, it was in fact the product of a gradual - and decidedly
non-linear - progression in international public health nutrition
thinking over three decades.
Midwives, 2010
Th e subliminal messages in magazine advertising and the RCM’s policies within the breastfeeding... more Th e subliminal messages in magazine advertising and the RCM’s policies
within the breastfeeding arena... James Akre, author and member of the
board of directors of the International Board of Lactation Consultant
Examiners gives his insight into this contentious world.
International Breastfeeding Journal, 2011
Breast milk is the natural and optimal food for infants. In addition to meeting nutritional needs... more Breast milk is the natural and optimal food for infants. In addition to meeting nutritional needs, breast milk provides numerous immunologic, developmental, psychologic, economic, and practical advantages. It is postulated that breast-feeding may also be related to the prevention of some adult health problems such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Malnutrition among infants and young children, which remains one of the most severe global public health problems, is among the main reasons that the World Health Organization (WHO) so strongly supports breast-feeding. However, WHO recognizes the growing concern expressed by scientists, health professionals, environmentalists, and mothers about the potential risks posed by the presence of toxicants and infectious agents in breast milk. In this paper we review the main infectious hazards (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus) and selected chemical hazards (tobacco, persistent contaminants) and the activities und...
The best formula for human health and the planet: mother’s milk. Commentary prepared by James Akre, 2020
Sustainability Times deserves high marks for its recent focus on Nature’s plan for appropriate nu... more Sustainability Times deserves high marks for its recent focus on Nature’s plan for appropriate nurturing and nutrition for all the world’s children. Of concern, however, is the potential for some of the article’s fundamental messages, as currently framed, to inadvertently mislead readers who might be inadequately informed.
The key aspects and features of the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding by the Wor... more The key aspects and features of the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding by the World Health Organization are discussed. Details of ten distinct, yet complementary proposals for broadening the public health nutrition policy agenda are highlighted.
Breastfeeding Review Professional Publication of the Australian Breastfeeding Association, Jul 1, 2010
Archives de pédiatrie : organe officiel de la Sociéte française de pédiatrie, 2000
Since prehistoric times, how babies should be fed has been a constant for our species, which is o... more Since prehistoric times, how babies should be fed has been a constant for our species, which is one of the more than 4,600 varieties of milk-producing creatures collectively known as mammals. Each mammal produces its own unique milk, and thus feeding a baby something other than breast milk will always be a deviation from the biological norm for our species. Indeed, breast milk is the only truly universal food uniting all 6 billion of us, irrespective of geography and culture. While in extreme cases it may be necessary to feed a baby a breast-milk substitute, this is not without considerable risk. In any case, it should remain the exception. Paediatricians and other professionals responsible for health services are particularly well placed to provide the leadership to sustain or, if necessary, to re-establish, a 'breastfeeding culture'. The WHO/UNICEF Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative offers a useful framework for doing just this. In only eight short years, more than 16,000 h...
Breastfeeding Medicine, 2014
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002
Infant and Young Child …, 2009
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2002