Jan Środoń - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jan Środoń

Clays and Clay Minerals, 1997

The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness o... more The standard form of the Scherrer equation, which has been used to calculate the mean thickness of the coherent scattering domain (CSD) of illite crystals from X-ray diffraction (XRD) full width data at half maximum (FWHM) intensity, employs a constant, K~h, of 0.89. Use of this constant is unjustified, even if swelling has no effect on peak broadening, because this constant is valid only if all CSDs have a single thickness. For different thickness distributions, the Scherrer "constant" has very different values, Analysis of fundamental particle thickness data (transmission electron microscopy, TEM) for samples of authigenic illite and illite/smectite from diagenetically altered pyroclastics and filamentous iUites from sandstones reveals a unique family of lognormal thickness distributions for these clays. Experimental relations between the distributions' lognormal parameters and mean thicknesses are established. These relations then are used to calculate the mean thickness of CSDs for illitic samples from XRD FWHM, or from integral XRD peak widths (integrated intensity/maximum intensity). For mixed-layer illite/smectite, the measured thickness of the CSD corresponds to the mean thickness of the mixed-layer crystal. Using this measurement, the mean thickness of the fundamental particles that compose the mixed-layer crystals can be calculated after XRD determination of percent smectitic interlayers. The effect of mixed layering (swelling) on XRD peak width for these samples is eliminated by using the 003 reflection for glycolated samples, and the 001,002 or 003 reflection for dehydrated, K-saturated samples. If this technique is applied to the 001 reflection of air-dried samples (Kubler index measurement), mean CSD thicknesses are underestimated due to the mixed-layering effect. The technique was calibrated using NEWMOD 9 XRD profiles of illite, and then tested on well-characterized illite and illite/smectite samples. The XRD measurements are in good agreement with estimates of the mean thickness of fundamental particles obtained both from TEM measurements and from fixed cations content, up to a mean value of 20 layers. Correction for instrumental broadening under the conditions employed here is unnecessary for this range of thicknesses.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 1974

Interpretacja ripplemarkow wstepujących The development of climbing-ripple cross-lamination has b... more Interpretacja ripplemarkow wstepujących The development of climbing-ripple cross-lamination has been studied theoretically, on the basis of the sediment transport theory of R. A. Вagnоld. The following new factors controlling the pattern of current climbing ripples were recognized: 1) the bulked sediment size changes, 2 ) the limited availability of transportable solids, and 3) the maturation of the rippled bed patern. There are three main measurable quantities constituting each pattern: 1) the angle of, climb of the ripples, 2) the bulked sediment size, and 3) the ripple height. Allen’s (1973 b) classification of climbing-ripples is expanded and slightly modified. The outline of the genetic interpretation of these structures is suggested.

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the oxygen isotopic composition of the Ediacaran ... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the oxygen isotopic composition of the Ediacaran weathering material from the western margin of the East European Craton. This area presents a unique opportunity to investigate the Ediacaran strata with a minimum diagenetic overprint. Paleosol intervals, containing material formed during the most advanced weathering stages, rich in kaolinite and iron (hydr)oxides, and corresponding sedimentary rocks were investigated. Bulk material and separated clay fractions were subjected to reactions with hot dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate solution in order to remove free iron (hydr)oxides. The obtained material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and the measurement of oxygen isotope composition. Comparison of the isotopic compositions of iron (hydr)oxides and phyllosilicates, extracted from the natural and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate treated samples, bulk, and clay fractions, leads to the conc...

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 2006

Zbentonityzowane tufity w dolnoeocenskich osadach jednostki podśląskiej (Polskie Zachodnie Karpat... more Zbentonityzowane tufity w dolnoeocenskich osadach jednostki podśląskiej (Polskie Zachodnie Karpaty zewnetrzne) New occurrences of bentonitized tuffites were described from numerous outcrops of the Lower Eocene flysch rocks of the Subsilesian Unit. These deposits crop out in the Żywiec tectonic window and in the tectonic windows of the Lanckorona - Żegocina Structural Zone. The bentonitized tuffites, composed of almost pure dioctahedral motmorillonite, form numerous thin layers and laminae, only occasionally exceeding 5 cm. The age of the tuffites is estimated as the Early Eocene (Glomospira div. sp. and Saccamminoides carpathicus zones) on the basis of foraminiferal assemblages. They occur in the upper part of green shales and in the lower part of the Lipowa beds that consist mainly of muddy turbidites represented by green or green-brownish shales with rare intercalations of sandstones. The sedimentary sequences with the tuffite intercalations form a lithostratigraphic level in the ...

