James Simon - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Simon
Lamiaceae family, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus capitatus, and Origanum vulgare, oregano cv. 'Pierre', ... more Lamiaceae family, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus capitatus, and Origanum vulgare, oregano cv. 'Pierre', and their major anti-microbial volatile components carvacrol and thymol, were applied to Botrytis cinerea culture via headspace. In this study the components thymol and carvacrol, were adjusted to reflect their representative concentrations in the full essential oil. Growth of Botrytis cinerea was measured daily and treatments were subjected to ambient temperature (23℃) and cold room storage (4℃) environments. Essential oils and active antimicrobial components were applied to assess their growth inhibition activities. In Study 1, Thymus vulgaris essential oil, and thymol, elicited 100% growth inhibition at ambient temperature and 77% and 100% at cold room storage, respectively. In Study 2 concentrations of the essential oils of Thymus capitatus and Origanum vulgare (cv. 'Pierre'), and carvacrol showed 87%, 90%, and 100% growth inhibition at ambient temperature and 89%, 87%, and 100% inhibition at cold room storage (4°C), respectively. Results indicate that each of the three essential oils from T. vulgaris, T. capitatus, and O. vulgare are effective in inhibiting growth of Botrytis cinerea and suggest that the pure bioactive compounds in these essential oils are largely the cause for Botrytis cinerea growth inhibition. Additionally, results showed no significant differences in growth inhibition and temperature when observing impact on the reduction of growth by B. cinerea when using the full essential oil of Thyme and Oregano and comparing to the use of thymol and carvacrol from thyme and oregano.
Zambia is gifted with a large land resource base of 42 million hectares, of which, only 1.5 milli... more Zambia is gifted with a large land resource base of 42 million hectares, of which, only 1.5 million hectares are under crop cultivation. Moreover, it is constrained with low soil fertility due to degradation, continued mono-cropping, changes in rainfall, and frequent droughts which leads to low crop yields, increasing rural poverty, child malnutrition, and food insecurity. To understand the farmer's background, this study aims to analyze the baseline conditions and production practices of African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) growers in Zambia. Using a structured questionnaire as a tool to collect data on nine AIVs, including amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), nightshade (Solanum spp.), spider plant (Cleome gynandra), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius), kale (Brassica oleracea), sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas), orange sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), the survey was administered to 300 AIV producers from six districts in Lusaka and the Eastern province in 2015. The average size of landholding was two hectares with a land tenure that was predominantly freehold without a title. These producers grow the AIVs for their home consumption, for sale, or both. Amongst the nine AIVs, sweet potato leaves, amaranth, and orange sweet potato were the three most preferred by the farmers to grow. For the seeds, producers mostly used their own farm or recycled seeds.
The chemical profiles of essential oilbearing plants can greatly vary as a response to ecological... more The chemical profiles of essential oilbearing plants can greatly vary as a response to ecological and seasonal changes. For specialty crops such as catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) and lemon catnip, (Nepeta cataria L. var. citriodora), optimizing these conditions based on field performance evaluations and chemical analyses of aromatic profiles can provide a benchmark for future harvest timelines. In this study, we describe the field performance of five lemon-scented N. cataria selections and one commercial lemon catnip line, based on biomass, essential oil yield and essential oil composition, while determining the effects of harvesting time on plant performance and chemical composition. The essential oil was extracted via hydro-distillation and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The four compounds in highest concentration present in the assessed genotypes were citronellol, geraniol, (E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Biomass, essential oil yield and chemical composition were significantly affected by harvesting times in all genotypes. Essential oils from catnip and lemon catnip cultivars have been used commercially as a source of natural insect repellents. Understanding how ecological and genetic factors affect the secondary metabolism of these crops is a fundamental step for product standardization and commercialization.
A method was developed for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in the flowers, u... more A method was developed for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves of Nepeta cataria using HPLC/UV/MS. This led to the identification of two phenolic acids including caffeic and rosmarinic acid along with eight flavonoids including luteolin, apigenin and their glucosyl and glucuronyl derivatives. The results indicated that total polyphenols averaged 11.32 ± 3.95 mg/g, 12.31 ± 2.5 mg/g and 11.29 ± 2.88 mg/g for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts from N. cataria were determined using the ABTS + radical scavenging assay and averaged 30.35 ± 3.56 µM, 30.56 ± 4.71 µM and 29.7 ± 4.61 µM equivalent / g DW for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. Antiinflammatory activity was assayed by measuring nitric oxide concentrations after treating RAW 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide and the IC50 values averaged 81.96 ± 37.49 µg/mL, 95.99 ± 85.55 µg/mL and 91.28 ± 47.71µg/mL for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. All extracts from the different plant tissues demonstrated radical scavenging capabilities and dose dependent activity in the inhibition of nitric oxide similar to other members of the Lamiaceae family.
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2006
Genovese', and 'Sweet basil'. Basils were also selected and modified to enhance their ornamental ... more Genovese', and 'Sweet basil'. Basils were also selected and modified to enhance their ornamental qualities, focusing on such traits as plant height, leaf color and shape, inflorescence length, color and compactness. Examples include the varieties 'Bush', selected for its dwarf form, 'Purple Ruffles', selected for its leaf color, 'Siam Queen' for its beauty and 'Sweet Dani Lemon Basil' for its citral aroma and large leaf. Centuries of selection of basil for distinct aromas also led to the establishment of many chemotypes rich in a variety of volatile oil compounds, including citral, linalool, methylchavicol, eugenol, geraniol and methylcinnamate.
