James Sales - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Sales
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1996
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1996
Aquatic Living Resources, 2003
Although fish have been kept for more than three centuries as ornamentals, and the development of... more Although fish have been kept for more than three centuries as ornamentals, and the development of manufactured feed since 50 years ago has contributed to the tremendous growth of this hobby, nutrition of ornamental fish is based on extrapolation of results derived from food fishes under intensive farming conditions. Some research on nutrient (protein, minerals) requirements of growing freshwater ornamental species (live-bearers) in a production environment has been conducted, mainly in Singapore, with emphasis on the provision of live feed during the early stages of the life cycle. Protein requirements varied from around 30% dietary protein for growing omnivorous goldfish (Carassius auratus) to 50% for the carnivorous discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Whereas mineral (phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc) requirements have received some attention in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), few researches have concentrated on vitamin requirements of ornamental species. Requirements for fatty acids have been conducted mainly on marine ornamentals (damselfish, seahorses), and accentuated the need for dietary supplementation of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Fish kept in public and home aquaria presents the problem of diversity of species in the same enclosure, each with its own specific requirements and needs. Maintenance energy levels of ornamental fish varied from 0.068 kJ per day for small neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi) to 0.51 kJ per day for moonlight gouramis (Trichogaster microlepsis) kept at a water temperature of 26 °C. Research on nutrient requirements of ornamental fish urges for suitable measurements other than only growth rate in order to determine optimal dietary inclusion levels.Les exigences alimentaires des poissons d'ornementation. Les exigences alimentaires des poissons d'ornementation. L'élevage de poissons ornementaux effectué pendant plus de trois siècles et le développement de la manufacture d'aliment depuis 50 ans ont contribué à l'essor de ce loisir, mais la nutrition des poissons ornementaux se fonde sur une extrapolation de données dérivées de poissons de consommation et en conditions de culture intensive. Quelques études ont été faites sur les besoins alimentaires (en protéines, en éléments minéraux) d'espèces ornementales d'eau douce (des poissons vivipares) dans le cadre de production, à Singapour en particulier, et sur la nécessité d'aliment vivant dans les premiers stades de leur cycle de vie. Les besoins protéiniques varient de 30 % de protéine brute pour le poisson rouge omnivore (Carassius auratus), jusqu'à 50 % pour le discus carnivore (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Les besoins en minéraux (phosphore, fer, magnésium et zinc) ont été étudiés pour le guppy (Poecilia reticulata), mais peu d'investigations ont été faites pour connaître les besoins vitaminiques des espèces ornementales. Les besoins en acides gras ont été étudiés chez les poissons ornementaux marins (demoiselles, hippocampes) et se limitent à la supplémentation diététique en acides gras très insaturés n-3. Que les poissons soient présentés en aquariums publics ou cultivés en aquariums personnels, un problème de diversité d'espèces se pose dans un même bassin ; chaque espèce ayant ses exigences spécifiques. Leur besoin énergétique d'entretien varie de 0,07 kJ/jour pour les petits néons-tétras (Paracheirodon innesi) jusqu'à 0,51 kJ/jour pour les gouramis serpents (Trichogaster microlepsis), élevés dans une eau à 26 °C. Dans la recherche sur les besoins alimentaires des poissons ornementaux, il faut utiliser des paramètres adéquats, autres que le taux de croissance pour obtenir les taux optimaux des nutriments.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000
Seven Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) of 1300 mm length were slaughtered in order to estab... more Seven Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) of 1300 mm length were slaughtered in order to established baseline values for component yields and expected percentage of lean meat, fat and bone for this species. The skin presents nearly 20% of the live weight of the Nile crocodile, while a dressing percentage of 56.5% was derived. The tail realised 18 and 33% of the live weight and empty carcass weight respectively. Values of 60.8, 12.2 and 26.6% of carcass weight were obtained for total lean meat, fat and bone respectively. A pH value of AE 6.5 at 24 h post-mortem in both tail and leg muscles and a decreasing pH towards 48 h post-mortem illustrated that rigor mortis is still not complete when crocodile carcasses are processed. While fat content differed statistically (P`0.05) from 91.1 g kg À1 in raw torso samples to 29.4 g kg À1 in raw neck samples, protein content was relatively constant around a mean of 220.8 g kg À1 in raw meat. Cooking did not have any in¯uence of practical value on proximate, amino acid or mineral composition. Crocodile meat is characterised by a lower iron, magnesium and sodium content than either beef or chicken. Of the total fatty acids present in the tail samples, 37.7% were saturated, 51.1% monounsaturated and 10.7% polyunsaturated. Oleic acid was predominant (43.1%), whilst palmitic acid (25.4%), stearic acid (9.9%) and linoleic acid (9.1%) were also present in high concentrations.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1996
