Jan Musil - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Books by Jan Musil
Archeologie v Železných horách, 2021
Book´s chapter by Jan Musil
Papers by Jan Musil
Archeologie východních Čech, 2022
In 1922–1924 the ruin of Košumberk Castle (Chrudim District) was affected by renovation works car... more In 1922–1924 the ruin of Košumberk Castle (Chrudim District) was affected by renovation works carried out by the Cooperative for the Rescue of Košumberk Castle. During the removal of debris from the castle grounds, a huge assemblage of non-stratified archaeological finds was recovered which illustrates the life of inhabitants of the castle hill from the Late Hillfort period to the 17th century. The contribution tries to evaluate a part of this assemblage originating from the grounds of the so-called old castle.
Archeologické rozhledy, 2022
Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střed... more Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střední Evropě 15.-17. století. Tento příspěvek je věnován zejména novým nálezům ze sídlištních lokalit v České republice. Analýza chemického složení skel číší s choboty ukazuje na shodu některých exemplářů se složením skla vyráběného v českých sklárnách, složení skla dalších číší odpovídá okruhu skláren v Tyrolsku nebo sever ních Alpách a produkci skláren v západní části Německa. sklo-číše s choboty-středověk-renesance-střední Evropa-technologie-kuriozity Glass claw beakers, practically unusable vessels, make up a small group among glass finds in central Europe in the 15 th-17 th century. This article deals mainly with new finds from settlement sites in the Czech Republic. An analysis of the chemical composition of the glasses of claw beakers reveals that some speci mens have the same composition of glass produced in Bohemian glassworks, while the composition of the glass of other beakers corresponds to glassworks in Tyrol or the northern Alps and the production of glass works in the western part of Germany.
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Archaeologia Historica, 2021
In 2006, some of the most extensive rescue archaeological excavations were carried out in the urb... more In 2006, some of the most extensive rescue archaeological excavations were carried out in the urban core of the former royal dowry town of Chrudim. The research covered the area of three plots – defunct houses nos. 14/I and 15/I and a part of the yard and garden behind house no. 10/I. During the research on plot no. 10/I, a medieval refuse pit was discovered and examined in detail. It yielded a large collection of finds spanning the period from the end of the 14th century until the mid-17th century, providing a detailed insight into the household of a Chrudim burgher of this period.
Archeologie východních Čech , 2021
Plot No. 10/I in Chrudim was partly excavated in 2006 as part of an extensive area of rescue exc... more Plot No. 10/I in Chrudim was partly excavated in 2006 as part of an extensive area of
rescue excavation, which also included plots No. 14/I and No. 15/I. The investigated
area was mainly adjacent to Hradební Street, but the plot of the house No. 10/I faces
the parallel Rybičkova Street with its front side. At the time of the excavation, it formed
a narrower rectangular strip that filled the area between the two streets, ie the back side was adjacent to Hradební Street. The plot was divided into two parts. Half adjacent to Rybičková Street is built up with a building with medieval roots and a small, irregular courtyard. Half adjacent to Hradební Street was formed by an overgrown unmaintained garden. The excavation found that the garden originally formed a separate town area, mostly filled with a residential house dating back to the second half of the 13th century and with other complex building developments until the Thirty Years’ War, when it disappeared (Fig. 1). It was not restored. This situation showed that the original size of the plot of the house No. 10/I roughly corresponded to the area of the current house and the mentioned courtyard until the Thirty Years’ War. An important part of the discovery situation of the high medieval period were numerous cesspit and refuse pits with finds from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries to the 18th century. Their distribution on the excavated plots was uneven, but the possibility to excavate the plot in whole or in part had a significant effect on our knowledge. This is especially true for the plot of the house No. 10/I, from which only a small (eastern) part included was identified, and the construction pit of the project, which triggered the rescue excavation. Therefore, we can relate to the house No. 10/I only one examined cesspit from sector C1 - cesspit 973. An extensive set of finds covering the period from the end of the 14th to the 18th century was
obtained from the cesspit. Like all other objects, this cesspit was examined in natural
layers, allowing to monitor in detail the filling process. Here, too, it was true that the
originally soft backfill of the cesspit sat down closer and the resulting depression was
additionally backfilled. The research of the cess-pit was completed on the last day of the excavation and the deadline could not be exceeded.
Therefore, the lower part of the filling was selected once in order to obtain its entire
rich finding content. Just above the bottom of the cesspit, a large object of non-ferrous metal was lifted. After preservation, it turned out to be a three-part jar with a lid in the shape of a cloverleaf. Due to the fact, that a larger number of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV was discovered in the upper parts of the filling, the object was operationally interpreted as a coin box. Thanks to the notification of the Archdeacon of Chrudim, Mr. Jiří Heblt, the subject was redetermined as a jar for chrism oils - the so-called chrismatorium (Fig. 3).