Hortscience, Jun 1, 1997
Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammoni... more Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. 15-25 cm from plots treated 25 May 1995 with either hexazinone liquid formulation of Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha, or as a granular in Pronone 10G, Pronone MG at 11.1 kg/ha, or Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) at 220 kg/ha impregnated with Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha and an untreated control. The hexazinone liquid had the most leaching, the Velpar DAP formulation had the least leaching, and the Pronone formulation were intermediate. If hexazinone leaching into groundwater is a concern a particular site, then the Velpar/DAP fertilizer or Pronone formulations should be used over the liquid formulation. This project was done under a low rainfall year, 1995, and it should be reassessed with the new Velpar DF formulation and irrigation.
Hortscience, Jun 1, 1997
Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammoni... more Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. 15-25 cm from plots treated 25 May 1995 with either hexazinone liquid formulation of Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha, or as a granular in Pronone 10G, Pronone MG at 11.1 kg/ha, or Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) at 220 kg/ha impregnated with Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha and an untreated control. The hexazinone liquid had the most leaching, the Velpar DAP formulation had the least leaching, and the Pronone formulation were intermediate. If hexazinone leaching into groundwater is a concern a particular site, then the Velpar/DAP fertilizer or Pronone formulations should be used over the liquid formulation. This project was done under a low rainfall year, 1995, and it should be reassessed with the new Velpar DF formulation and irrigation.
Hortscience, Dec 1, 2021
Two new clonal oregano cultivars Origanum vulgare cv. Pierre and cv. Eli have been developed thro... more Two new clonal oregano cultivars Origanum vulgare cv. Pierre and cv. Eli have been developed through multiyear and multisite evaluations, and have been approved by Rutgers University for commercial and public release. Each of these new cultivars have significantly greater essential oil and 2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol (carvacrol) yields than the currently offered commercial alternatives. These two new cultivars were developed to provide good field performance, upright growth habit, to accumulate high essential oils yields and serve as rich sources of carvacrol. The cultivars were designed to supplement the flavor, food, fragrance, nutraceutical, cosmetic and animal and poultry industries. These two new oregano cultivars are rich in antioxidants and other compounds that were previously shown to exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory activity .
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, May 1, 1989
Somatic embryos of borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae) were induced directly from immatu... more Somatic embryos of borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae) were induced directly from immature zygotic embryos and indirectly from callus. Embryogenic callus maintained on liquid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 pM 2,4-D and 10% (v/v) coconut water (CW) produced globular structures that became rhizogenic upon transfer to 2,4-D-free basal medium. Embryogenic callus maintained on semisolid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 j x m 2,4-D and 10% CW continued to produce somatic embryos, but development was abnormal. Globular structures often failed to develop cotyledons, and those that developed were small and fused; hypocotyls tended to be large and elongated. Root meristems appeared normal, but shoot meristems were not formed. Carbon source (sucrose, glucose, or maltose) and ABA did not normalize somatic embryogenesis. A highly embryogenic, non-browning clone produced various tissue types when 2,4-D was withdrawn that varied in total fatty acids: white nodular structures (12.6%), cotyledonary structures (22.5%), white callus (5.0%), green leafy growth (3.1%), and translucent globular growth (5.1%). y-Linolenic acid, as a percentage of total fatty acids, was highest in cotyledonaiy structures (19.9%) and lowest in white callus (10.2%). Chemical names used: D); coconut water (CW).
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1995
The genetic variability of the major essential oil constituents in a germplasm collection of dill... more The genetic variability of the major essential oil constituents in a germplasm collection of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) from the National Plant Germplasm System was characterized. The oil content in the dill herb ranged from 0.10% to 0.30% (v/fresh weight), and in the dill seed from 1.75% to 4.0% (v/dry weight). The three major constituents in the dill herb oil were a-phellandrene, P-phellandrene, and 3,9-oxy-pmenth-l-ene (ddl ether) comprising90% to97% ofthe totaloilconstituents. Ofthese three constituents, a-phellandrene comprised 51.1% to 64.7% of the total oil. The major constituents in dill seed oil were carvone and dihydrocarvone comprising 68% to 83% of the total oil constituents. The other major constituent was limonene, which ranged from 14.18% to 21.43%. Carvone was not detected in the herb oil; and dill ether could not be detected in the seed oil.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Sep 1, 2018
Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of signific... more Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of significant interest to consumers and researchers for their multiple health benefits. The majority of bioavailable grape polyphenols, including the most abundant flavan-3-ols,i.e.(+)-catechin and (-)epicatechin, undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the gut, forming metabolites that can be highly bioavailable and bioactive. To gain a better understanding in microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols and to identify bioactive metabolites, advanced analytical methods are needed to accurately quantitate microbial-derived metabolites, particularly at trace levels, in addition to their precursors. This work describes the development and validation of a high-throughput, sensitive and reproducible GC-QqQ/MS method operated under MRM mode that allowed the identification and quantification of 16 phenolic acid metabolites, along with (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, in flavanol-enriched broth samples anaerobically fermented with human intestinal bacteria. Excellent sensitivity was achieved with low limits of detection and low limits of quantification in the range of 0.24-6.18 ng/mL and 0.480-12.37 ng/mL, respectively. With the exception of hippuric acid, recoveries of most analytes were greater than 85%. The percent accuracies for almost all analytes were within ±23% and precision results were all below 18%. Application of the developed method toin vitrosamples fermented with different human gut microbiota revealed distinct variations in the extent of flavanol catabolism, as well as production of bioactive phenolic acid metabolites. These results support that intestinal microbiota have a significant impact on the production of flavanol *