Well logging in the world of shale gas plays – review of the logging methods. A b s t r a c t. Th... more Well logging in the world of shale gas plays – review of the logging methods. A b s t r a c t. The purpose of this article is to review the possibilities of using well logging in the exploration and completion of the shale gas plays. This presentation is addressed to a broad geological community. The article is divided in two parts, the first is focused on the borehole logging tools and methods, while the second describes the construction of petrophysical models and considers some specific aspects of well logging application in the shale gas plays. For the more inquiring readers a comprehensive list of literature is presented. Well logging is the way to acquire an important geological information from the boreholes, parallel to the core data analysis. Laboratory core analysis gives most reliable and comprehensive description of rock parameters, like mineral and chemical composition, kerogen content and its maturity, porosity, the pore space structure, density, permeability etc. Howe...

Well logging in the world of shale gas plays – interpretative models and specific applications in... more Well logging in the world of shale gas plays – interpretative models and specific applications in the shale gas research. A b s t r a c t. The purpose of this article is to review the possibilities of using well logging in the exploration and completion of the shale gas plays. This presentation is addressed to a broad geological community. The article was divided in two parts: the first one, already published in PG, which was focused on the borehole logging tools and methods, and the current one, which deals with the construction of petrophysical models and considers some specific aspects of well-logging application in the shale gas plays. For more inquiring readers, a comprehensive list of literature is presented. The construction of petrophysical models in the thin-bedded shale-sand Miocene gas formation of the Carpathian Foredeep is presented briefly as a possible predecessor of the methodology applicable in the shale gas plays based on domestic experiences. However, the applicat...

In the Tienen Formation of earliest Eocene age in Belgium, at the southern rim of the North Sea B... more In the Tienen Formation of earliest Eocene age in Belgium, at the southern rim of the North Sea Basin, the presence of thin bentonite and bentonitic layers has been identified and confirmed by XRD, ESEM and major element chemical analyses. For the first time in Belgium, bentonites have been described at that stratigraphic level, linking it to the well known earliest Eocene North Sea Basin volcanism related to the onset of the NE Atlantic Ocean opening between Greenland and Europe.______________________

Clays and Clay Minerals

K-Ar isotopic dating has been applied to alkali-rich nanometer-sized illite separates of bentonit... more K-Ar isotopic dating has been applied to alkali-rich nanometer-sized illite separates of bentonites since the late 1990s. In the present study, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic analyses were based on mineralogical determinations and morphological observations of similarly nm-sized separates (<0.02, 0.02–0.05, and 0.05–0.1 μm) depleted in alkalis and recovered from Santonian (85.8–83.5 Ma) bentonites of the Campos Basin located offshore the southeastern Atlantic coast (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). On the basis of XRD analyses and geochemical/mineralogical simulations, the size fractions consist essentially of the smectite-rich end-member of the smectite-to-illite trend with no more than 9% authigenic illite layers. High K-Ar values from 42.6 ± 3.2 to 70.2 ± 2.1 Ma confirm the occurrence of detrital illite in one sample at least, the age data being meaningless. A second group of K-Ar values ranges from 15.5 ± 10.7 to 41.3 ± 10.8 Ma, while the smallest (<0.02 and 0.02–0.05 μm) fractions with <0.42% K2O lack detectable radiogenic 40Ar and yield analytically 0 Ma ages. Two samples including that with the detrital illite were leached with dilute acid and the Rb-Sr method was applied to the untreated, leachate, and residual fractions of the different separates. The combined isotopic data suggest that illitization started at ~44 ± 4 Ma when the bentonites were subjected to a temperature of ~60°C. The leachable Sr yielded 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7106–0.7108, which is greater than those of seawater either during deposition or recently, and of the initial ashes. They do not correspond to the chemical signature of pore fluids, but more likely to removals from fragile edges of the illite-smectite layers probably impacted by the rough initial chemical treatment applied to empty the smectite interlayers. Illitization was either a side effect of a major contemporaneous smectitization or an independent process that occurred later, in the progressively buried bentonite beds. Of variable duration, it was probably dependent on burial-induced temperature increase in the bentonites, which monitored the fixation of K in the smectite layering with or without a changing fluid chemistry. On the basis of the combined K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic data, illitization lasted either until ~15 Ma or even 0 Ma for some of the finest size fractions.

