James James - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by James James

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

The war? I cannot find it to be so bad! The death of one man: this is a catastrophe. Hundreds of ... more The war? I cannot find it to be so bad! The death of one man: this is a catastrophe. Hundreds of thousands of deaths: that is a statistic!-Kurt Tucholsky For well over a year now, the world, in general, and the medical community, in particular, have been transfixed by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). From the beginning, the media have controlled the narrative and have sown a second pandemic of fear and anxiety through sensationalism and exploitation. The principal weapons employed have been the highlighting of worst-case predictions produced by models based on multiple broad assumptions, and the use of unadjusted big numbers, too often presented without context or denominators to define the overall medical impact of COVID-19. The weapon of choice was the reporting of "cases" per day without regard to the presence of signs or symptoms but rather relying on a positive lab value that did not necessarily indicate infection or transmissibility. Compounding this lack of construct validity is the inability to make reliable comparisons due to a lack of consistency in data collection and reporting. Another hallmark of the coverage of COVID-19 has been its comparison to the 1918 influenza pandemic, not only in terms of relative medical impacts, but also to the imposition of public health interventions without regard to the validity or effectiveness of such interventions based on inferences of uniformity in the expression of the 2 viruses. School and business closures, stayat-home orders, quarantine, masking, and so forth, were almost universally imposed in the name of science, and the only outcome criterion used was self-validation; think of how much worse it would have been if we had not done such and such. This would be all well and good save for the fact that every intervention has a cost, and, as we are learning, these can be quite profound across the socioeconomic spectrum. This puts us in an ethical dilemma; as health professionals, we have a duty to do all that we can to minimize the medical impacts on individuals but just as strong a duty to minimize the overall population health impacts. If we are to optimize outcomes, we need to have some health measure that will enable at least a rudimentary cost-benefit analysis and provide some objective justification for our interventions other than sentiment and conjecture, no matter how well intended. The generally accepted measures for cost-benefit analyses in health services have been life years (LYS) and quality adjusted life years (QALYS). As the latter construct is much more complex and subjective and often does not significantly alter the comparisons under consideration, 1 we will focus our attention on LYS, first, as a measure of comparing overall pandemic mortality and, second, as a means of assessing individual public health interventions. Morbidity impacts are not to be ignored in measuring the overall costs of a pandemic but cannot be used for valid comparisons because of extreme variation in definitions, data collection and reporting, laboratory capabilities, and diagnostic sensitivities and specificities. The first comparison will present the overall mortality impacts of the 1918 influenza pandemic with those of COVID-19 through June of 2021. The mortality figures will be presented in 3 ways: estimated gross deaths, estimated deaths adjusted for population, and, last, deaths expressed in terms of estimated total life years lost. Because many values used in the calculations had to be estimated, the resulting numbers can, of course, be challenged as to their precise numerical accuracy. What cannot be so easily challenged is the gross difference in the relative mortality impacts of the 2 pandemics, as shown in Table 1. To help control for bias, all estimates were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published figures and mid-points used when a range of values was given. The average age of pandemic deaths used for 1918 was 28 years 2 and that for COVID-19 was 75, which was extrapolated from CDC data. 3 For life expectancy, the corresponding figures used were 50 and 78 years 4 for a US population of some 105 million in 1918 and 330 million today. The overall tabulations are presented in the accompanying table. Obviously, these mortality data presentations could lead to markedly different interpretations of the comparative severity of the same events and may explain some of the marked differences of opinion on the validity and effectiveness of various pandemic policies and interventions. This is unfortunate, as these differences derive from the varying perspectives of individual medical care and overall public health, both of which have the same ultimate goal of https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial dan Budaya (Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology)

Umat Kristen adalah bagian dari Negara dan berada di tengah-tengah Negara yang pasti memiliki sis... more Umat Kristen adalah bagian dari Negara dan berada di tengah-tengah Negara yang pasti memiliki sistem politik. Banyak umat Kristen merasa enggan apabila berbicara tentang politik, apalagi diminta ambil bagian dalam perpolitikan. Mungkin faktor yang membuat sikap demikian adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang politik, dan kurangnta pemahaman tentang tugas dan tanggung jawab mereka sebagai orang percaya dan juga sekaligus sebagai seorang warga negara. Dari sudut firman Allah sendiri banyak hal yang mengajarkan kita untuk ambil bagian dalam Kesejahteraan dimana kita tinggal (Yeremia 29:7). Secara inflisit sebenarnya mengajak kita agar ambil bagian berpartisipasi dalam perpolitikan dimana kita berada, sehingga kita bisa menjadi garam dan terang dalam politik tersebut. Kata Kunci: Politik; Partisipasi; Garam dan Terang; Umat Kristen

IDENTIFIKASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja dan Lindungan Lingkungan

Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisa efektivitas pelatihan yang di selenggarakan oleh PT. Bumi Li... more Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisa efektivitas pelatihan yang di selenggarakan oleh PT. Bumi Liputan Pusaka. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah CIPP (Context, Input, Proces, Product), merupakan penilitian kualitatif deskriptif atau observatif. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tingkat efektivitas penyerapan materi pelatihan Sea Survival, dimana indikator efektivitas dapat dilihat melalui empat komponen, 1). komponen konteks yang berisi data diri, 2). komponen input yang terbagi atas komponen internal dan pretest, 3). komponen proses yang berisi evaluasi dari pelatih dan 4). komponen produk yang berisi hasil pretest Selain itu diberikan rekomendasi � rekomendasi sebagai bahan untuk perusahaan melakukan perbaikan agar efektivitas penyerapan materi pelatihan dapat di implementasikan.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

Just after I finished my last editorial 1 , WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, ushering in a... more Just after I finished my last editorial 1 , WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, ushering in a new wave of heightened anxiety, public panic, and global socioeconomic damage. The extreme measures implemented in order to combat this public health

Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Jun 1, 2018

Dental clinics of North America, Oct 1, 2016

Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders... more Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders to organize and work together in high-pressure, time-critical situations. Civilian oral health care professionals have traditionally been limited to forensic identification of human remains. However, after the bombing of the Twin Towers in New York, federal agencies realized that dentists can play significant roles in disaster and immunization response, especially on interprofessional responder teams. Several states have begun to incorporate dentists into the first responder community. This article discusses the roles of dental responders and highlights legislative advancements and advocacy efforts supporting the dental responder.

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Dec 20, 2016

Although there is a significant willingness to respond to disasters, a review of post-event repor... more Although there is a significant willingness to respond to disasters, a review of post-event reports following incidents shows troubling repeated patterns with poorly integrated response activities and response managers inadequately trained for the requirements of disasters. This calls for a new overall approach in disaster management. An in-depth review of the education and training opportunities available to responders and disaster managers has been undertaken, as well as an extensive review of the educational competencies and their parent domains identified by subject matter experts as necessary for competent performance. Seven domains of competency and competencies that should be mastered by disaster mangers were identified. This set of domains and individual competencies was utilized to define a new and evolving curriculum. In order to evaluate and assess the mastery of each competency, objectives were more widely defined as activities under specific topics, as the measurable el...

The underwater geometry of an ice island grounded off Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was mapped using a narr... more The underwater geometry of an ice island grounded off Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was mapped using a narrow beam sonar. Vertical section profiles of the submerged portion of the ice island were obtained by lowering a sonar trans-ducer through the pack ice at eleven sites ...

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Aug 21, 2016

Our aim was to examine in what terms leading newspapers' online sites described the current E... more Our aim was to examine in what terms leading newspapers' online sites described the current Ebola crisis. We employed a quantitative content analysis of terms attributed to Ebola. We found and analyzed 582 articles published between March 23 and September 30, 2014, on the online websites of 3 newspapers: The New York Times, Daily Mail, and Ynet. Our theoretical framework drew from the fields of health communication and emerging infectious disease communication, including such concepts as framing media literacy, risk signatures, and mental models. We found that outbreak and epidemic were used interchangeably in the articles. From September 16, 2014, onward, epidemic predominated, corresponding to when President Barack Obama explicitly referred to Ebola as an epidemic. Prior to Obama's speech, 86.8% of the articles (323) used the term outbreak and only 8.6% (32) used the term epidemic. Subsequently, both terms were used almost the same amount: 53.8% of the articles (113) used ...

The Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response (CPHPDR) at the American Medical ... more The Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response (CPHPDR) at the American Medical Association (AMA) completed the first of a three year $1.3 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop a health security card (HSC) with essential health information to identify individuals and meet immediate health needs in a disaster or public health emergency. The HSC project involves an overarching Participatory Management (PM) approach which is being utilized to guide community-based participatory research, including multi-disciplinary shared decision-making by key organizations. The AMA has engaged a number of partners as Core Collaborators (CC), including federal and public health liaisons, and experts in health information technology and emergency preparedness. The CCs provide broad leadership and input on the development of the HSC project. Their responsibilities are to: (1) identify other key partner organizations and similar projects; (2)...

Journal of Pathology, 1989

A series of 10 cases of biliary obstruction due to primary cholangiocarcinoma has been studied wi... more A series of 10 cases of biliary obstruction due to primary cholangiocarcinoma has been studied with histological and immunocytochemical means. The total duration of cholestasis (as manifested by jaundice) was between 2 and 11 weeks with variable period of preoperative drainage. Liver biopsy specimens taken during surgery for cholangiocarcinoma were investigated for the presence of ductular proliferation and the development of fibrosis, as demonstrated by Sirius Red F3BA collagen staining. The differentiation of epithelial components was evaluated by AEC-immunostaining with chain-specific monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against human keratins type 7, 18 and 19. Keratin 7, normally occurring only in the ductular system, was expressed in hepatocytes at the periphery of the hepatic lobule (zone I) following about 4 weeks' cholestasis, when an increase of ductular profiles in the enlarged portal areas had become manifest. Such keratin 7 positive cells, however, still retained all morphological aspects of hepatocytes. Keratin 19, normally also restricted to the ductular system in liver, is not expressed by zone I hepatocytes even after longer duration (up to 11 weeks) of cholestasis. It is concluded that the increase in ductular profiles during the first week is mainly due do proliferation of pre-existing ductules, while ductular metaplasia occurs in more chronic cholestasis. Development of fibrosis, not always strictly paralleling the multiplication of ductular profiles in sections through a portal tract, represents an early change, and is clearly apparent after 2 weeks of obstruction.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

The war? I cannot find it to be so bad! The death of one man: this is a catastrophe. Hundreds of ... more The war? I cannot find it to be so bad! The death of one man: this is a catastrophe. Hundreds of thousands of deaths: that is a statistic!-Kurt Tucholsky For well over a year now, the world, in general, and the medical community, in particular, have been transfixed by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). From the beginning, the media have controlled the narrative and have sown a second pandemic of fear and anxiety through sensationalism and exploitation. The principal weapons employed have been the highlighting of worst-case predictions produced by models based on multiple broad assumptions, and the use of unadjusted big numbers, too often presented without context or denominators to define the overall medical impact of COVID-19. The weapon of choice was the reporting of "cases" per day without regard to the presence of signs or symptoms but rather relying on a positive lab value that did not necessarily indicate infection or transmissibility. Compounding this lack of construct validity is the inability to make reliable comparisons due to a lack of consistency in data collection and reporting. Another hallmark of the coverage of COVID-19 has been its comparison to the 1918 influenza pandemic, not only in terms of relative medical impacts, but also to the imposition of public health interventions without regard to the validity or effectiveness of such interventions based on inferences of uniformity in the expression of the 2 viruses. School and business closures, stayat-home orders, quarantine, masking, and so forth, were almost universally imposed in the name of science, and the only outcome criterion used was self-validation; think of how much worse it would have been if we had not done such and such. This would be all well and good save for the fact that every intervention has a cost, and, as we are learning, these can be quite profound across the socioeconomic spectrum. This puts us in an ethical dilemma; as health professionals, we have a duty to do all that we can to minimize the medical impacts on individuals but just as strong a duty to minimize the overall population health impacts. If we are to optimize outcomes, we need to have some health measure that will enable at least a rudimentary cost-benefit analysis and provide some objective justification for our interventions other than sentiment and conjecture, no matter how well intended. The generally accepted measures for cost-benefit analyses in health services have been life years (LYS) and quality adjusted life years (QALYS). As the latter construct is much more complex and subjective and often does not significantly alter the comparisons under consideration, 1 we will focus our attention on LYS, first, as a measure of comparing overall pandemic mortality and, second, as a means of assessing individual public health interventions. Morbidity impacts are not to be ignored in measuring the overall costs of a pandemic but cannot be used for valid comparisons because of extreme variation in definitions, data collection and reporting, laboratory capabilities, and diagnostic sensitivities and specificities. The first comparison will present the overall mortality impacts of the 1918 influenza pandemic with those of COVID-19 through June of 2021. The mortality figures will be presented in 3 ways: estimated gross deaths, estimated deaths adjusted for population, and, last, deaths expressed in terms of estimated total life years lost. Because many values used in the calculations had to be estimated, the resulting numbers can, of course, be challenged as to their precise numerical accuracy. What cannot be so easily challenged is the gross difference in the relative mortality impacts of the 2 pandemics, as shown in Table 1. To help control for bias, all estimates were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published figures and mid-points used when a range of values was given. The average age of pandemic deaths used for 1918 was 28 years 2 and that for COVID-19 was 75, which was extrapolated from CDC data. 3 For life expectancy, the corresponding figures used were 50 and 78 years 4 for a US population of some 105 million in 1918 and 330 million today. The overall tabulations are presented in the accompanying table. Obviously, these mortality data presentations could lead to markedly different interpretations of the comparative severity of the same events and may explain some of the marked differences of opinion on the validity and effectiveness of various pandemic policies and interventions. This is unfortunate, as these differences derive from the varying perspectives of individual medical care and overall public health, both of which have the same ultimate goal of https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial dan Budaya (Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology)