BMC Plant Biology, Apr 23, 2018
Background: The basil (Ocimum spp.) genus maintains a rich diversity of phenotypes and aromatic v... more Background: The basil (Ocimum spp.) genus maintains a rich diversity of phenotypes and aromatic volatiles through natural and artificial outcrossing. Characterization of population structure and genetic diversity among a representative sample of this genus is severely lacking. Absence of such information has slowed breeding efforts and the development of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with resistance to the worldwide downy mildew epidemic, caused by the obligate oomycete Peronospora belbahrii. In an effort to improve classification of relationships 20 EST-SSR markers with specieslevel transferability were developed and used to resolve relationships among a diverse panel of 180 Ocimum spp. accessions with varying response to downy mildew. Results: Results obtained from nested Bayesian model-based clustering, analysis of molecular variance and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analyses were synergized to provide an updated phylogeny of the Ocimum genus. Three (major) and seven (sub) population (cluster) models were identified and well-supported (P < 0.001) by PhiPT (Φ PT ) values of 0.433 and 0.344, respectively. Allelic frequency among clusters supported previously developed hypotheses of allopolyploid genome structure. Evidence of cryptic population structure was demonstrated for the k1 O. basilicum cluster suggesting prevalence of gene flow. UPGMA analysis provided best resolution for the 36-accession, DM resistant k3 cluster with consistently strong bootstrap support. Although the k3 cluster is a rich source of DM resistance introgression of resistance into the commercially important k1 accessions is impeded by reproductive barriers as demonstrated by multiple sterile F1 hybrids. The k2 cluster located between k1 and k3, represents a source of transferrable tolerance evidenced by fertile backcross progeny. The 90-accession k1 cluster was largely susceptible to downy mildew with accession 'MRI' representing the only source of DM resistance. Conclusions: High levels of genetic diversity support the observed phenotypic diversity among Ocimum spp. accessions. EST-SSRs provided a robust evaluation of molecular diversity and can be used for additional studies to increase resolution of genetic relationships in the Ocimum genus. Elucidation of population structure and genetic relationships among Ocimum spp. germplasm provide the foundation for improved DM resistance breeding strategies and more rapid response to future disease outbreaks.
Molecules, Feb 14, 2023
Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Seh-Haw in Wolof) is a popular bush tea in West African countrie... more Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Seh-Haw in Wolof) is a popular bush tea in West African countries. Although the kinkéliba plant's leaves have been widely consumed for its nutritional and medicinal properties, its benefits on skin health potential have been practically untouched. In human epidermal primary keratinocytes, vitexin and isovitexin-rich kinkéliba extract treatment significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced up to 39.6% of the cell survival rate decreased by UV radiation irritation. The treatment of kinkéliba leaf extracts also reduced the production of UV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by 57.6% and 42.5%, respectively (p < 0.001), which cause skin redness and skin barrier dysfunction, as well as wrinkles and collagen degradation. The anti-inflammation efficacy of kinkéliba leaf extracts might involve significant inhibition on the levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (-70.8%, p < 0.001) and nitrotyrosine (-56.9%, p < 0.05). Further topical applications of kinkéliba leaf extract gel were found to reduce sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced skin inflammation: at D7, the skin trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin redness (a* value) were both reduced by 59.81% (p < 0.001) and 22.4% (p < 0.001), compared with D0. In vitro and in vivo data support a new topical application of the kinkéliba leaf as an effective active ingredient for the treatment of skin inflammation, as well as subsequent barrier dysfunction and inflammaging.
HortScience
Foliage of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) is susceptible to injury... more Foliage of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) is susceptible to injury induced by ambient concentrations of ozone. Foliar injury symptoms consisted of interveinal chlorosis of the adaxial surface of the leaf tissue followed by bleaching of the foliage and necrosis. Fully mature leaves were affected more than younger leaves. Controlled fumigations of muskmelon plants with known concentrations of ozone produced foliar symptoms identical to those observed in the field. A differential cultivar response to ozone is reported and potentially tolerant genotypes are identified.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1996
Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O3) ... more Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O3) sensitivities were grown in a charcoal-filtered greenhouse and exposed in continuous-stirred tank reactor chambers to five levels (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 nL·L-1) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the presence (80 nL·L-1) or absence (0 nL·L-1) of ozone (O3) for 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 days. In the presence of O3, SO2 increased foliar injury in all three cultivars, but the impact was greatest for the most O3-sensitive cultivar, `Sugar Baby,' moderate for `Crimson Sweet,' and least for the least O3-sensitive cultivar, `Charleston Gray.' For all cultivars, SO2 intensified O3 suppression of leaf area for the first seven mainstem leaves and of dry weights for aboveground and total plant tissues. Root dry weight was independently suppressed by both pollutants, and the root: top ratio was linearly suppressed by SO2 alone. Sulfur dioxide combined with O3 can be detrimental to crop ...
