James Glahn - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Glahn
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 1998
We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-4IYf'" (TP-40), for 1) its... more We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-4IYf'" (TP-40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), lctalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kglha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kglha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kglha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kglha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.
North American Journal of Aquaculture, 2000
In a series of experiments. we examined feeding behavior of captive great blue herons Arden herod... more In a series of experiments. we examined feeding behavior of captive great blue herons Arden herodius and estimated their ability to affect commercial production of fingerling channel catfish lcraltJ.ru.s punctatti.s~Specifically, we determined (he following: (I) the biomass of channel catfish fingerlings necessary to maintain the body mass of wild-caught capcive great blue herons, (2) capture rates of captive great blue herons foraging on channel catfish fingerlings, (3) evaluation of [he losses of catfish fingerlings to heron predatton, and (4) the effects of selec[ed catfish pond conditions on heron capture rates and body mass changes. Consistent with previous studies, captive herons required approximately 300 g of Jive catfish daily to maintain their body m.&ss~Based on evaluation of seine haul indices and inventory data~there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in numbers of catfish lost over time between
Colonial Waterbirds, 1996
... JAMES F. GLAHN', ALAN MA2'3, KEVIN BRUCE2, AND DAVID REINHOLD' 'Denver ..... more ... JAMES F. GLAHN', ALAN MA2'3, KEVIN BRUCE2, AND DAVID REINHOLD' 'Denver ... 93. Primary Sites: 1 = Beaver Dam Lake; 3 = Sharkey Bayou; 5 = Mathews Brake; 7 = Bee Lake; 8 = Bolivar County Lake; 9 = Lake Washington. ...
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 1999
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2002
Great blue herons (Ardea herodias) occur at high densities at catfish farms in the southern Unite... more Great blue herons (Ardea herodias) occur at high densities at catfish farms in the southern United States.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society - J WORLD AQUACULT SOC, 2002
Abstract.— We studied the effects of captive doublecrested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predat... more Abstract.— We studied the effects of captive doublecrested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation on channel catfish Ictalurus puncratus inventories from research ponds with and without alternative prey during the years 1998–2000. In 1998, predation by two groups of captive cormorants on ponds without alternative prey produced inventory reductions relative to a control pond that were equivalent to 10.2 (516 g) and 10.5 (608 g) catfishhird per d. In 1999 and 2000 individual cormorants foraging on 0.02-ha pond halves for 10 d (500 cormoranta) stocked with both catfish and golden shiners Noremigonus crysoleucas produced inventory reductions at harvest (7.5 mo after predation occurred) averaging approximately 7 and 9 catfishhird per d, respectively. In 1999, two ponds averaged a 30% reduction in fish inventoried and a 23% loss in biomass from ponds stocked at 12,355 fishha using a single batch cropping system. Production losses from predation were not apparent at a third pond where disease reduced the catfish population by more than 50%. In contrast, two ponds with more modest disease problems in 2000 had additive predation losses that exceeded those observed in 1999. Observations of cormorants foraging during 1999 and 2000 suggested that differences in catfish predation between these years may have been related to less shiner utilization by cormorants in 2000. However, based on availability, there was no preference for shiners over catfish (Chesson's alpha c0.41) in either year, although shiners were a more readily manipulated prey. Despite the possible moderating effects of alternative prey utilization, we conclude that cormorants can cause significant economic losses to catfish at harvest.
ACS Symposium Series, 2000
Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) damage to citrus is a serious concern to producers in ... more Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) damage to citrus is a serious concern to producers in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Damage caused by grackles pecking fruit is initiated by breeding colonies in the spring on immature fruit and extends through the fall and winter on ripening fruit. The most significant damage occurs during the post-breeding period of July through September when neither the currently registered DRC-1339-treated dog food bait nor frightening strategies are effective. Observations by Texas Wildlife Services personnel suggested that watermelon was highly attractive to grackles during the period when dog food baits are poorly accepted. Two control strategies using watermelon to bait large cage traps and to formulate DRC-1339 baits were evaluated in cage and field trials during a 2-year research project. This paper reports on the development and preliminary evaluations of a unique trap design and the 0.1% DRC-1339-treated watermelon bait. Summer field trials in citrus groves were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of trapping and DRC-1339 baiting. Results of preliminary evaluations clearly demonstrated the utility of these methods for controlling grackles. Although the effectiveness of these methods for controlling grackle damage in citrus groves was less conclusive, no measurable hazards to non-target wildlife were documented. With suggested modifications, both methods may provide a viable means to reduce grackle damage to citrus during a period when other alternative methods are ineffective.
