James Carriere - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by James Carriere

Research paper thumbnail of Silicon and germanium wafer-based optics for replacing low-to mid-IR aspheric lenses

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Oct 1, 2005

In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspher... more In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspheric optics. Silicon has many advantages including high transmission and a high refractive index, but it can be very difficult to diamond turn. The resulting fabrication errors reduce efficiency and increase scattering and stray light. Wafer-based lithographic techniques can be used to make diffractive and refractive elements in both silicon and germanium. Advantages of diffractive structures such as: thinner elements, highly aspheric and even non-rotationally symmetric phase functions and chromatic compensation make this an attractive technology compared to diamond turning. In addition, wafer based fabrication makes these elements cost-effective in many applications. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for use in the 1.3-14 micron range. In this paper, we will discuss the design, fabrication and evaluation of several product categories including a diffractive germanium beamshaper, a diffractive silicon aspheric lens, and a diffractive silicon spiral lens.

Research paper thumbnail of Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Crystalline Components in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy

Organic Process Research & Development, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Diffractive optics for use in illumination systems for defense and security applications

Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications... more Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications such as target illumination, counter measures, mine detection, and LADAR. For some of these applications, it is desirable to create an illumination with a specified angular dependence, while for others it is desirable to have a particular illumination profile at a specified plane. Conventional approaches to these requirements often involve beam truncation or beam energy redistribution with the target plane having a limited range. Diffractive optic based approaches are capable of providing high performance solutions to many of these problems. For example, a diffractive diffuser approach can be used to create tailored intensity profiles which can be much more efficient than using a truncated Gaussian beam in the region of interest. In particular, the binary optics approach to fabrication of diffractive optics provides a repeatable, high quality method for volume manufacturing of these elements. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for a variety of applications in the 157nm-14μm wavelength range. During this talk we will present design and experimental results for several applications illustrating the use of diffractive elements for laser based illumination.

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in DOE modeling and optical performance for SMO applications

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Mar 1, 2010

The introduction of source mask optimization (SMO) to the design process addresses an urgent need... more The introduction of source mask optimization (SMO) to the design process addresses an urgent need for the 32nm node and beyond as alternative lithography approaches continue to push out. To take full advantage of SMO routines, an understanding of the characteristic properties of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is required. Greater flexibility in the DOE output is needed to optimize lithographic process windows. In addition, new and tighter constraints on the DOEs used for off-axis illumination (OAI) are being introduced to precisely predict, control and reduce the effects of pole imbalance and stray light on the CD budget. We present recent advancements in the modeling and optical performance of these DOEs.

Research paper thumbnail of Ultra-low frequency Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy at 785nm with volume holographic grating filters

Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy V: Advances in Research and Industry, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of THz-Raman: accessing molecular structure with Raman spectroscopy for enhanced chemical identification, analysis, and monitoring

Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VI, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Improving sensitivity and source attribution of homemade explosives with low-frequency/THz-Raman spectroscopy

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XV, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Enabling process window improvement at 45nm and 32nm with free-form DOE illumination</title>

Optical Microlithography XXII, 2009

We present a method for optimizing a free-form illuminator implemented using a diffractive optica... more We present a method for optimizing a free-form illuminator implemented using a diffractive optical element (DOE). The method, which co-optimizes the source and mask taking entire images of circuit clips into account, improves the common process-window and 2-D image fidelity. We compare process-windows for optimized standard and free-form DOE illuminations for arrays and random placements of contact holes at the

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Advanced testing requirements of diffractive optical elements for off-axis illumination in photolithography</title>

Laser Beam Shaping X, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Diffractive optics for use in illumination systems for defense and security applications</title>

Optics and Photonics in Global Homeland Security II, 2006

Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications... more Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications such as target illumination, counter measures, mine detection, and LADAR. For some of these applications, it is desirable to create an illumination with a specified angular dependence, while for others it is desirable to have a particular illumination profile at a specified plane. Conventional approaches to these requirements often involve beam truncation or beam energy redistribution with the target plane having a limited range. Diffractive optic based approaches are capable of providing high performance solutions to many of these problems. For example, a diffractive diffuser approach can be used to create tailored intensity profiles which can be much more efficient than using a truncated Gaussian beam in the region of interest. In particular, the binary optics approach to fabrication of diffractive optics provides a repeatable, high quality method for volume manufacturing of these elements. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for a variety of applications in the 157nm-14mum wavelength range. During this talk we will present design and experimental results for several applications illustrating the use of diffractive elements for laser based illumination.