HortTechnology, 2018
Different basils (Ocimum sp.) and cultivars (28 in 2009 and 32 in 2010) were evaluated for suscep... more Different basils (Ocimum sp.) and cultivars (28 in 2009 and 32 in 2010) were evaluated for susceptibility to basil downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) at the Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Bridgeton in southern New Jersey. At the end of each growing season, seed was collected from individual plants and stored for potential downy mildew pathogen detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Most of the basil cultivars and breeding lines were showing symptoms of basil downy mildew infection at the time of seed collection before the first frost near the end of the production season. Symptoms of basil downy mildew were present on 25 of the 28 (89%) basil lines evaluated in 2009 and 26 of 32 (81%) basil lines tested in 2010 at the time of seed harvest, with sporulation evident on the abaxial surface of infected leaves. Real-time PCR analysis of seed collected from various infected plants detected P. belbahrii on seed of 14 of 25 (56%) basil...
NewCROP (New Crops Resource On-line Program) is a web-based internet resource developed by the Pu... more NewCROP (New Crops Resource On-line Program) is a web-based internet resource developed by the Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products emphasizing new and specialty crops (www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop). Designed to deliver instant topical information on crop plants, NewCROP first came on-line in 1995, and since that time has continued to grow significantly in content information and represents the most extensively used virtual library of new crop information on the web . Since that initial report, advances in web-based technology, coupled with the addition of new databases have enabled NewCROP to continue to address the needs of the new crop community. Linkage to crops is based on either a comprehensive index using common and scientific names (CropINDEX) or via a search engine (CropSEARCH). The information on crops is based on in-depth information prepared by crops experts (FactSHEETS), information from the proceedings of national new crop symposia, crop monographs, and links to outside sources. A portion of NewCROP now concentrates specifically on herbs, spices, aromatic, and medicinal plants (Aromatic-MedicinalPLANTS). Other useful databases include information on import permits phytosanitary certificates, quarantine, and inspection information (IMPORT-EXPORT), information on species consumed in times of food scarcity (Famine Foods), directories of researchers and experts (CropEXPERT), and announcements (CropEVENTS). In 1998, the web site received and responded to over 1.7 million requests for 650,623 pages, serving 218,836 distinct hosts. An historical graph of the site traffic from July, 1996 to April, 1999 shows a continuous upward trend (Fig. ). The site is accessed nationally and internationally by many users (Table ). (See ) At the heart of this virtual library, NewCROP incorporates the three proceedings organized by the Center for New Crops and Plant Products (Advances in New Crops, 1990; New Crops, l993; and Progress in New Crops, 1996) and will include this present volume, Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, 1999, organized in conjunction with the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops and the New Uses Council. These four volumes contain over 400 articles with references to over 7,000 crops (scientific and common names) and crop products. All texts are hyperlinked.
S0 2 are located in SW Indiana, with several in the vicinity of the major melon growing areas in ... more S0 2 are located in SW Indiana, with several in the vicinity of the major melon growing areas in Knox, Sullivan, and Gibson counties (Table ). The same stationary sources that burn coal, oil, natural gas or other fuels releasing S0 2 , can also contribute to the formation of NO x , the precursor to 3 . in prevailing winds from the west, southwest, south and southeast during the summer Table 1. The Major Sources of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in Indiana.
Hortscience, Aug 1, 1996
Two lance-leaf caladium cultivars are to be released from the ornamental breeding program at the ... more Two lance-leaf caladium cultivars are to be released from the ornamental breeding program at the University of Florida. 'Red Ruffles', whose pedigree is Red Frill x ('Red Frill' x 'Candidum Jr.'), has elongated medium red leaves with ruffled green margins. Plants are upright with strong petioles, have leaf blades 25 cm long and 14 cm wide, and attain a height of 61 cm when grown in full sun in the field. Plants have more leaves and are more cold tolerant than 'Red Frill', the major red lance-leaf cultivar of commerce. Tuber yields of 'Red Ruffles' are similar to 'Red Frill' but less than 'Rosalie', with production indices of 95.0, 97.8, and 121.0, respectively. Foliage of 'Red Ruffles' is more upright and less likely to elongate under reduced light than the other cultivars. 'Irish Lace', an F 2 selection from a cross of "Candidum Jr.' x "Red Frill', has elongated dark green leaves with heavily ruffled margins, which are etched with a thin red border. Leaf blades are 26 cm long and 8 cm wide and have heavy substance. Plant height is 65 cm in the field. Tuber yields of 'Irish Lace' are greater than 'White Wing', a major green/ white cultivar. Use of a green caladium would be as a border or a mixture with red or white lance-leaf cultivars. provenances. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%) in contrast to the Alabama provenance, which only needed 30 days (80%). Seeds of both provenances did not exhibit an obligate light requirement. However, photoperiods ≥1/2 h increased germination greatly over seeds in darkness (29% vs. 62%).