Great blue herons (Ardea herodius) are the most common avian predator at commercial trout hatcher... more Great blue herons (Ardea herodius) are the most common avian predator at commercial trout hatcheries in the northeastern United States. We evaluated a 2-strand electric fence for excluding this species from raceways at 2 commercial trout hatcheries in central Pennsylvania. Fences consisted of high density polyethylene 400-lb strength tape supported by fiberglass posts and energized by either a battery-powered or a solar-powered fence charger. Labor and material for constructing the fences at the 2 sites averaged $1.32/m of raceway. Bird visitation at the 2 sites initially declined, but returned to pre-installation levels. However, bird use of raceways declined (P<0.05) at both sites compared to pre-installation levels for the duration of the study (49-62 days post-installation). Fences must be monitored to detect electrical shortages and to ensure that birds do not gain access to raceways under the bottom strand of the fence or forage between the fence and the shoreline. The 2strand fence evaluated in this study is a cost-effective method for deterring heron predation at commercial trout hatcheries.
Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 2004
... Along similar lines, some authors (Erwin 1995; Mott and Boyd 1995) suggest the development of... more ... Along similar lines, some authors (Erwin 1995; Mott and Boyd 1995) suggest the development of alternative foraging sites stocked with ... but the mean biomass of catfish consumed by 27 pelicans, presumably from a single feeding, was 528 g (1.2 pounds) (Tommy King, USDA ...
The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is the primary avian predator on the souther... more The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is the primary avian predator on the southern catfish industry, estimated to cause $5 million in damage per year. To date, the most effective strategy for alleviating cormorant depredations in areas of intensive catfish production is coordinated dispersal of cormorant night roosts with pyrotechnics. Many of these night roosts are located in waterfowl refuges or wetland habitat leased for waterfowl hunting. Thus, there is an increasing concern about the effects of cormorant harassment efforts on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting these sites in cypress-swamp habitat. To address the need for a roost harassment device that was more species-specific, we evaluated two commercially available low-to moderate-powered lasers in a series of large-pen and field trials for their effectiveness in moving cormorants from test ponds and dispersing cormorants from their night roosts, respectively. In pen trials, laser beams directed at small groups of captive birds produced negligible effects, suggesting that the laser light was not highly aversive. This was consistent with a series of veterinary investigations suggesting no detectable ocular damage to cormorant eyes directly exposed to a selected laser at varying distances down to 1 m. During field trials both lasers, directed at roost trees after sunset, were consistently effective in dispersing cormorants in 1 to 3 evenings of harassment and is comparable to the harassment effort needed with pyrotechnics. Because laser treatment is completely silent and can be directed selectively at cormorants, these devices may be extremely useful for dispersing cormorants in sites where disturbance of other wildlife is a concern. Advantages and disadvantages of lasers relative to pyrotechnics are discussed.
North American Journal of Aquaculture, 1999
Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of gr... more Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of great blue herons Ardea herodias at each of five trout-rearing facilities in the northeastern United States. Forty-two great blue herons, collected from July through September 1995 at five facilities, averaged 1.6 trout/bird or about half of their daily food requirement of 300 g/bird, in a single
Colonial Waterbirds, 1998
Colonial Waterbirds, 1995
... Dr. Marty Brunson, Extension Specialist, Mississippi State University and Dr. John Waldrop, A... more ... Dr. Marty Brunson, Extension Specialist, Mississippi State University and Dr. John Waldrop, Agricultural Economist, Mississippi State University, provided valu-able assistance in calculating parameters about the cat-fish industry. ...
Colonial Waterbirds, 1995
... and to provide data on daily activity budgets for a bio-energetics model (Glahn and Brugger 1... more ... and to provide data on daily activity budgets for a bio-energetics model (Glahn and Brugger 1995) to deter-mine the impact of cormorants on the cat-fish industry in ... In 1991 over 40,000 ha of catfish ponds were in operation, or being constructed, in Mississippi (Brunson 1991). ...
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 1998
We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-4IYf'" (TP-40), for 1) its... more We evaluated the methyl anthranilate-based bird repellent, ReJeX-iT TP-4IYf'" (TP-40), for 1) its toxicity to channel catfish fingerlings (catfish), lctalurus punctatus; 2) its effect on great blue heron (heron), Ardea herodias feeding behavior; 3) its efficacy in reducing heron predation on catfish; and 4) its effects on catfish growth. TP-40 effectively maintained MA concentrations near the water's surface and below toxic levels for catfish in the water column. Water samples collected from 0.03 and 0.35 m below the surface of catfish rearing tanks (6,664 L) treated at application rates up to the equivalent of 200 kglha contained less than 5 ppm active ingredient, which is less than the no observable effect limit for catfish fry. No treatment-related mortality of catfish was observed. Handling times of catfish fingerlings captured by herons from tubs treated with TP-40 initially increased at application rates of 19.6 kglha or greater but decreased as a function of the number of catfish captured. Under simulated aquaculture conditions, TP-40 did not affect the number of catfish eaten by herons from ponds treated at surface application rates of 0, 2, 22, and 220 kglha. TP-40 had no affect on the time herons spent handling live or dead catfish. Ponds treated with TP-40 at 220 kglha had a 46% increase in visibility (secchi disk method) and a 58% reduction in total suspended solids, suggesting the formulation was phytotoxic. TP-40 did not affect fish growth. Analysis of individual behavior showed that herons may have habituated or become indifferent to the effects of the repellent after repeated exposure. Under the conditions of the study, herons did not maintain their body weight unless catfish were made available by disease or supplemental feeding, suggesting that herons may be inefficient at capturing healthy catfish. Surface applications of TP-40 at 20 to 220 kglha were not effective in limiting predation by herons.
North American Journal of Aquaculture, 2000
In a series of experiments. we examined feeding behavior of captive great blue herons Arden herod... more In a series of experiments. we examined feeding behavior of captive great blue herons Arden herodius and estimated their ability to affect commercial production of fingerling channel catfish lcraltJ.ru.s punctatti.s~Specifically, we determined (he following: (I) the biomass of channel catfish fingerlings necessary to maintain the body mass of wild-caught capcive great blue herons, (2) capture rates of captive great blue herons foraging on channel catfish fingerlings, (3) evaluation of [he losses of catfish fingerlings to heron predatton, and (4) the effects of selec[ed catfish pond conditions on heron capture rates and body mass changes. Consistent with previous studies, captive herons required approximately 300 g of Jive catfish daily to maintain their body m.&ss~Based on evaluation of seine haul indices and inventory data~there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in numbers of catfish lost over time between
Colonial Waterbirds, 1996
... JAMES F. GLAHN', ALAN MA2'3, KEVIN BRUCE2, AND DAVID REINHOLD' 'Denver ..... more ... JAMES F. GLAHN', ALAN MA2'3, KEVIN BRUCE2, AND DAVID REINHOLD' 'Denver ... 93. Primary Sites: 1 = Beaver Dam Lake; 3 = Sharkey Bayou; 5 = Mathews Brake; 7 = Bee Lake; 8 = Bolivar County Lake; 9 = Lake Washington. ...
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 1999
The Journal of Wildlife Management, 2002
Great blue herons (Ardea herodias) occur at high densities at catfish farms in the southern Unite... more Great blue herons (Ardea herodias) occur at high densities at catfish farms in the southern United States.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society - J WORLD AQUACULT SOC, 2002
Abstract.— We studied the effects of captive doublecrested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predat... more Abstract.— We studied the effects of captive doublecrested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus predation on channel catfish Ictalurus puncratus inventories from research ponds with and without alternative prey during the years 1998–2000. In 1998, predation by two groups of captive cormorants on ponds without alternative prey produced inventory reductions relative to a control pond that were equivalent to 10.2 (516 g) and 10.5 (608 g) catfishhird per d. In 1999 and 2000 individual cormorants foraging on 0.02-ha pond halves for 10 d (500 cormoranta) stocked with both catfish and golden shiners Noremigonus crysoleucas produced inventory reductions at harvest (7.5 mo after predation occurred) averaging approximately 7 and 9 catfishhird per d, respectively. In 1999, two ponds averaged a 30% reduction in fish inventoried and a 23% loss in biomass from ponds stocked at 12,355 fishha using a single batch cropping system. Production losses from predation were not apparent at a third pond where disease reduced the catfish population by more than 50%. In contrast, two ponds with more modest disease problems in 2000 had additive predation losses that exceeded those observed in 1999. Observations of cormorants foraging during 1999 and 2000 suggested that differences in catfish predation between these years may have been related to less shiner utilization by cormorants in 2000. However, based on availability, there was no preference for shiners over catfish (Chesson's alpha c0.41) in either year, although shiners were a more readily manipulated prey. Despite the possible moderating effects of alternative prey utilization, we conclude that cormorants can cause significant economic losses to catfish at harvest.