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Silicon and germanium wafer-based optics for replacing low-to mid-IR aspheric lenses</title>

Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications II, 2005

In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspher... more In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspheric optics. Silicon has many advantages including high transmission and a high refractive index, but it can be very difficult to diamond turn. The resulting fabrication errors reduce efficiency and increase scattering and stray light. Wafer-based lithographic techniques can be used to make diffractive and

Research paper thumbnail of THz-Raman spectroscopy for explosives, chemical, and biological detection

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XIV, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of <title>An improved process for manufacturing diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for off-axis illumination systems</title>

Optical Microlithography XXI, 2008

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Ultra-Thin Multi-Aperture LWIR Imagers

Frontiers in Optics, 2006

ABSTRACT We design and implement an ultra-thin LWIR camera by replacing the conventional lens sys... more ABSTRACT We design and implement an ultra-thin LWIR camera by replacing the conventional lens system with a micro-lens array. The resulting low resolution images can be used to reconstruct a high resolution image by post processing.

Research paper thumbnail of Principles of Optical Disk Data Storage

Progress in Optics, 2000

E. WOLF, PROGRESS IN OPTICS 41 9 2000 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINCIPLES OF OPTIC... more E. WOLF, PROGRESS IN OPTICS 41 9 2000 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINCIPLES OF OPTICAL DISK DATA STORAGE BY JAMES CARRIERE, RAGHU NARAYAN1, WEI-HUNG YEH, CHUBING PENG, PRAMOD KHULBE, LIFENG LI, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative study of in situ N2 rotational Raman spectroscopy methods for probing energy thermalisation processes during spin-exchange optical pumping

Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 2013

ABSTRACT Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) has been widely used to produce enhancements in nuc... more ABSTRACT Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) has been widely used to produce enhancements in nuclear spin polarisation for hyperpolarised noble gases. However, some key fundamental physical processes underlying SEOP remain poorly understood, particularly in regards to how pump laser energy absorbed during SEOP is thermalised, distributed and dissipated. This study uses in situ ultra-low frequency Raman spectroscopy to probe rotational temperatures of nitrogen buffer gas during optical pumping under conditions of high resonant laser flux and binary Xe/N2 gas mixtures. We compare two methods of collecting the Raman scattering signal from the SEOP cell: a conventional orthogonal arrangement combining intrinsic spatial filtering with the utilisation of the internal baffles of the Raman spectrometer, eliminating probe laser light and Rayleigh scattering, versus a new in-line modular design that uses ultra-narrowband notch filters to remove such unwanted contributions. We report a ~23-fold improvement in detection sensitivity using the in-line module, which leads to faster data acquisition and more accurate real-time monitoring of energy transport processes during optical pumping. The utility of this approach is demonstrated via measurements of the local internal gas temperature (which can greatly exceed the externally measured temperature) as a function of incident laser power and position within the cell.

Research paper thumbnail of Polymorph characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy

Applied spectroscopy, 2014

Polymorph detection, identification, and quantitation in crystalline materials are of great impor... more Polymorph detection, identification, and quantitation in crystalline materials are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques used for this purpose include Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and terahertz (THz) and far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. Typically, the fundamental molecular vibrations accessed using high-frequency Raman and MIR spectroscopy or the overtone and combination of bands in the NIR spectra are used to monitor the solid-state forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The local environmental sensitivity of the fundamental molecular vibrations provides an indirect probe of the long-range order in molecular crystals. However, low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy provides access to the lattice vibrations of molecular crystals and, hence, has the potential to more directly probe intermolecular interactions in the solid s...