Lamiaceae family, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus capitatus, and Origanum vulgare, oregano cv. 'Pierre', ... more Lamiaceae family, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus capitatus, and Origanum vulgare, oregano cv. 'Pierre', and their major anti-microbial volatile components carvacrol and thymol, were applied to Botrytis cinerea culture via headspace. In this study the components thymol and carvacrol, were adjusted to reflect their representative concentrations in the full essential oil. Growth of Botrytis cinerea was measured daily and treatments were subjected to ambient temperature (23℃) and cold room storage (4℃) environments. Essential oils and active antimicrobial components were applied to assess their growth inhibition activities. In Study 1, Thymus vulgaris essential oil, and thymol, elicited 100% growth inhibition at ambient temperature and 77% and 100% at cold room storage, respectively. In Study 2 concentrations of the essential oils of Thymus capitatus and Origanum vulgare (cv. 'Pierre'), and carvacrol showed 87%, 90%, and 100% growth inhibition at ambient temperature and 89%, 87%, and 100% inhibition at cold room storage (4°C), respectively. Results indicate that each of the three essential oils from T. vulgaris, T. capitatus, and O. vulgare are effective in inhibiting growth of Botrytis cinerea and suggest that the pure bioactive compounds in these essential oils are largely the cause for Botrytis cinerea growth inhibition. Additionally, results showed no significant differences in growth inhibition and temperature when observing impact on the reduction of growth by B. cinerea when using the full essential oil of Thyme and Oregano and comparing to the use of thymol and carvacrol from thyme and oregano.
Zambia is gifted with a large land resource base of 42 million hectares, of which, only 1.5 milli... more Zambia is gifted with a large land resource base of 42 million hectares, of which, only 1.5 million hectares are under crop cultivation. Moreover, it is constrained with low soil fertility due to degradation, continued mono-cropping, changes in rainfall, and frequent droughts which leads to low crop yields, increasing rural poverty, child malnutrition, and food insecurity. To understand the farmer's background, this study aims to analyze the baseline conditions and production practices of African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) growers in Zambia. Using a structured questionnaire as a tool to collect data on nine AIVs, including amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), nightshade (Solanum spp.), spider plant (Cleome gynandra), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius), kale (Brassica oleracea), sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas), orange sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), the survey was administered to 300 AIV producers from six districts in Lusaka and the Eastern province in 2015. The average size of landholding was two hectares with a land tenure that was predominantly freehold without a title. These producers grow the AIVs for their home consumption, for sale, or both. Amongst the nine AIVs, sweet potato leaves, amaranth, and orange sweet potato were the three most preferred by the farmers to grow. For the seeds, producers mostly used their own farm or recycled seeds.
The chemical profiles of essential oilbearing plants can greatly vary as a response to ecological... more The chemical profiles of essential oilbearing plants can greatly vary as a response to ecological and seasonal changes. For specialty crops such as catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) and lemon catnip, (Nepeta cataria L. var. citriodora), optimizing these conditions based on field performance evaluations and chemical analyses of aromatic profiles can provide a benchmark for future harvest timelines. In this study, we describe the field performance of five lemon-scented N. cataria selections and one commercial lemon catnip line, based on biomass, essential oil yield and essential oil composition, while determining the effects of harvesting time on plant performance and chemical composition. The essential oil was extracted via hydro-distillation and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The four compounds in highest concentration present in the assessed genotypes were citronellol, geraniol, (E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Biomass, essential oil yield and chemical composition were significantly affected by harvesting times in all genotypes. Essential oils from catnip and lemon catnip cultivars have been used commercially as a source of natural insect repellents. Understanding how ecological and genetic factors affect the secondary metabolism of these crops is a fundamental step for product standardization and commercialization.
A method was developed for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in the flowers, u... more A method was developed for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves of Nepeta cataria using HPLC/UV/MS. This led to the identification of two phenolic acids including caffeic and rosmarinic acid along with eight flavonoids including luteolin, apigenin and their glucosyl and glucuronyl derivatives. The results indicated that total polyphenols averaged 11.32 ± 3.95 mg/g, 12.31 ± 2.5 mg/g and 11.29 ± 2.88 mg/g for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts from N. cataria were determined using the ABTS + radical scavenging assay and averaged 30.35 ± 3.56 µM, 30.56 ± 4.71 µM and 29.7 ± 4.61 µM equivalent / g DW for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. Antiinflammatory activity was assayed by measuring nitric oxide concentrations after treating RAW 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide and the IC50 values averaged 81.96 ± 37.49 µg/mL, 95.99 ± 85.55 µg/mL and 91.28 ± 47.71µg/mL for the flowers, upper leaves and lower leaves, respectively. All extracts from the different plant tissues demonstrated radical scavenging capabilities and dose dependent activity in the inhibition of nitric oxide similar to other members of the Lamiaceae family.
Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2006
Genovese', and 'Sweet basil'. Basils were also selected and modified to enhance their ornamental ... more Genovese', and 'Sweet basil'. Basils were also selected and modified to enhance their ornamental qualities, focusing on such traits as plant height, leaf color and shape, inflorescence length, color and compactness. Examples include the varieties 'Bush', selected for its dwarf form, 'Purple Ruffles', selected for its leaf color, 'Siam Queen' for its beauty and 'Sweet Dani Lemon Basil' for its citral aroma and large leaf. Centuries of selection of basil for distinct aromas also led to the establishment of many chemotypes rich in a variety of volatile oil compounds, including citral, linalool, methylchavicol, eugenol, geraniol and methylcinnamate.
