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Papers by James Johnson

25 jaar focus op falen en mogelijke verbeteringen van IT-projecten, 2020

Het is 25 jaar CHAOS. Gedurende deze tijd heeft de Standish Group 110.000 projecten onderzocht, t... more Het is 25 jaar CHAOS. Gedurende deze tijd heeft de Standish Group 110.000 projecten onderzocht, talloze workshops uitgevoerd om te komen tot 'de winnende hand' voor projectsucces. Er zijn vijf dingen die je moet doen om de juiste kaarten in handen te hebben voor projectsucces. Ten eerste moet een project klein zijn. Dit betekent zes teamleden (maximaal) met een tijdvak van zes maanden of minder. Ten tweede moet het proces behendig zijn, zoals de Scrum-methodiek. Ten derde moet het agile team zeer bekwaam zijn in zowel het agile proces als de technologie. Ten vierde moet de producteigenaar of sponsor zeer bekwaam zijn. En ten vijfde of als laatste, de organisatie moet zeer bekwaam zijn in emotionele volwassenheid

We are comparing small projects to bicycle rides. Many projects are naturally small. Bike rides a... more We are comparing small projects to bicycle rides. Many projects are naturally small. Bike rides are SAFE.
Bikes are simple to learn how to use and operate. We teach young children to ride bicycles and they easily become skilled at riding them. Bikes are absorbent. Years after not riding a bike people can simply get on and ride down the road without the need to relearn. Bikes are fast. You just need to get on the bike and go. You can get from point A to point B faster than by walking or by sitting in traffic. Bikes are economical. Bikes cost a fraction of what it costs to buy and repair an automobile. You do not need to buy gas and insurance. Emissions are clean.
Small projects are SAFE.

The Standish Group started in 1985 in the business of IT markets forecasts and predictions using ... more The Standish Group started in 1985 in the business of IT markets forecasts and predictions using Artificial Intelligence and cased-based reasoning technology. In 1994 we turned to predicting project outcomes, improving software development, and building a world-class database. Standish's cumulative research encompasses 22 years of data on why projects succeed or fail, representing more than 50,000 active completed IT projects. In this paper we clarify how we got here, where we are, and how academia next to practitioners can be part of the next stage of the CHAOS journey. The vehicle which drives our journey is the CHAOS University System.

The Standish Group has been formally researching the causes of software project success and failu... more The Standish Group has been formally researching the causes of software project success and failure since 1994. Prior to this date very little research was done and the problems of software project failure were hidden due to lack of transparency.1 Standish’s cumulative research encompasses 22 years of data on why projects succeed or fail, representing more than 50,000 active completed IT projects and more than 60,000 inactive completed projects stored in a database. Currently, the crisis in IT projects continues. Governments, industry, and parliaments in North America and Europe seek answers regarding why IT projects add little or no value for society, organizations, and individuals. Standish’s research is used more than ever before, recently in the hearings of the Dutch Parliament. This paper focusses on a novel application in Education and Research.

The successes of large-scale transaction applications and systems have been an important driver o... more The successes of large-scale transaction applications and systems have been an important driver of the digital world over the past decades. But their development and particularly their maintenance remain challenging, with development requiring huge amounts of resources and a lack of evolvability resulting in most large organizations having a substantial legacy base, making it unclear how a future consisting of an Internet-of-Things, big data, and cloud computing can be enabled clearly as even more evolvability will be required.

Ciencia y tecnología de buques

Navies around the world adopt different ways of acquiring ships. Using a single large prime contr... more Navies around the world adopt different ways of acquiring ships. Using a single large prime contractor, placing individual contracts for design, build and integration, or employing a state-owned shipyard with external support are all procurement options that we see today.‘Flexibility’ in warship design is normally perceived as provision of extra empty space, weight and power, which could be filled with new equipment at some point in the future. However, this idea can be extended to describe a design that achieves true flexibility by exploiting the synergy with different acquisition strategies, adaptability allowing a choice of balanced capability and options for incremental acquisition to control cost and risk profiles. This leads to a design that will deliver a class of warships able to meet the evolving roles and threats throughout its life, whilst not introducing additional risk and cost into the programmes of any modern Navy around the world which adopts it.To achieve this flexi...