ACS Symposium Series, 2000
Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) damage to citrus is a serious concern to producers in ... more Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) damage to citrus is a serious concern to producers in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Damage caused by grackles pecking fruit is initiated by breeding colonies in the spring on immature fruit and extends through the fall and winter on ripening fruit. The most significant damage occurs during the post-breeding period of July through September when neither the currently registered DRC-1339-treated dog food bait nor frightening strategies are effective. Observations by Texas Wildlife Services personnel suggested that watermelon was highly attractive to grackles during the period when dog food baits are poorly accepted. Two control strategies using watermelon to bait large cage traps and to formulate DRC-1339 baits were evaluated in cage and field trials during a 2-year research project. This paper reports on the development and preliminary evaluations of a unique trap design and the 0.1% DRC-1339-treated watermelon bait. Summer field trials in citrus groves were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of trapping and DRC-1339 baiting. Results of preliminary evaluations clearly demonstrated the utility of these methods for controlling grackles. Although the effectiveness of these methods for controlling grackle damage in citrus groves was less conclusive, no measurable hazards to non-target wildlife were documented. With suggested modifications, both methods may provide a viable means to reduce grackle damage to citrus during a period when other alternative methods are ineffective.
Great blue herons (Ardea herodius) are the most common avian predator at commercial trout hatcher... more Great blue herons (Ardea herodius) are the most common avian predator at commercial trout hatcheries in the northeastern United States. We evaluated a 2-strand electric fence for excluding this species from raceways at 2 commercial trout hatcheries in central Pennsylvania. Fences consisted of high density polyethylene 400-lb strength tape supported by fiberglass posts and energized by either a battery-powered or a solar-powered fence charger. Labor and material for constructing the fences at the 2 sites averaged $1.32/m of raceway. Bird visitation at the 2 sites initially declined, but returned to pre-installation levels. However, bird use of raceways declined (P<0.05) at both sites compared to pre-installation levels for the duration of the study (49-62 days post-installation). Fences must be monitored to detect electrical shortages and to ensure that birds do not gain access to raceways under the bottom strand of the fence or forage between the fence and the shoreline. The 2strand fence evaluated in this study is a cost-effective method for deterring heron predation at commercial trout hatcheries.
Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 2004
... Along similar lines, some authors (Erwin 1995; Mott and Boyd 1995) suggest the development of... more ... Along similar lines, some authors (Erwin 1995; Mott and Boyd 1995) suggest the development of alternative foraging sites stocked with ... but the mean biomass of catfish consumed by 27 pelicans, presumably from a single feeding, was 528 g (1.2 pounds) (Tommy King, USDA ...
The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is the primary avian predator on the souther... more The double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) is the primary avian predator on the southern catfish industry, estimated to cause $5 million in damage per year. To date, the most effective strategy for alleviating cormorant depredations in areas of intensive catfish production is coordinated dispersal of cormorant night roosts with pyrotechnics. Many of these night roosts are located in waterfowl refuges or wetland habitat leased for waterfowl hunting. Thus, there is an increasing concern about the effects of cormorant harassment efforts on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting these sites in cypress-swamp habitat. To address the need for a roost harassment device that was more species-specific, we evaluated two commercially available low-to moderate-powered lasers in a series of large-pen and field trials for their effectiveness in moving cormorants from test ponds and dispersing cormorants from their night roosts, respectively. In pen trials, laser beams directed at small groups of captive birds produced negligible effects, suggesting that the laser light was not highly aversive. This was consistent with a series of veterinary investigations suggesting no detectable ocular damage to cormorant eyes directly exposed to a selected laser at varying distances down to 1 m. During field trials both lasers, directed at roost trees after sunset, were consistently effective in dispersing cormorants in 1 to 3 evenings of harassment and is comparable to the harassment effort needed with pyrotechnics. Because laser treatment is completely silent and can be directed selectively at cormorants, these devices may be extremely useful for dispersing cormorants in sites where disturbance of other wildlife is a concern. Advantages and disadvantages of lasers relative to pyrotechnics are discussed.
North American Journal of Aquaculture, 1999
Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of gr... more Stomach content analysis and raceway exclusion trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of great blue herons Ardea herodias at each of five trout-rearing facilities in the northeastern United States. Forty-two great blue herons, collected from July through September 1995 at five facilities, averaged 1.6 trout/bird or about half of their daily food requirement of 300 g/bird, in a single
Colonial Waterbirds, 1998
Colonial Waterbirds, 1995
... Dr. Marty Brunson, Extension Specialist, Mississippi State University and Dr. John Waldrop, A... more ... Dr. Marty Brunson, Extension Specialist, Mississippi State University and Dr. John Waldrop, Agricultural Economist, Mississippi State University, provided valu-able assistance in calculating parameters about the cat-fish industry. ...
Colonial Waterbirds, 1995
... and to provide data on daily activity budgets for a bio-energetics model (Glahn and Brugger 1... more ... and to provide data on daily activity budgets for a bio-energetics model (Glahn and Brugger 1995) to deter-mine the impact of cormorants on the cat-fish industry in ... In 1991 over 40,000 ha of catfish ponds were in operation, or being constructed, in Mississippi (Brunson 1991). ...