Hortscience, Jun 1, 1997
Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammoni... more Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. 15-25 cm from plots treated 25 May 1995 with either hexazinone liquid formulation of Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha, or as a granular in Pronone 10G, Pronone MG at 11.1 kg/ha, or Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) at 220 kg/ha impregnated with Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha and an untreated control. The hexazinone liquid had the most leaching, the Velpar DAP formulation had the least leaching, and the Pronone formulation were intermediate. If hexazinone leaching into groundwater is a concern a particular site, then the Velpar/DAP fertilizer or Pronone formulations should be used over the liquid formulation. This project was done under a low rainfall year, 1995, and it should be reassessed with the new Velpar DF formulation and irrigation.
Hortscience, Jun 1, 1997
Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammoni... more Cranberry plants exclusively utilize ammonium forms of nitrogen. Nitrifi cation of applied ammonium and subsequent leaching through sandy soils is a potential problem for growers. Peat, sand, and striped soils were collected in cranberry beds in central Wisconsin and soil pH was adjusted to 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5. Twenty-fi ve grams of dry soil was placed in fl asks and half the fl asks were sterilized. Distilled water was added to half of the samples, and the other half received 15 N-labeled ammonium. Flasks were incubated at 20°C for up to 70 days. Striped soils showed no nitrifi cation at pH 3.5 or 4.5 during the 70 day incubation. At pH 5.5, nitrifi cation began at 20 days and was almost complete at 70 days. Nitrifi cation did not occur at any pH in sandy soils. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizer applied to cranberry is likely taken up before nitrifi cation would occur. 15-25 cm from plots treated 25 May 1995 with either hexazinone liquid formulation of Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha, or as a granular in Pronone 10G, Pronone MG at 11.1 kg/ha, or Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) at 220 kg/ha impregnated with Velpar L at 1.1 kg/ha and an untreated control. The hexazinone liquid had the most leaching, the Velpar DAP formulation had the least leaching, and the Pronone formulation were intermediate. If hexazinone leaching into groundwater is a concern a particular site, then the Velpar/DAP fertilizer or Pronone formulations should be used over the liquid formulation. This project was done under a low rainfall year, 1995, and it should be reassessed with the new Velpar DF formulation and irrigation.
Hortscience, Dec 1, 2021
Two new clonal oregano cultivars Origanum vulgare cv. Pierre and cv. Eli have been developed thro... more Two new clonal oregano cultivars Origanum vulgare cv. Pierre and cv. Eli have been developed through multiyear and multisite evaluations, and have been approved by Rutgers University for commercial and public release. Each of these new cultivars have significantly greater essential oil and 2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol (carvacrol) yields than the currently offered commercial alternatives. These two new cultivars were developed to provide good field performance, upright growth habit, to accumulate high essential oils yields and serve as rich sources of carvacrol. The cultivars were designed to supplement the flavor, food, fragrance, nutraceutical, cosmetic and animal and poultry industries. These two new oregano cultivars are rich in antioxidants and other compounds that were previously shown to exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory activity .
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, May 1, 1989
Somatic embryos of borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae) were induced directly from immatu... more Somatic embryos of borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae) were induced directly from immature zygotic embryos and indirectly from callus. Embryogenic callus maintained on liquid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 pM 2,4-D and 10% (v/v) coconut water (CW) produced globular structures that became rhizogenic upon transfer to 2,4-D-free basal medium. Embryogenic callus maintained on semisolid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 j x m 2,4-D and 10% CW continued to produce somatic embryos, but development was abnormal. Globular structures often failed to develop cotyledons, and those that developed were small and fused; hypocotyls tended to be large and elongated. Root meristems appeared normal, but shoot meristems were not formed. Carbon source (sucrose, glucose, or maltose) and ABA did not normalize somatic embryogenesis. A highly embryogenic, non-browning clone produced various tissue types when 2,4-D was withdrawn that varied in total fatty acids: white nodular structures (12.6%), cotyledonary structures (22.5%), white callus (5.0%), green leafy growth (3.1%), and translucent globular growth (5.1%). y-Linolenic acid, as a percentage of total fatty acids, was highest in cotyledonaiy structures (19.9%) and lowest in white callus (10.2%). Chemical names used: D); coconut water (CW).