Journal of Youth Development

The Project Youth Extension Service (YES!) college student internship integrates pre-service trai... more The Project Youth Extension Service (YES!) college student internship integrates pre-service training on youth worker competencies with a year or more of practice experience in leading positive youth development programs for military youth impacted by the military deployment process. For nearly a decade, interns have reported significant improvement in 37 behavioral competencies, with 24 indicators improving .50 or more on a 5-point scale. Areas of greatest growth include practices critical to youth worker effectiveness and program quality: self-regulation, interaction, and adaptation in high-intensity settings. Qualitative comments indicate growth in personal maturity (e.g., composure, flexibility, openness to feedback) as well as professional growth (e.g., listening, organization, presentation, teamwork), and empathy for youth and families under stress. Intern growth was also observed by trainers and mentors. Program feedback from youth and event coordinators was consistently posi...

Archaeometry

High mobility among Scythian populations is often cited as the driving force behind panregional i... more High mobility among Scythian populations is often cited as the driving force behind panregional interactions and the spread of new material culture c.700–200 BCE, when burgeoning socioeconomic interactions between the Greeks, Scythian steppe pastoralists and the agropastoral tribes of the forest-steppe played out across the region. While interregional mobility central to warrior lifestyles is assumed to have been a defining feature of Scythian populations, strikingly few studies have investigated human mobility among communities located along the steppe and forest-steppe boundary zone. Here, we document movement and dietary intake of individuals interred at Bel’sk, a large urban settlement in Ukraine, through strontium, oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of human tooth enamel. The results provide direct evidence for limited mobility among populations from Bel’sk, demonstrating the movement into,and out of, urban complexes. Strontium and oxygen isotope analyses reveal that groups at Bel’sk remained local to the urban complex. Dietary intake, reflected in carbon isotopes, was based on domesticated crops and livestock herding. The combination of low mobility alongside dietary evidence suggests local groups engaged in sedentary agro-pastoral subsistence strategies that contrast sharply with the picture of highly mobile Scythian herders dependent on livestock portrayed in historical sources.

ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2018

Quantitative computed tomography (qCT) relies on calibrated bone mineral density data. If a calib... more Quantitative computed tomography (qCT) relies on calibrated bone mineral density data. If a calibration phantom is absent from the CT scan, post hoc calibration becomes necessary. Scanning a calibration phantom after-the-fact and applying that calibration to uncalibrated scans has been used previously. Alternatively, the estimated density is known to vary with CT settings, suggesting that it may be possible to predict the calibration terms using CT settings. This study compares a novel CT setting regression method for post hoc calibration to standard and post hoc phantom-only calibrations. Five cadaveric upper limbs were scanned at 11 combinations of peak tube voltage and current (80-140 kV and 100-300 mA) with two calibration phantoms. Density calibrations were performed for the cadaver scans, and scans of the phantoms alone. Stepwise linear regression determined if the calibration equation terms were predictable using peak tube voltage and current. Peak tube voltage, but not curre...

Journal of endodontics, Jan 5, 2018

Dental stem cells have gained importance recently and are being used for various purposes in rege... more Dental stem cells have gained importance recently and are being used for various purposes in regenerative medicine and dentistry. Although much research has been done to show the various properties of these dental stem cells, the immunomodulatory properties of some of these stem cells are still unknown. This is important considering these cells are being used routinely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between the activated immune cells and 3 types of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells: dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, and stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP). SCAP, dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured, and various assays were performed including a proliferation assay, flow cytometric analysis, lactate dehydrogenase and chromium-51 cytotoxicity assays, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the intera...

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM, Jan 14, 2018

Insulin plays roles in lipid uptake, lipolysis, and lipogenesis, in addition to controlling blood... more Insulin plays roles in lipid uptake, lipolysis, and lipogenesis, in addition to controlling blood glucose levels. Excessive circulating insulin is associated with adipose tissue expansion and obesity, yet a causal role for hyperinsulinemia in the development of mammalian obesity has proven controversial, with many researchers suggesting it as a consequence of insulin resistance. Recently, evidence that specifically reducing hyperinsulinemia can prevent and reverse obesity in animal models has been presented. Our experiments, and others in this field, question the current dogma that hyperinsulinemia is a response to obesity and/or insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence in the context of the broader literature and speculate on the possibility of clinical translation of alternative approaches for treating obesity.