Geosphere, Oct 5, 2017

Well-characterized samples from the Podhale Basin, southern Poland, formed the basis for explorin... more Well-characterized samples from the Podhale Basin, southern Poland, formed the basis for exploring and illuminating subtle diagenetic changes to a mudstone towards the upper end of the diagenetic window, prior to metamorphism. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) performed on dispersed grains and ion-beam thinned preparations, Selected Area Diffraction Patterns (SAED) and chemistry by TEM-EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectra) augmented mineralogy and fabric data. The deepest samples show no change in their percent illite in illitesmectite (I-S), yet IS phase octahedral Fe 3+ and Al 3+ are statistically different between samples. A decrease in the in the Fe 3+ concentration in the octahedral sheet correlates with an increase in IS fabric intensity and apparent crystallinity. The D-statistic from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test on TEM-EDS data describes statistical differences between the IS chemistry. Previous work on these samples showed a significant increase in the preferred orientation of the IS phase across the smectite-to-illite transition and a significant slowdown in the rate of development of preferred orientation beyond the termination of smectite illitization. Lattice fringe images describe an IS morphology that coalesces into large and tighter packets with increasing burial temperature and a decrease in IS packet contact angle, yet some evidence for smectite collapse structures is retained. The deepest sample shows the thickest, most coherent IS packets. We propose that the deepest samples in the Podhale Basin describe the precursor stage in phyllosilicate fabric preferred orientation increase from diagenesis into metamorphism, where continued evolution of crystallite packets and associated crystallinity create higher IS fabric intensities as the structural formulae of IS approaches an end-member composition.

Geotourism/Geoturystyka

This text presents a one day field trip starting and ending in Zakopane, Poland, devoted to expla... more This text presents a one day field trip starting and ending in Zakopane, Poland, devoted to explaining geological history of the Tertiary flysch basin of Podhale, situated between the Tatra Mts. and the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The first stop demonstrates the rocks filling the Podhale Basin: sandstones, shales, and in particular bentonites, which are rare horizons of volcanoclastic origin, helpful in radiometric dating of the basin maximum burial. From the top od Wżar Hill (second geological stop), which itself is interesting from geoturistic standpoint for the quarries exposing its andesite sills, the topography of Podhale and Spišská Magura, which reflects higher rates of uplift in the east, is clearly visible. The flysch basin, which developed in Eocene, and in Oligocene covered entire region including the Tatra Mts., formed due to vertical down movement on the Ružbachy fault, and then, ca. 15-18 Ma ago was inverted and uplifted, again along the Ružbachy fault. The fault itself and the accompanying phenomena (thermal water discharge and travertine deposits) are visited at the final stop in Vyšné Ružbachy.

Geology

Ediacaran siderite-bearing sedimentary rocks from the western part of the East European craton ex... more Ediacaran siderite-bearing sedimentary rocks from the western part of the East European craton exhibit features typical of redoximorphic paleosols, including pedogenic siderite (e.g., sphaerosiderite) with uniform and negative δ18O and highly variable δ13C values. The siderite precipitated in water-logged soils in a hot and humid climate, and represents a rare example of pedogenic siderite formed before the rise of vascular plants. Morphology of soil microorganisms was preserved in three dimensions due to the early siderite precipitation. These are mainly filamentous and tube-like threads, which might belong to cyanobacteria or fungi, and spherical structures resembling green algae. This microbial life fostered development of strongly reducing soils in tropical wetlands on the Baltica paleocontinent. The Ediacaran sediments of the western East European craton, traditionally regarded as marine, are reinterpreted as containing sections affected by freshwater conditions, documenting th...

Marine Geology

Abstract The origin of recent mud deposits as well as the coastal turbidity maximum in the French... more Abstract The origin of recent mud deposits as well as the coastal turbidity maximum in the French-Belgian-Dutch nearshore area of the southern North Sea is still under debate in the literature. Some models favor the erosion of the Cretaceous chalk cliffs along the English Channel and subsequent NE ward directed transport, other models focus on the erosion of Eocene to earliest Oligocene, and Pleistocene to Holocene clays outcropping on the seafloor off the Belgian coast. In order to validate these hypotheses, the detailed qualitative and quantitative clay mineral composition of these sediments was used as a provenance indicator. By comparing the clay mineral composition of the mud deposits and the associated suspended particulate matter (SPM) with the composition of potential nearby and more remote sources such as the present day marine environment, estuaries and rivers, coastal erosion areas and the geological substratum, the origin of the mud deposits and the SPM could be traced. Results showed that only the clay composition of the Scheldt estuary coincides with those of the mud deposits and the coastal turbidity maximum and that all other potential sources could be excluded. Our data suggest that the clay mineral composition of the mud deposits has a similar composition since at least about 100.000 years, indicating that these deposits originate from a paleo-Scheldt river rather than from the recent river system, as the present-day Scheldt estuary is not source of fine-grained sediments. The present-day SPM in the Belgian-Dutch nearshore area originates mainly from the erosion and resuspension of the existing mud deposits situated in the Belgian nearshore. This study demonstrates the value and suitability of quantitative bulk and clay mineralogy techniques in sediment provenance studies and highlights the importance of incorporating the recent geological history in hydrodynamic studies of sedimentary basins.