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1995
The genetic variability of the major essential oil constituents in a germplasm collection of dill... more The genetic variability of the major essential oil constituents in a germplasm collection of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) from the National Plant Germplasm System was characterized. The oil content in the dill herb ranged from 0.10% to 0.30% (v/fresh weight), and in the dill seed from 1.75% to 4.0% (v/dry weight). The three major constituents in the dill herb oil were a-phellandrene, P-phellandrene, and 3,9-oxy-pmenth-l-ene (ddl ether) comprising90% to97% ofthe totaloilconstituents. Ofthese three constituents, a-phellandrene comprised 51.1% to 64.7% of the total oil. The major constituents in dill seed oil were carvone and dihydrocarvone comprising 68% to 83% of the total oil constituents. The other major constituent was limonene, which ranged from 14.18% to 21.43%. Carvone was not detected in the herb oil; and dill ether could not be detected in the seed oil.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Sep 1, 2018
Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of signific... more Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of significant interest to consumers and researchers for their multiple health benefits. The majority of bioavailable grape polyphenols, including the most abundant flavan-3-ols,i.e.(+)-catechin and (-)epicatechin, undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the gut, forming metabolites that can be highly bioavailable and bioactive. To gain a better understanding in microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols and to identify bioactive metabolites, advanced analytical methods are needed to accurately quantitate microbial-derived metabolites, particularly at trace levels, in addition to their precursors. This work describes the development and validation of a high-throughput, sensitive and reproducible GC-QqQ/MS method operated under MRM mode that allowed the identification and quantification of 16 phenolic acid metabolites, along with (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, in flavanol-enriched broth samples anaerobically fermented with human intestinal bacteria. Excellent sensitivity was achieved with low limits of detection and low limits of quantification in the range of 0.24-6.18 ng/mL and 0.480-12.37 ng/mL, respectively. With the exception of hippuric acid, recoveries of most analytes were greater than 85%. The percent accuracies for almost all analytes were within ±23% and precision results were all below 18%. Application of the developed method toin vitrosamples fermented with different human gut microbiota revealed distinct variations in the extent of flavanol catabolism, as well as production of bioactive phenolic acid metabolites. These results support that intestinal microbiota have a significant impact on the production of flavanol *
BMC Plant Biology, Apr 23, 2018
Background: The basil (Ocimum spp.) genus maintains a rich diversity of phenotypes and aromatic v... more Background: The basil (Ocimum spp.) genus maintains a rich diversity of phenotypes and aromatic volatiles through natural and artificial outcrossing. Characterization of population structure and genetic diversity among a representative sample of this genus is severely lacking. Absence of such information has slowed breeding efforts and the development of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with resistance to the worldwide downy mildew epidemic, caused by the obligate oomycete Peronospora belbahrii. In an effort to improve classification of relationships 20 EST-SSR markers with specieslevel transferability were developed and used to resolve relationships among a diverse panel of 180 Ocimum spp. accessions with varying response to downy mildew. Results: Results obtained from nested Bayesian model-based clustering, analysis of molecular variance and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analyses were synergized to provide an updated phylogeny of the Ocimum genus. Three (major) and seven (sub) population (cluster) models were identified and well-supported (P < 0.001) by PhiPT (Φ PT ) values of 0.433 and 0.344, respectively. Allelic frequency among clusters supported previously developed hypotheses of allopolyploid genome structure. Evidence of cryptic population structure was demonstrated for the k1 O. basilicum cluster suggesting prevalence of gene flow. UPGMA analysis provided best resolution for the 36-accession, DM resistant k3 cluster with consistently strong bootstrap support. Although the k3 cluster is a rich source of DM resistance introgression of resistance into the commercially important k1 accessions is impeded by reproductive barriers as demonstrated by multiple sterile F1 hybrids. The k2 cluster located between k1 and k3, represents a source of transferrable tolerance evidenced by fertile backcross progeny. The 90-accession k1 cluster was largely susceptible to downy mildew with accession 'MRI' representing the only source of DM resistance. Conclusions: High levels of genetic diversity support the observed phenotypic diversity among Ocimum spp. accessions. EST-SSRs provided a robust evaluation of molecular diversity and can be used for additional studies to increase resolution of genetic relationships in the Ocimum genus. Elucidation of population structure and genetic relationships among Ocimum spp. germplasm provide the foundation for improved DM resistance breeding strategies and more rapid response to future disease outbreaks.
Molecules, Feb 14, 2023
Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Seh-Haw in Wolof) is a popular bush tea in West African countrie... more Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Seh-Haw in Wolof) is a popular bush tea in West African countries. Although the kinkéliba plant's leaves have been widely consumed for its nutritional and medicinal properties, its benefits on skin health potential have been practically untouched. In human epidermal primary keratinocytes, vitexin and isovitexin-rich kinkéliba extract treatment significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced up to 39.6% of the cell survival rate decreased by UV radiation irritation. The treatment of kinkéliba leaf extracts also reduced the production of UV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by 57.6% and 42.5%, respectively (p < 0.001), which cause skin redness and skin barrier dysfunction, as well as wrinkles and collagen degradation. The anti-inflammation efficacy of kinkéliba leaf extracts might involve significant inhibition on the levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) (-70.8%, p < 0.001) and nitrotyrosine (-56.9%, p < 0.05). Further topical applications of kinkéliba leaf extract gel were found to reduce sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced skin inflammation: at D7, the skin trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin redness (a* value) were both reduced by 59.81% (p < 0.001) and 22.4% (p < 0.001), compared with D0. In vitro and in vivo data support a new topical application of the kinkéliba leaf as an effective active ingredient for the treatment of skin inflammation, as well as subsequent barrier dysfunction and inflammaging.
HortScience
Foliage of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) is susceptible to injury... more Foliage of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser.) is susceptible to injury induced by ambient concentrations of ozone. Foliar injury symptoms consisted of interveinal chlorosis of the adaxial surface of the leaf tissue followed by bleaching of the foliage and necrosis. Fully mature leaves were affected more than younger leaves. Controlled fumigations of muskmelon plants with known concentrations of ozone produced foliar symptoms identical to those observed in the field. A differential cultivar response to ozone is reported and potentially tolerant genotypes are identified.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1996
Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O3) ... more Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O3) sensitivities were grown in a charcoal-filtered greenhouse and exposed in continuous-stirred tank reactor chambers to five levels (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 nL·L-1) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the presence (80 nL·L-1) or absence (0 nL·L-1) of ozone (O3) for 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 days. In the presence of O3, SO2 increased foliar injury in all three cultivars, but the impact was greatest for the most O3-sensitive cultivar, `Sugar Baby,' moderate for `Crimson Sweet,' and least for the least O3-sensitive cultivar, `Charleston Gray.' For all cultivars, SO2 intensified O3 suppression of leaf area for the first seven mainstem leaves and of dry weights for aboveground and total plant tissues. Root dry weight was independently suppressed by both pollutants, and the root: top ratio was linearly suppressed by SO2 alone. Sulfur dioxide combined with O3 can be detrimental to crop ...