The western journal of emergency medicine, 2018

Oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray, and tear gas (CS) are used by police and the military an... more Oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray, and tear gas (CS) are used by police and the military and produce severe discomfort. Some have proposed that washing with baby shampoo helps reduce this discomfort. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study to determine if baby shampoo is effective in reducing the severity and duration of these effects. Study subjects included volunteers undergoing OC or CS exposure as part of their police or military training. After standardized exposure to OC or CS all subjects were allowed to irrigate their eyes and skin ad lib with water. Those randomized to the intervention group were provided with baby shampoo for application to their head, neck, and face. Participants rated their subjective discomfort in two domains on a scale of 0-10 at 0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. We performed statistical analysis using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney Test. There were 58 participants. Of 40 subjects in the OC arm of the study, there were no significant diffe...

Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, Jan 29, 2017

Shoulder arthroplasty evolution has resulted in the shortening of traditional stemmed humeral com... more Shoulder arthroplasty evolution has resulted in the shortening of traditional stemmed humeral components. Newer stemless implants rely on structures that maintain fixation in the metaphyseal region of the proximal humerus. Whereas the overall morphology of the proximal humerus is well understood, the advent of stemless implants requires that additional geometric measures be assessed. This study's purpose was to introduce new anatomic measures to assist with the design of stemless implants. Using computed tomography data from 98 subjects (nonarthritic [n = 41], B2 osteoarthritic [n = 26], and symmetric osteoarthritic [n = 31]), shifts in proximal canal direction, bounding diameters along the canal, and canal depth beneath the center of the humeral resection plane were quantified. Traditional articular aspect ratio terms (ie, resection diameter, humeral head height) were also quantified. All measures were reported relative to a humeral coordinate system relevant to stemless implan...

Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, Jan 10, 2017

Both anatomic (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) are common interventions for g... more Both anatomic (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) are common interventions for glenohumeral arthrosis, with the goal of relieving pain and restoring mobility. Understanding shoulder arthroplasty motion and frequency is of interest in evaluating effectiveness and in predicting bearing wear for implant development and optimization. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the total daily shoulder motion of patients after TSA and RTSA. Thirty-six human subjects who had undergone shoulder arthroplasty wore a custom instrumented garment that tracked upper extremity motion for the waking hours of 1 day. The 3-dimensional orientation of each humeral sensor was transformed with respect to the torso to calculate total joint motion and frequency, with comparison of TSA to RTSA. In addition, the yearly motion of the shoulder was extrapolated. The majority of shoulder motion occurred below 80° of elevation (P < .001), totaling on average 821 ± 45 and 783 ± 27 mot...

Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan 18, 2017

We have recently disclosed 5-phenyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)quinazolin-4-amine 1... more We have recently disclosed 5-phenyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(pyrimidin-5-yl)quinazolin-4-amine 1 as a potent IKur current blocker with selectivity versus hERG, Na and Ca channels and an acceptable preclinical PK profile. On further characterization in vivo, Compound 1 demonstrated an unacceptable level of brain penetration. In an effort to reduce the level of brain penetration while maintaining the overall profile, SAR was developed at the C2' position for a series of close analogs by employing hydrogen bond donors. As a result, 5-(5-phenyl-4-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)quinazolin-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide (25) was identified as the lead compound in this series. Compound 25 showed robust effects in rabbit and canine pharmacodynamic models and an acceptable cross-species pharmacokinetic profile and was advanced as the clinical candidate. Further optimization of 25 to mitigate pH dependent absorption resulted in identification of the corresponding phosphoramide prodrug (29) with a...

Journal of applied biomechanics, Jan 2, 2017

The anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (AMCL) of the elbow is commonly injured in ... more The anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament (AMCL) of the elbow is commonly injured in patients with elbow dislocations and in throwing athletes. This in-vitro study quantified tension in the native AMCL throughout elbow flexion for different arm positions. We conducted passive and simulated active elbow flexion in seven fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities using an established motion simulator. Motions were performed in the valgus and vertical positions from 20-120º while measuring AMCL tension using a custom transducer. Average AMCL tension was higher in the valgus compared to vertical position for both active (p=0.03) and passive (p=0.01) motion. Peak AMCL tension was higher in the valgus position for active (p=0.02) and passive (p=0.01) motion. There was no significant difference in AMCL tension between active and passive motion in the valgus (p=0.15) or vertical (p=0.39) positions. In the valgus position, tension increased with elbow flexion from 20-70º for both a...