Umat Kristen adalah bagian dari Negara dan berada di tengah-tengah Negara yang pasti memiliki sis... more Umat Kristen adalah bagian dari Negara dan berada di tengah-tengah Negara yang pasti memiliki sistem politik. Banyak umat Kristen merasa enggan apabila berbicara tentang politik, apalagi diminta ambil bagian dalam perpolitikan. Mungkin faktor yang membuat sikap demikian adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang politik, dan kurangnta pemahaman tentang tugas dan tanggung jawab mereka sebagai orang percaya dan juga sekaligus sebagai seorang warga negara. Dari sudut firman Allah sendiri banyak hal yang mengajarkan kita untuk ambil bagian dalam Kesejahteraan dimana kita tinggal (Yeremia 29:7). Secara inflisit sebenarnya mengajak kita agar ambil bagian berpartisipasi dalam perpolitikan dimana kita berada, sehingga kita bisa menjadi garam dan terang dalam politik tersebut. Kata Kunci: Politik; Partisipasi; Garam dan Terang; Umat Kristen

IDENTIFIKASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Keselamatan, Kesehatan Kerja dan Lindungan Lingkungan

Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisa efektivitas pelatihan yang di selenggarakan oleh PT. Bumi Li... more Skripsi ini membahas tentang analisa efektivitas pelatihan yang di selenggarakan oleh PT. Bumi Liputan Pusaka. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah CIPP (Context, Input, Proces, Product), merupakan penilitian kualitatif deskriptif atau observatif. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan gambaran tingkat efektivitas penyerapan materi pelatihan Sea Survival, dimana indikator efektivitas dapat dilihat melalui empat komponen, 1). komponen konteks yang berisi data diri, 2). komponen input yang terbagi atas komponen internal dan pretest, 3). komponen proses yang berisi evaluasi dari pelatih dan 4). komponen produk yang berisi hasil pretest Selain itu diberikan rekomendasi � rekomendasi sebagai bahan untuk perusahaan melakukan perbaikan agar efektivitas penyerapan materi pelatihan dapat di implementasikan.

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

Just after I finished my last editorial 1 , WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, ushering in a... more Just after I finished my last editorial 1 , WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, ushering in a new wave of heightened anxiety, public panic, and global socioeconomic damage. The extreme measures implemented in order to combat this public health

Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Jun 1, 2018

Dental clinics of North America, Oct 1, 2016

Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders... more Disaster and pandemic response events require an interprofessional team of health care responders to organize and work together in high-pressure, time-critical situations. Civilian oral health care professionals have traditionally been limited to forensic identification of human remains. However, after the bombing of the Twin Towers in New York, federal agencies realized that dentists can play significant roles in disaster and immunization response, especially on interprofessional responder teams. Several states have begun to incorporate dentists into the first responder community. This article discusses the roles of dental responders and highlights legislative advancements and advocacy efforts supporting the dental responder.

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Dec 20, 2016

Although there is a significant willingness to respond to disasters, a review of post-event repor... more Although there is a significant willingness to respond to disasters, a review of post-event reports following incidents shows troubling repeated patterns with poorly integrated response activities and response managers inadequately trained for the requirements of disasters. This calls for a new overall approach in disaster management. An in-depth review of the education and training opportunities available to responders and disaster managers has been undertaken, as well as an extensive review of the educational competencies and their parent domains identified by subject matter experts as necessary for competent performance. Seven domains of competency and competencies that should be mastered by disaster mangers were identified. This set of domains and individual competencies was utilized to define a new and evolving curriculum. In order to evaluate and assess the mastery of each competency, objectives were more widely defined as activities under specific topics, as the measurable el...

The underwater geometry of an ice island grounded off Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was mapped using a narr... more The underwater geometry of an ice island grounded off Prudhoe Bay, Alaska was mapped using a narrow beam sonar. Vertical section profiles of the submerged portion of the ice island were obtained by lowering a sonar trans-ducer through the pack ice at eleven sites ...

Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, Aug 21, 2016

Our aim was to examine in what terms leading newspapers' online sites described the current E... more Our aim was to examine in what terms leading newspapers' online sites described the current Ebola crisis. We employed a quantitative content analysis of terms attributed to Ebola. We found and analyzed 582 articles published between March 23 and September 30, 2014, on the online websites of 3 newspapers: The New York Times, Daily Mail, and Ynet. Our theoretical framework drew from the fields of health communication and emerging infectious disease communication, including such concepts as framing media literacy, risk signatures, and mental models. We found that outbreak and epidemic were used interchangeably in the articles. From September 16, 2014, onward, epidemic predominated, corresponding to when President Barack Obama explicitly referred to Ebola as an epidemic. Prior to Obama's speech, 86.8% of the articles (323) used the term outbreak and only 8.6% (32) used the term epidemic. Subsequently, both terms were used almost the same amount: 53.8% of the articles (113) used ...

The Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response (CPHPDR) at the American Medical ... more The Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response (CPHPDR) at the American Medical Association (AMA) completed the first of a three year $1.3 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop a health security card (HSC) with essential health information to identify individuals and meet immediate health needs in a disaster or public health emergency. The HSC project involves an overarching Participatory Management (PM) approach which is being utilized to guide community-based participatory research, including multi-disciplinary shared decision-making by key organizations. The AMA has engaged a number of partners as Core Collaborators (CC), including federal and public health liaisons, and experts in health information technology and emergency preparedness. The CCs provide broad leadership and input on the development of the HSC project. Their responsibilities are to: (1) identify other key partner organizations and similar projects; (2)...

Journal of Pathology, 1989

A series of 10 cases of biliary obstruction due to primary cholangiocarcinoma has been studied wi... more A series of 10 cases of biliary obstruction due to primary cholangiocarcinoma has been studied with histological and immunocytochemical means. The total duration of cholestasis (as manifested by jaundice) was between 2 and 11 weeks with variable period of preoperative drainage. Liver biopsy specimens taken during surgery for cholangiocarcinoma were investigated for the presence of ductular proliferation and the development of fibrosis, as demonstrated by Sirius Red F3BA collagen staining. The differentiation of epithelial components was evaluated by AEC-immunostaining with chain-specific monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against human keratins type 7, 18 and 19. Keratin 7, normally occurring only in the ductular system, was expressed in hepatocytes at the periphery of the hepatic lobule (zone I) following about 4 weeks' cholestasis, when an increase of ductular profiles in the enlarged portal areas had become manifest. Such keratin 7 positive cells, however, still retained all morphological aspects of hepatocytes. Keratin 19, normally also restricted to the ductular system in liver, is not expressed by zone I hepatocytes even after longer duration (up to 11 weeks) of cholestasis. It is concluded that the increase in ductular profiles during the first week is mainly due do proliferation of pre-existing ductules, while ductular metaplasia occurs in more chronic cholestasis. Development of fibrosis, not always strictly paralleling the multiplication of ductular profiles in sections through a portal tract, represents an early change, and is clearly apparent after 2 weeks of obstruction.