HortTechnology, 2018
Different basils (Ocimum sp.) and cultivars (28 in 2009 and 32 in 2010) were evaluated for suscep... more Different basils (Ocimum sp.) and cultivars (28 in 2009 and 32 in 2010) were evaluated for susceptibility to basil downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) at the Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Bridgeton in southern New Jersey. At the end of each growing season, seed was collected from individual plants and stored for potential downy mildew pathogen detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Most of the basil cultivars and breeding lines were showing symptoms of basil downy mildew infection at the time of seed collection before the first frost near the end of the production season. Symptoms of basil downy mildew were present on 25 of the 28 (89%) basil lines evaluated in 2009 and 26 of 32 (81%) basil lines tested in 2010 at the time of seed harvest, with sporulation evident on the abaxial surface of infected leaves. Real-time PCR analysis of seed collected from various infected plants detected P. belbahrii on seed of 14 of 25 (56%) basil...
NewCROP (New Crops Resource On-line Program) is a web-based internet resource developed by the Pu... more NewCROP (New Crops Resource On-line Program) is a web-based internet resource developed by the Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products emphasizing new and specialty crops (www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop). Designed to deliver instant topical information on crop plants, NewCROP first came on-line in 1995, and since that time has continued to grow significantly in content information and represents the most extensively used virtual library of new crop information on the web . Since that initial report, advances in web-based technology, coupled with the addition of new databases have enabled NewCROP to continue to address the needs of the new crop community. Linkage to crops is based on either a comprehensive index using common and scientific names (CropINDEX) or via a search engine (CropSEARCH). The information on crops is based on in-depth information prepared by crops experts (FactSHEETS), information from the proceedings of national new crop symposia, crop monographs, and links to outside sources. A portion of NewCROP now concentrates specifically on herbs, spices, aromatic, and medicinal plants (Aromatic-MedicinalPLANTS). Other useful databases include information on import permits phytosanitary certificates, quarantine, and inspection information (IMPORT-EXPORT), information on species consumed in times of food scarcity (Famine Foods), directories of researchers and experts (CropEXPERT), and announcements (CropEVENTS). In 1998, the web site received and responded to over 1.7 million requests for 650,623 pages, serving 218,836 distinct hosts. An historical graph of the site traffic from July, 1996 to April, 1999 shows a continuous upward trend (Fig. ). The site is accessed nationally and internationally by many users (Table ). (See ) At the heart of this virtual library, NewCROP incorporates the three proceedings organized by the Center for New Crops and Plant Products (Advances in New Crops, 1990; New Crops, l993; and Progress in New Crops, 1996) and will include this present volume, Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses, 1999, organized in conjunction with the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops and the New Uses Council. These four volumes contain over 400 articles with references to over 7,000 crops (scientific and common names) and crop products. All texts are hyperlinked.
S0 2 are located in SW Indiana, with several in the vicinity of the major melon growing areas in ... more S0 2 are located in SW Indiana, with several in the vicinity of the major melon growing areas in Knox, Sullivan, and Gibson counties (Table ). The same stationary sources that burn coal, oil, natural gas or other fuels releasing S0 2 , can also contribute to the formation of NO x , the precursor to 3 . in prevailing winds from the west, southwest, south and southeast during the summer Table 1. The Major Sources of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in Indiana.
Hortscience, Aug 1, 1996
Two lance-leaf caladium cultivars are to be released from the ornamental breeding program at the ... more Two lance-leaf caladium cultivars are to be released from the ornamental breeding program at the University of Florida. 'Red Ruffles', whose pedigree is Red Frill x ('Red Frill' x 'Candidum Jr.'), has elongated medium red leaves with ruffled green margins. Plants are upright with strong petioles, have leaf blades 25 cm long and 14 cm wide, and attain a height of 61 cm when grown in full sun in the field. Plants have more leaves and are more cold tolerant than 'Red Frill', the major red lance-leaf cultivar of commerce. Tuber yields of 'Red Ruffles' are similar to 'Red Frill' but less than 'Rosalie', with production indices of 95.0, 97.8, and 121.0, respectively. Foliage of 'Red Ruffles' is more upright and less likely to elongate under reduced light than the other cultivars. 'Irish Lace', an F 2 selection from a cross of "Candidum Jr.' x "Red Frill', has elongated dark green leaves with heavily ruffled margins, which are etched with a thin red border. Leaf blades are 26 cm long and 8 cm wide and have heavy substance. Plant height is 65 cm in the field. Tuber yields of 'Irish Lace' are greater than 'White Wing', a major green/ white cultivar. Use of a green caladium would be as a border or a mixture with red or white lance-leaf cultivars. provenances. The North Carolina provenance required 90 days stratification to maximize germination (66%) in contrast to the Alabama provenance, which only needed 30 days (80%). Seeds of both provenances did not exhibit an obligate light requirement. However, photoperiods ≥1/2 h increased germination greatly over seeds in darkness (29% vs. 62%).