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Advances in DOE modeling and optical performance for SMO applications</title>

Optical Microlithography XXIII, 2010

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Ion-exchanged ring resonator integrated optic devices

Ion-exchanged ring resonators are presented as inexpensive yet highly sensitive integrated optic ... more Ion-exchanged ring resonators are presented as inexpensive yet highly sensitive integrated optic devices. Several historical applications for ring resonators are outlined then compared with competing technologies. The theory of ring resonator devices is described in detail. The optimum designs for both single and double arm ring resonator configurations are discussed. Ring resonator performance is shown to depend on both the waveguide propagation loss and coupling efficiency. A theoretical model of the ion exchange process is presented and used to determine the processing parameters that minimize bend loss. The coupling efficiency is then modeled for the theoretical waveguide profile. A fabrication recipe for producing high performance ring resonators is developed and the performance of several devices is analyzed. The applications of ring resonator devices for accurate measurement of waveguide birefringence and for rotation sensing are examined. A birefringence measurement techniqu...

Research paper thumbnail of Intensity, Polarization, and Phase Information in Optical Disk Systems

Applied Optics, 2002

Digital information in optical data storage systems can be encoded in the intensity, in the polar... more Digital information in optical data storage systems can be encoded in the intensity, in the polarization state, or in the phase of a carrier laser beam. Intensity modulation is achieved at the surface of the storage medium either through destructive interference from surface-relief features (e.g., CD or DVD pits) or through reflectivity variations (e.g., alteration of optical constants of phase-change media). Magneto-optical materials make use of the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect to produce polarization modulations of the focused beam reflected from the storage medium. Both surface-relief structures and material-property variations can create, at the exit pupil of the objective lens of the optical pickup, a phase modulation (this, in addition to any intensity or polarization modulation or both). Current optical data storage systems do not make use of this phase information, whose recovery could potentially increase the strength of the readout signal. We show how all three mechanisms can be exploited in a scanning optical microscope to reconstruct the recorded (or embedded) data patterns on various types of optical disk.

Research paper thumbnail of Silicon and germanium wafer-based optics for replacing low-to mid-IR aspheric lenses

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Oct 1, 2005

In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspher... more In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspheric optics. Silicon has many advantages including high transmission and a high refractive index, but it can be very difficult to diamond turn. The resulting fabrication errors reduce efficiency and increase scattering and stray light. Wafer-based lithographic techniques can be used to make diffractive and refractive elements in both silicon and germanium. Advantages of diffractive structures such as: thinner elements, highly aspheric and even non-rotationally symmetric phase functions and chromatic compensation make this an attractive technology compared to diamond turning. In addition, wafer based fabrication makes these elements cost-effective in many applications. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for use in the 1.3-14 micron range. In this paper, we will discuss the design, fabrication and evaluation of several product categories including a diffractive germanium beamshaper, a diffractive silicon aspheric lens, and a diffractive silicon spiral lens.

Research paper thumbnail of Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Crystalline Components in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy

Organic Process Research & Development, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Diffractive optics for use in illumination systems for defense and security applications

Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications... more Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications such as target illumination, counter measures, mine detection, and LADAR. For some of these applications, it is desirable to create an illumination with a specified angular dependence, while for others it is desirable to have a particular illumination profile at a specified plane. Conventional approaches to these requirements often involve beam truncation or beam energy redistribution with the target plane having a limited range. Diffractive optic based approaches are capable of providing high performance solutions to many of these problems. For example, a diffractive diffuser approach can be used to create tailored intensity profiles which can be much more efficient than using a truncated Gaussian beam in the region of interest. In particular, the binary optics approach to fabrication of diffractive optics provides a repeatable, high quality method for volume manufacturing of these elements. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for a variety of applications in the 157nm-14μm wavelength range. During this talk we will present design and experimental results for several applications illustrating the use of diffractive elements for laser based illumination.

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in DOE modeling and optical performance for SMO applications

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, Mar 1, 2010

The introduction of source mask optimization (SMO) to the design process addresses an urgent need... more The introduction of source mask optimization (SMO) to the design process addresses an urgent need for the 32nm node and beyond as alternative lithography approaches continue to push out. To take full advantage of SMO routines, an understanding of the characteristic properties of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) is required. Greater flexibility in the DOE output is needed to optimize lithographic process windows. In addition, new and tighter constraints on the DOEs used for off-axis illumination (OAI) are being introduced to precisely predict, control and reduce the effects of pole imbalance and stray light on the CD budget. We present recent advancements in the modeling and optical performance of these DOEs.

Research paper thumbnail of Ultra-low frequency Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy at 785nm with volume holographic grating filters

Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy V: Advances in Research and Industry, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of THz-Raman: accessing molecular structure with Raman spectroscopy for enhanced chemical identification, analysis, and monitoring

Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VI, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Improving sensitivity and source attribution of homemade explosives with low-frequency/THz-Raman spectroscopy

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XV, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Enabling process window improvement at 45nm and 32nm with free-form DOE illumination</title>

Optical Microlithography XXII, 2009

We present a method for optimizing a free-form illuminator implemented using a diffractive optica... more We present a method for optimizing a free-form illuminator implemented using a diffractive optical element (DOE). The method, which co-optimizes the source and mask taking entire images of circuit clips into account, improves the common process-window and 2-D image fidelity. We compare process-windows for optimized standard and free-form DOE illuminations for arrays and random placements of contact holes at the

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Advanced testing requirements of diffractive optical elements for off-axis illumination in photolithography</title>

Laser Beam Shaping X, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Diffractive optics for use in illumination systems for defense and security applications</title>

Optics and Photonics in Global Homeland Security II, 2006

Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications... more Laser based illumination has proven to be useful in a number of defense and security applications such as target illumination, counter measures, mine detection, and LADAR. For some of these applications, it is desirable to create an illumination with a specified angular dependence, while for others it is desirable to have a particular illumination profile at a specified plane. Conventional approaches to these requirements often involve beam truncation or beam energy redistribution with the target plane having a limited range. Diffractive optic based approaches are capable of providing high performance solutions to many of these problems. For example, a diffractive diffuser approach can be used to create tailored intensity profiles which can be much more efficient than using a truncated Gaussian beam in the region of interest. In particular, the binary optics approach to fabrication of diffractive optics provides a repeatable, high quality method for volume manufacturing of these elements. At Digital Optics Corporation, we have designed and fabricated wafer-based optics for a variety of applications in the 157nm-14mum wavelength range. During this talk we will present design and experimental results for several applications illustrating the use of diffractive elements for laser based illumination.

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Silicon and germanium wafer-based optics for replacing low-to mid-IR aspheric lenses</title>

Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications II, 2005

In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspher... more In the low-to-mid IR wavelength range there is a need for high performance, cost effective aspheric optics. Silicon has many advantages including high transmission and a high refractive index, but it can be very difficult to diamond turn. The resulting fabrication errors reduce efficiency and increase scattering and stray light. Wafer-based lithographic techniques can be used to make diffractive and

Research paper thumbnail of THz-Raman spectroscopy for explosives, chemical, and biological detection

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XIV, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of <title>An improved process for manufacturing diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for off-axis illumination systems</title>

Optical Microlithography XXI, 2008

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Ultra-Thin Multi-Aperture LWIR Imagers

Frontiers in Optics, 2006

ABSTRACT We design and implement an ultra-thin LWIR camera by replacing the conventional lens sys... more ABSTRACT We design and implement an ultra-thin LWIR camera by replacing the conventional lens system with a micro-lens array. The resulting low resolution images can be used to reconstruct a high resolution image by post processing.