Journal of Wrist Surgery, 2016

Background Flexion and extension of the wrist is achieved primarily at the radiocarpal and midcar... more Background Flexion and extension of the wrist is achieved primarily at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Carpal kinematics have been investigated, although there remains no consensus regarding the relative contribution of each bone to wrist motion. Purpose To determine the kinematics of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate during unconstrained simulated wrist flexion/extension and to examine the effect of motion direction on the contribution of each bone. Materials and Methods Seven cadaveric upper extremities were tested in a passive wrist simulator with 10N tone loads applied to the wrist flexors/extensors. Scaphoid, lunate, and capitate kinematics were captured using optical tracking and analyzed with respect to the radius. Results Scaphoid and lunate motion correlated linearly with wrist motion (R(2) = 0.99, 0.97). In extension, the scaphoid and lunate extended 83 ± 19% and 37 ± 18% relative to total wrist extension (p = 0.03, 0.001), respectively. In flexion, the scaphoid and lunate flexed 95 ± 20% and 70 ± 12% relative to total wrist flexion (p = 1.0,0.01) , respectively. The lunate rotated 46 ± 25% less than the capitate and 35 ± 31% less than the scaphoid. The intercarpal motion between the scaphoid and lunate was 25 ± 17% of wrist flexion. Conclusion The scaphoid, lunate, and capitate move synergistically throughout planar wrist motion. The scaphoid and lunate contributed at a greater degree during flexion, suggesting that the radiocarpal joint plays a more critical role in wrist flexion. Clinical Relevance The large magnitude of differential rotation between the scaphoid and lunate may be responsible for the high incidence of scapholunate ligament injuries. An understanding of normal carpal kinematics may assist in positioning carpal bones during partial wrist fusions and in developing more durable wrist arthroplasty designs.

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 2016

Despite research demonstrating the overall safety of Conducted Electrical Weapons (CEWs), commonl... more Despite research demonstrating the overall safety of Conducted Electrical Weapons (CEWs), commonly known by the brand name TASER(®), concerns remain regarding cardiac safety. The addition of cardiac biomonitoring capability to a CEW could prove useful and even lifesaving in the rare event of a medical crisis by detecting and analyzing cardiac rhythms during the period immediately after CEW discharge. To combine an electrocardiogram (ECG) device with a CEW to detect and store ECG signals while still allowing the CEW to perform its primary function of delivering an incapacitating electrical discharge. This work was performed in three phases. In Phase 1 standard law enforcement issue CEW cartridges were modified to demonstrate transmission of ECG signals. In Phase 2, a miniaturized ECG recorder was combined with a standard issue CEW and tested. In Phase 3, a prototype CEW with on-board cardiac biomonitoring was tested on human volunteers to assess its ability to perform its primary function of electrical incapacitation. Bench testing demonstrated that slightly modified CEW cartridge wires transmitted simulated ECG signals produced by an ECG rhythm generator and from a human volunteer. Ultimately, a modified CEW incorporating ECG monitoring successfully delivered incapacitating current to human volunteers and successfully recorded ECG signals from subcutaneous CEW probes after firing. An ECG recording device was successfully incorporated into a standard issue CEW without impeding the functioning of the device. This serves as proof-of-concept that safety measures such as cardiac biomonitoring can be incorporated into CEWs and possibly other law enforcement devices.

Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug 25, 2016

Inhibitors of the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex (TF-FVIIa) are promising novel anticoagu... more Inhibitors of the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex (TF-FVIIa) are promising novel anticoagulants, which show excellent efficacy and minimal bleeding in preclinical models. Starting with an aminoisoquinoline P1-based macrocyclic inhibitor, optimization of the P' groups led to a series of highly potent and selective TF-FVIIa inhibitors, which displayed poor permeability. Fluorination of the aminoisoquinoline reduced the basicity of the P1 group and significantly improved permeability. The resulting lead compound was highly potent, selective, and achieved good pharmacokinetics in dogs with oral dosing. Moreover, it demonstrated robust anti-thrombotic activity in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis.