James Sutherland - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by James Sutherland
The concept of a lake as an isolated unit is a central theme in research and management of freshw... more The concept of a lake as an isolated unit is a central theme in research and management of freshwater systems. Support is based on direct observations of lake communities. Studies undertaken in the last several decades lend tacit support because the methods used in both research and management often do not question the underlying notion that lake communities are essentially isolated. In a study of fi sh assemblages in interconnected lakes, we noted movement of tagged fi sh among lakes. We also found that species introduced to one lake were later captured in neighboring lakes. We found that fi sh species in lake assemblages did not differ from those in inlet and outlet stream assemblages; although relative abundance varied, species richness and composition did not. This fi nding suggests that fi sh assemblages in lakes are not isolated. Rather, immigration and emigration from streams and other lakes occurs. Although few individuals migrated to new lakes, any movement can affect population structure (e.g., through recolonization, gene fl ow) and management goals (e.g., spread of disease). Consequently, we suggest that methods commonly used to assess fi sh assemblages in lakes and the concept of the lake as a management unit may need to be reconsidered. Rather than be treated as isolated populations, fi shes in lake communities may be better treated as a watershed-wide metapopulation.
Removal of benthic barriers one to two years following installation allowed a systematic study of... more Removal of benthic barriers one to two years following installation allowed a systematic study of macrophyte recolo- nization. Within grids installed in the barren zone, species presence and relative abundance were recorded at 30-day intervals through two growing seasons. At each site, coloniza- tion of the 18 m
Ecosystems, 2006
The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEA... more The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEAP) to evaluate and monitor the status of biological communities in lakes in the Adirondack region of New York that have been adversely affected by acid deposition. This program includes chemical analysis of 30 lakes, sampled two to three times each summer. Results of trends analysis for lake chemistry and chlorophyll a (chlor a) are presented for 1994 to 2003, and a general comparison is made with recent results of the Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring (ALTM) Program, which included chemical analysis of all but two of these lakes (plus an additional 24 lakes) monthly, year-round for 1992-2004. Increases in pH were found in 25 of the 30 AEAP lakes (P < 0.05) and increases in acidneutralizing capacity (ANC) were found in 12 of the 30 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of both SO and Mg 2+ decreased in 11 lakes (P < 0.05), whereas concentrations of NO 3 ) decreased in 20 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of NH 4 + decreased in 10 lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and in three other lakes based on P < 0.1. Concentrations of inorganic and organic monomeric aluminum generally were below the reporting limit of 1.5 lmol L )1 , but decreases were detected in four and five lakes, respectively (P < 0.1). Concentrations of chlor a increased in seven lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. A significant inverse correlation was also found between chlor a and NO 3 ) concentrations in nine lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. Results of AEAP analysis of lake chemistry were similar to those of the ALTM Program, although decreases in SO concentrations were more evident in the yearround ALTM record. Overall, the results suggest (a) a degree of chemical recovery from acidification during the summer, (b) an increase in phytoplankton productivity, and (c) a decreasing trend in NO 3 ) concentrations resulting from the increased productivity.
ICE Proceedings Water Maritime and Energy
The prediction of scour at offshore windfarm foundations in areas with mobile seabeds is a challe... more The prediction of scour at offshore windfarm foundations in areas with mobile seabeds is a challenging topic. In areas with strong currents and wave action, and in areas with shallow water with the additional process of wave breaking to consider, it is necessary to complete laboratory testing. The work described in this paper examined the scour at foundations for a coastal site with waves and strong currents crossing at an oblique angle. The scour in the sand bed was tested for a range of current dominated and extreme wave conditions. The detailed scour profiles were used to determine the depth and extent of scour for a range of water levels, currents and boundary conditions for waves. The testing confirmed the need for scour protection to be installed.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 02705060 1992 9664676, Jan 7, 2011
Page 1. Zooplankton Communities of Adirondack Lakes: Changes in Community Structure Associated wi... more Page 1. Zooplankton Communities of Adirondack Lakes: Changes in Community Structure Associated with Acidification Clifford A. Siegfried Bidogical S umy New York State Museum Albany, New York 12230 and James W. Sutherland ...
Environmental science & technology, Jan 26, 2015
The Adirondack Mountain region is an extensive geographic area (26, 305 km2) in upstate New York ... more The Adirondack Mountain region is an extensive geographic area (26, 305 km2) in upstate New York where acid deposition has negatively impacted water resources for decades and caused the extirpation of local fish populations. The water quality decline and loss of an established Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis [Mitchill]) population in Brooktrout Lake were reconstructed from historical information dating back to the late 1880s. Water quality and biotic recovery were documented in Brooktrout Lake in response to reductions of S deposition during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, and provided a unique scientific opportunity to reintroduce fish in 2005 and examine their critical role in the recovery of food webs affected by acid deposition. Using C and N isotope analysis of fish collagen and state hatchery feed, and Bayesian assignment tests of microsatellite genotypes, we document in-situ Brook Trout reproduction, which is the initial phase in restoration of a pre-acidification food web str...
Northeastern Naturalist, 2008
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1989
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1984
Journal of Environment Quality, 2008
Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although stream... more Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although streams are more prone to acidification than the more studied Adirondack lakes. A stream assessment was therefore undertaken in the Oswegatchie and Black River drainages; an area of 4585 km(2) in the western part of the Adirondack region. Acidification was evaluated with the newly developed base-cation surplus (BCS) and the conventional acid-neutralizing capacity by Gran titration (ANC(G)). During the survey when stream water was most acidic (March 2004), 105 of 188 streams (56%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 29% were acidified based on an ANC(G) value &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1). During the survey when stream water was least acidic (August 2003), 15 of 129 streams (12%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 5% were acidified based on ANC(G) value &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1). The contribution of acidic deposition to stream acidification was greater than that of strongly acidic organic acids in each of the surveys by factors ranging from approximately 2 to 5, but was greatest during spring snowmelt and least during elevated base flow in August. During snowmelt, the percentage attributable to acidic deposition was 81%, whereas during the October 2003 survey, when dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were highest, this percentage was 66%. The total length of stream reaches estimated to be prone to acidification was 718 km out of a total of 1237 km of stream reaches that were assessed.
Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 1993
... Hydrobiol. , 78 1993 I 1 I 21-37 KENTON M. STEWART and JAMES W. SUTHERLAND&#x27; Depa... more ... Hydrobiol. , 78 1993 I 1 I 21-37 KENTON M. STEWART and JAMES W. SUTHERLAND&#x27; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA and &#x27;New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY 12233, USA ...
Hydrobiologia, 1989
Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 33-48, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Plan... more Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 33-48, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Planktonic rotifer community structure in Adirondack, New York, USA lakes in relation to acidity, trophic status and related water quality characteristics ...
Hydrobiologia, 1989
Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 13-32, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Acid... more Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 13-32, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Acidity status and phytoplankton species richness, standing crop, and community composition in Adirondack, New York, USA lakes ...
Environmental Science & Technology, 2010
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 1999
Following reductions in the emission and deposition of sulfur compounds in the past decade, atmos... more Following reductions in the emission and deposition of sulfur compounds in the past decade, atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has become a focus of concern. Identification of watershed characteristics that mediate the effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition can help evaluate the sensitivity of lakes to chronic and episodic nitrogen addition. Twenty four lakes in the southwestern portion of the Adirondack Park, New York, U.S.A., were classified into three N classes by cluster analysis of lakewater NO 3 -N concentration [N] during the summers of 1994-1996. The lake-N classes were best characterized as having low [N] throughout the summer, (2) high [N] in earlybut low [N] in late-summer, and (3) high [N] throughout the summer. The three lake-N classes were reconstructed perfectly by canonical discriminant analysis based mainly on lake average depth (AD), and lakewater concentrations of chlorophyll a [Chla] and SO 4 -S [S] in mid-summer. Increases in AD and [S], but decrease in [Chla] corresponded with a transition from low-to high-N classes.
Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2007
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1996
The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lak... more The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lake sediments. JD Madsen, JA Bloomfield, JW Sutherland, LW Eichler, CW Boylen Lake and Reservoir Management 12:11, 73-79, 1996. ...
Hydrobiologia, 1996
The introduction of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) into oligotrophic waters of hig... more The introduction of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) into oligotrophic waters of high water clarity in temperate zones of North America has produced growth in excess of 6 m depth and yearly biomass approaching 1000 g m -2 dry weight. From its initial observation in Lake George, New York, USA in 1985, by 1993 milfoil had spread to 106 discrete locations within the lake. A 7-year study of one site having no management showed milfoil to grow expansively, suppressing native plant species from 20 in 1987 to 6 in 1993 with the average number of species m -2 quadrat declining from 5.5 in 1987 to less than 2 in 1993. Management of milfoil by means of hand harvesting, suction harvesting and benthic barrier has reduced the number of unmanaged sites from 106 in 1993 to 11. One year post-treatment at sites utilizing suction harvesting, showed a greater number of native species at all sites than pretreatment with a substantial reduction in milfoil biomass. At sites where benthic barrier was removed 1-2 years after installation, milfoil had recolonized 44% of grid squares within 30 days. Ninety days after barrier removal 74% of grid squares contained milfoil and one year later 71% of the grids supported milfoil. During the first year following mat removal, the average number of species m -2 peaked at 4.7 and stabilized at 4.5 during the second year. Hand harvesting by SCUBA in areas of limited milfoil growth (new sites of infestation and sites of former treatment) was found to reduce the number of milfoil plants present in subsequent years. Hand harvesting did not eliminate milfoil at any of the sites and regrowth/colonization necessitated reharvesting every 3 or more years. Results of evaluations of physical plant management techniques indicate that (1) an integrated program utilizing different techniques based on plant density reduced the growth of milfoil and (2) long term commitment to aquatic plant management is necessary since none of the techniques employed singly were found to eliminate milfoil.
The concept of a lake as an isolated unit is a central theme in research and management of freshw... more The concept of a lake as an isolated unit is a central theme in research and management of freshwater systems. Support is based on direct observations of lake communities. Studies undertaken in the last several decades lend tacit support because the methods used in both research and management often do not question the underlying notion that lake communities are essentially isolated. In a study of fi sh assemblages in interconnected lakes, we noted movement of tagged fi sh among lakes. We also found that species introduced to one lake were later captured in neighboring lakes. We found that fi sh species in lake assemblages did not differ from those in inlet and outlet stream assemblages; although relative abundance varied, species richness and composition did not. This fi nding suggests that fi sh assemblages in lakes are not isolated. Rather, immigration and emigration from streams and other lakes occurs. Although few individuals migrated to new lakes, any movement can affect population structure (e.g., through recolonization, gene fl ow) and management goals (e.g., spread of disease). Consequently, we suggest that methods commonly used to assess fi sh assemblages in lakes and the concept of the lake as a management unit may need to be reconsidered. Rather than be treated as isolated populations, fi shes in lake communities may be better treated as a watershed-wide metapopulation.
Removal of benthic barriers one to two years following installation allowed a systematic study of... more Removal of benthic barriers one to two years following installation allowed a systematic study of macrophyte recolo- nization. Within grids installed in the barren zone, species presence and relative abundance were recorded at 30-day intervals through two growing seasons. At each site, coloniza- tion of the 18 m
Ecosystems, 2006
The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEA... more The US Environmental Protection Agency established the Adirondack Effects Assessment Program (AEAP) to evaluate and monitor the status of biological communities in lakes in the Adirondack region of New York that have been adversely affected by acid deposition. This program includes chemical analysis of 30 lakes, sampled two to three times each summer. Results of trends analysis for lake chemistry and chlorophyll a (chlor a) are presented for 1994 to 2003, and a general comparison is made with recent results of the Adirondack Long-Term Monitoring (ALTM) Program, which included chemical analysis of all but two of these lakes (plus an additional 24 lakes) monthly, year-round for 1992-2004. Increases in pH were found in 25 of the 30 AEAP lakes (P < 0.05) and increases in acidneutralizing capacity (ANC) were found in 12 of the 30 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of both SO and Mg 2+ decreased in 11 lakes (P < 0.05), whereas concentrations of NO 3 ) decreased in 20 lakes (P < 0.05). Concentrations of NH 4 + decreased in 10 lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and in three other lakes based on P < 0.1. Concentrations of inorganic and organic monomeric aluminum generally were below the reporting limit of 1.5 lmol L )1 , but decreases were detected in four and five lakes, respectively (P < 0.1). Concentrations of chlor a increased in seven lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. A significant inverse correlation was also found between chlor a and NO 3 ) concentrations in nine lakes at a significance level of P < 0.05 and two lakes at a significance level of P < 0.1. Results of AEAP analysis of lake chemistry were similar to those of the ALTM Program, although decreases in SO concentrations were more evident in the yearround ALTM record. Overall, the results suggest (a) a degree of chemical recovery from acidification during the summer, (b) an increase in phytoplankton productivity, and (c) a decreasing trend in NO 3 ) concentrations resulting from the increased productivity.
ICE Proceedings Water Maritime and Energy
The prediction of scour at offshore windfarm foundations in areas with mobile seabeds is a challe... more The prediction of scour at offshore windfarm foundations in areas with mobile seabeds is a challenging topic. In areas with strong currents and wave action, and in areas with shallow water with the additional process of wave breaking to consider, it is necessary to complete laboratory testing. The work described in this paper examined the scour at foundations for a coastal site with waves and strong currents crossing at an oblique angle. The scour in the sand bed was tested for a range of current dominated and extreme wave conditions. The detailed scour profiles were used to determine the depth and extent of scour for a range of water levels, currents and boundary conditions for waves. The testing confirmed the need for scour protection to be installed.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 02705060 1992 9664676, Jan 7, 2011
Page 1. Zooplankton Communities of Adirondack Lakes: Changes in Community Structure Associated wi... more Page 1. Zooplankton Communities of Adirondack Lakes: Changes in Community Structure Associated with Acidification Clifford A. Siegfried Bidogical S umy New York State Museum Albany, New York 12230 and James W. Sutherland ...
Environmental science & technology, Jan 26, 2015
The Adirondack Mountain region is an extensive geographic area (26, 305 km2) in upstate New York ... more The Adirondack Mountain region is an extensive geographic area (26, 305 km2) in upstate New York where acid deposition has negatively impacted water resources for decades and caused the extirpation of local fish populations. The water quality decline and loss of an established Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis [Mitchill]) population in Brooktrout Lake were reconstructed from historical information dating back to the late 1880s. Water quality and biotic recovery were documented in Brooktrout Lake in response to reductions of S deposition during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, and provided a unique scientific opportunity to reintroduce fish in 2005 and examine their critical role in the recovery of food webs affected by acid deposition. Using C and N isotope analysis of fish collagen and state hatchery feed, and Bayesian assignment tests of microsatellite genotypes, we document in-situ Brook Trout reproduction, which is the initial phase in restoration of a pre-acidification food web str...
Northeastern Naturalist, 2008
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1989
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1984
Journal of Environment Quality, 2008
Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although stream... more Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although streams are more prone to acidification than the more studied Adirondack lakes. A stream assessment was therefore undertaken in the Oswegatchie and Black River drainages; an area of 4585 km(2) in the western part of the Adirondack region. Acidification was evaluated with the newly developed base-cation surplus (BCS) and the conventional acid-neutralizing capacity by Gran titration (ANC(G)). During the survey when stream water was most acidic (March 2004), 105 of 188 streams (56%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 29% were acidified based on an ANC(G) value &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1). During the survey when stream water was least acidic (August 2003), 15 of 129 streams (12%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 5% were acidified based on ANC(G) value &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0 microeq L(-1). The contribution of acidic deposition to stream acidification was greater than that of strongly acidic organic acids in each of the surveys by factors ranging from approximately 2 to 5, but was greatest during spring snowmelt and least during elevated base flow in August. During snowmelt, the percentage attributable to acidic deposition was 81%, whereas during the October 2003 survey, when dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were highest, this percentage was 66%. The total length of stream reaches estimated to be prone to acidification was 718 km out of a total of 1237 km of stream reaches that were assessed.
Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 1993
... Hydrobiol. , 78 1993 I 1 I 21-37 KENTON M. STEWART and JAMES W. SUTHERLAND&#x27; Depa... more ... Hydrobiol. , 78 1993 I 1 I 21-37 KENTON M. STEWART and JAMES W. SUTHERLAND&#x27; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA and &#x27;New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY 12233, USA ...
Hydrobiologia, 1989
Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 33-48, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Plan... more Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 33-48, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Planktonic rotifer community structure in Adirondack, New York, USA lakes in relation to acidity, trophic status and related water quality characteristics ...
Hydrobiologia, 1989
Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 13-32, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Acid... more Page 1. Hydrobiologia 175: 13-32, 1989 O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium Acidity status and phytoplankton species richness, standing crop, and community composition in Adirondack, New York, USA lakes ...
Environmental Science & Technology, 2010
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 1999
Following reductions in the emission and deposition of sulfur compounds in the past decade, atmos... more Following reductions in the emission and deposition of sulfur compounds in the past decade, atmospheric deposition of nitrogen has become a focus of concern. Identification of watershed characteristics that mediate the effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition can help evaluate the sensitivity of lakes to chronic and episodic nitrogen addition. Twenty four lakes in the southwestern portion of the Adirondack Park, New York, U.S.A., were classified into three N classes by cluster analysis of lakewater NO 3 -N concentration [N] during the summers of 1994-1996. The lake-N classes were best characterized as having low [N] throughout the summer, (2) high [N] in earlybut low [N] in late-summer, and (3) high [N] throughout the summer. The three lake-N classes were reconstructed perfectly by canonical discriminant analysis based mainly on lake average depth (AD), and lakewater concentrations of chlorophyll a [Chla] and SO 4 -S [S] in mid-summer. Increases in AD and [S], but decrease in [Chla] corresponded with a transition from low-to high-N classes.
Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2007
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007
Lake and Reservoir Management, 1996
The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lak... more The aquatic macrophyte community of Onondaga Lake: Field survey and plant growth bioassays of lake sediments. JD Madsen, JA Bloomfield, JW Sutherland, LW Eichler, CW Boylen Lake and Reservoir Management 12:11, 73-79, 1996. ...
Hydrobiologia, 1996
The introduction of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) into oligotrophic waters of hig... more The introduction of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) into oligotrophic waters of high water clarity in temperate zones of North America has produced growth in excess of 6 m depth and yearly biomass approaching 1000 g m -2 dry weight. From its initial observation in Lake George, New York, USA in 1985, by 1993 milfoil had spread to 106 discrete locations within the lake. A 7-year study of one site having no management showed milfoil to grow expansively, suppressing native plant species from 20 in 1987 to 6 in 1993 with the average number of species m -2 quadrat declining from 5.5 in 1987 to less than 2 in 1993. Management of milfoil by means of hand harvesting, suction harvesting and benthic barrier has reduced the number of unmanaged sites from 106 in 1993 to 11. One year post-treatment at sites utilizing suction harvesting, showed a greater number of native species at all sites than pretreatment with a substantial reduction in milfoil biomass. At sites where benthic barrier was removed 1-2 years after installation, milfoil had recolonized 44% of grid squares within 30 days. Ninety days after barrier removal 74% of grid squares contained milfoil and one year later 71% of the grids supported milfoil. During the first year following mat removal, the average number of species m -2 peaked at 4.7 and stabilized at 4.5 during the second year. Hand harvesting by SCUBA in areas of limited milfoil growth (new sites of infestation and sites of former treatment) was found to reduce the number of milfoil plants present in subsequent years. Hand harvesting did not eliminate milfoil at any of the sites and regrowth/colonization necessitated reharvesting every 3 or more years. Results of evaluations of physical plant management techniques indicate that (1) an integrated program utilizing different techniques based on plant density reduced the growth of milfoil and (2) long term commitment to aquatic plant management is necessary since none of the techniques employed singly were found to eliminate milfoil.