Research paper thumbnail of Principles of Optical Disk Data Storage

Progress in Optics, 2000

E. WOLF, PROGRESS IN OPTICS 41 9 2000 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINCIPLES OF OPTIC... more E. WOLF, PROGRESS IN OPTICS 41 9 2000 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINCIPLES OF OPTICAL DISK DATA STORAGE BY JAMES CARRIERE, RAGHU NARAYAN1, WEI-HUNG YEH, CHUBING PENG, PRAMOD KHULBE, LIFENG LI, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative study of in situ N2 rotational Raman spectroscopy methods for probing energy thermalisation processes during spin-exchange optical pumping

Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 2013

ABSTRACT Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) has been widely used to produce enhancements in nuc... more ABSTRACT Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) has been widely used to produce enhancements in nuclear spin polarisation for hyperpolarised noble gases. However, some key fundamental physical processes underlying SEOP remain poorly understood, particularly in regards to how pump laser energy absorbed during SEOP is thermalised, distributed and dissipated. This study uses in situ ultra-low frequency Raman spectroscopy to probe rotational temperatures of nitrogen buffer gas during optical pumping under conditions of high resonant laser flux and binary Xe/N2 gas mixtures. We compare two methods of collecting the Raman scattering signal from the SEOP cell: a conventional orthogonal arrangement combining intrinsic spatial filtering with the utilisation of the internal baffles of the Raman spectrometer, eliminating probe laser light and Rayleigh scattering, versus a new in-line modular design that uses ultra-narrowband notch filters to remove such unwanted contributions. We report a ~23-fold improvement in detection sensitivity using the in-line module, which leads to faster data acquisition and more accurate real-time monitoring of energy transport processes during optical pumping. The utility of this approach is demonstrated via measurements of the local internal gas temperature (which can greatly exceed the externally measured temperature) as a function of incident laser power and position within the cell.

Research paper thumbnail of Polymorph characterization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy

Applied spectroscopy, 2014

Polymorph detection, identification, and quantitation in crystalline materials are of great impor... more Polymorph detection, identification, and quantitation in crystalline materials are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques used for this purpose include Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and terahertz (THz) and far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. Typically, the fundamental molecular vibrations accessed using high-frequency Raman and MIR spectroscopy or the overtone and combination of bands in the NIR spectra are used to monitor the solid-state forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The local environmental sensitivity of the fundamental molecular vibrations provides an indirect probe of the long-range order in molecular crystals. However, low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy provides access to the lattice vibrations of molecular crystals and, hence, has the potential to more directly probe intermolecular interactions in the solid s...

Research paper thumbnail of <title>Advances in DOE modeling and optical performance for SMO applications</title>

Optical Microlithography XXIII, 2010

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Ion-exchanged ring resonator integrated optic devices

Ion-exchanged ring resonators are presented as inexpensive yet highly sensitive integrated optic ... more Ion-exchanged ring resonators are presented as inexpensive yet highly sensitive integrated optic devices. Several historical applications for ring resonators are outlined then compared with competing technologies. The theory of ring resonator devices is described in detail. The optimum designs for both single and double arm ring resonator configurations are discussed. Ring resonator performance is shown to depend on both the waveguide propagation loss and coupling efficiency. A theoretical model of the ion exchange process is presented and used to determine the processing parameters that minimize bend loss. The coupling efficiency is then modeled for the theoretical waveguide profile. A fabrication recipe for producing high performance ring resonators is developed and the performance of several devices is analyzed. The applications of ring resonator devices for accurate measurement of waveguide birefringence and for rotation sensing are examined. A birefringence measurement techniqu...

Research paper thumbnail of Intensity, Polarization, and Phase Information in Optical Disk Systems

Applied Optics, 2002

Digital information in optical data storage systems can be encoded in the intensity, in the polar... more Digital information in optical data storage systems can be encoded in the intensity, in the polarization state, or in the phase of a carrier laser beam. Intensity modulation is achieved at the surface of the storage medium either through destructive interference from surface-relief features (e.g., CD or DVD pits) or through reflectivity variations (e.g., alteration of optical constants of phase-change media). Magneto-optical materials make use of the polar magneto-optical Kerr effect to produce polarization modulations of the focused beam reflected from the storage medium. Both surface-relief structures and material-property variations can create, at the exit pupil of the objective lens of the optical pickup, a phase modulation (this, in addition to any intensity or polarization modulation or both). Current optical data storage systems do not make use of this phase information, whose recovery could potentially increase the strength of the readout signal. We show how all three mechanisms can be exploited in a scanning optical microscope to reconstruct the recorded (or embedded) data patterns on various types of optical disk.