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 1996
Aquatic Living Resources, 2003
Although fish have been kept for more than three centuries as ornamentals, and the development of... more Although fish have been kept for more than three centuries as ornamentals, and the development of manufactured feed since 50 years ago has contributed to the tremendous growth of this hobby, nutrition of ornamental fish is based on extrapolation of results derived from food fishes under intensive farming conditions. Some research on nutrient (protein, minerals) requirements of growing freshwater ornamental species (live-bearers) in a production environment has been conducted, mainly in Singapore, with emphasis on the provision of live feed during the early stages of the life cycle. Protein requirements varied from around 30% dietary protein for growing omnivorous goldfish (Carassius auratus) to 50% for the carnivorous discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Whereas mineral (phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc) requirements have received some attention in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), few researches have concentrated on vitamin requirements of ornamental species. Requirements for fatty acids have been conducted mainly on marine ornamentals (damselfish, seahorses), and accentuated the need for dietary supplementation of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Fish kept in public and home aquaria presents the problem of diversity of species in the same enclosure, each with its own specific requirements and needs. Maintenance energy levels of ornamental fish varied from 0.068 kJ per day for small neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi) to 0.51 kJ per day for moonlight gouramis (Trichogaster microlepsis) kept at a water temperature of 26 °C. Research on nutrient requirements of ornamental fish urges for suitable measurements other than only growth rate in order to determine optimal dietary inclusion levels.Les exigences alimentaires des poissons d'ornementation. Les exigences alimentaires des poissons d'ornementation. L'élevage de poissons ornementaux effectué pendant plus de trois siècles et le développement de la manufacture d'aliment depuis 50 ans ont contribué à l'essor de ce loisir, mais la nutrition des poissons ornementaux se fonde sur une extrapolation de données dérivées de poissons de consommation et en conditions de culture intensive. Quelques études ont été faites sur les besoins alimentaires (en protéines, en éléments minéraux) d'espèces ornementales d'eau douce (des poissons vivipares) dans le cadre de production, à Singapour en particulier, et sur la nécessité d'aliment vivant dans les premiers stades de leur cycle de vie. Les besoins protéiniques varient de 30 % de protéine brute pour le poisson rouge omnivore (Carassius auratus), jusqu'à 50 % pour le discus carnivore (Symphysodon aequifasciata). Les besoins en minéraux (phosphore, fer, magnésium et zinc) ont été étudiés pour le guppy (Poecilia reticulata), mais peu d'investigations ont été faites pour connaître les besoins vitaminiques des espèces ornementales. Les besoins en acides gras ont été étudiés chez les poissons ornementaux marins (demoiselles, hippocampes) et se limitent à la supplémentation diététique en acides gras très insaturés n-3. Que les poissons soient présentés en aquariums publics ou cultivés en aquariums personnels, un problème de diversité d'espèces se pose dans un même bassin ; chaque espèce ayant ses exigences spécifiques. Leur besoin énergétique d'entretien varie de 0,07 kJ/jour pour les petits néons-tétras (Paracheirodon innesi) jusqu'à 0,51 kJ/jour pour les gouramis serpents (Trichogaster microlepsis), élevés dans une eau à 26 °C. Dans la recherche sur les besoins alimentaires des poissons ornementaux, il faut utiliser des paramètres adéquats, autres que le taux de croissance pour obtenir les taux optimaux des nutriments.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000
Seven Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) of 1300 mm length were slaughtered in order to estab... more Seven Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) of 1300 mm length were slaughtered in order to established baseline values for component yields and expected percentage of lean meat, fat and bone for this species. The skin presents nearly 20% of the live weight of the Nile crocodile, while a dressing percentage of 56.5% was derived. The tail realised 18 and 33% of the live weight and empty carcass weight respectively. Values of 60.8, 12.2 and 26.6% of carcass weight were obtained for total lean meat, fat and bone respectively. A pH value of AE 6.5 at 24 h post-mortem in both tail and leg muscles and a decreasing pH towards 48 h post-mortem illustrated that rigor mortis is still not complete when crocodile carcasses are processed. While fat content differed statistically (P`0.05) from 91.1 g kg À1 in raw torso samples to 29.4 g kg À1 in raw neck samples, protein content was relatively constant around a mean of 220.8 g kg À1 in raw meat. Cooking did not have any in¯uence of practical value on proximate, amino acid or mineral composition. Crocodile meat is characterised by a lower iron, magnesium and sodium content than either beef or chicken. Of the total fatty acids present in the tail samples, 37.7% were saturated, 51.1% monounsaturated and 10.7% polyunsaturated. Oleic acid was predominant (43.1%), whilst palmitic acid (25.4%), stearic acid (9.9%) and linoleic acid (9.1%) were also present in high concentrations.