In connection with chrism oils, we encounter three groups of worship utensils. The
first are bottles for chrism oils, the second are ampoules or smaller containers, and finally the last group are the jars for these smaller containers, which are called chrismatoria. Three kinds of chrism oils are used in the Christian liturgy. The first is the oil of catechumens or exorcism (oleum catechumenorum, oleum sanctum), the containers are marked with the abbreviation “O. C.” or “C”. The second is the oil of the sick (oleum infirmorum), which is used to administer the sacrament of anointing (sacramentum sacrae unctionis), for which the name of the last anointing has been adopted since the 7th century.
Containers with this oil are marked with the letter “O. I.” or “I ”. The third type of oil is
cross (sanctum chrisma), which is used for anointing at baptism (forehead), confirmation (forehead), priestly (for hands) and episcopal ordination (for the head). It is also used for the consecration of church inventory (chalices, baptistery, bells, etc.) or parts of the temple (e. g. altar). Containers with this oil are marked with the letter “S. C.” or “S”. There are not many well-dated and published analogous specimens of these jars. In general, a specimen from the Magyar Nemzeti Museum in Budapest is included into the 15th century. An almost exact analogy can be found in the Museum of London collection. The item made from domestic raw materials originating in Cornwall or Devon dates back widely to the period 1300–1500. A jar on three smaller legs is placed in the 16th - 17th century. The well-dated piece comes from the area of the Battle of Berestecko in Ukraine.
As follows from the analysis, a rare liturgical object was discovered at the bottom of
cesspit 973, which should not occur at all in the townsman environment. So we are
faced with the question of where this jar came from and what circumstances could led to its storage in a townsman fecal cesspit? In the immediate vicinity of the excavated plot there was a Dominican monastery, which disappeared in April 1421 during Jan Žižka’s campaign to Eastern Bohemia. We can assume that the ruins of the monastery were looted and thoroughly searched. This fact is evidenced, among other things, by the use of architectural elements evidently originating from monastic buildings. We can therefore assume that the owner of the plot of today’s No. 10/I found a metal chrismatorium in the ruins of the monastery and appropriated it. A hole in the bottom was secondarily drilled into the jar. A set of at least 24 Prague groschen from the reign of Wenceslas IV was scattered in the lower part of the cesspit. This set must have entered the cess-pit accidentally or as a result of an unfortunate event. With regard to the occurrence of a metal box with compartments of the size of a Prague groschen, it is probable that the coins were stored in it. When the “money box” fell into the unconsolidated contents of the cesspit, the coins spilled out and dispersed into several deposits. The nature of the filling more or less precluded a successful attempt to lift them.
Archaeologia historica, 2020
Refuse pits are important sources for the study of living standards and crafts in cases when ther... more Refuse pits are important sources for the study of living standards and crafts in cases when there
exist no written records about the owners of the plots where they are located. What is more, research has
shown that they were filled repeatedly, in combination with their full or partial emptying over long periods
of time. One example is refuse pit no. 962 from Chrudim, in the fill of which two chronological horizons
were identified, corresponding to the composition of a pottery and glass series. In the context of medieval
Chrudim, the series is an average one, with only sporadic evidence of luxury goods, and does not indicate
the owner’s craft.
Castellologica Bohemica, 2020
Archeologické výzkumy v Čechách 2019. Sborník referátů z informačního kolokvia Zprávy České archeologické společnosti. Supplément 116, 2020
Archaeologia historica, 2019
Changes in settlement structures in the vicinity of Ronov nad Doubravou Abstract: Remains of seve... more Changes in settlement structures in the vicinity of Ronov nad Doubravou Abstract: Remains of several deserted villages, feudal estates with affiliated hinterland facilities including homesteads, mills and several fishponds are located in the western tip of the Chrudim district (formerly a part of the Čáslav region), near the town of Ronov nad Doubravou. In the Middle Ages, this was a border area between the Lichtenburk demesne and the holdings of the Vilémov monastery (the border was the river Doubrava). However, the region also included further independent holdings. The landscape around the town underwent several radical transformations in the past which influenced the structure of the local settlement. One of them was the establishment of the town. This contribution centres on the comparison of the available written and archaeological sources in the observed microregion in the immediate surroundings of Ronov nad Doubravou.
Forum Urbes Medii Aevi IX/1-2, 2015
Cihla a stavební keramika v Chrudimi ve středověku a novověku Brick and Building Ceramics in Ch... more Cihla a stavební keramika v Chrudimi ve středověku a novověku
Brick and Building Ceramics in Chrudim in the Middle Ages and the Modern Age This article sums up information about the use of bricks and building ceramics in an area characterised by a sufficient amount of building stone. Although bricks and floor tiles in Chrudim sporadically appear in layers from the 14 th century, no stone buildings from the period have survived. One specific feature is the use of terracotta reveals in the 16 th century. The production of bricks is evidenced for the turn of the 18 th and 19 th centuries by archaeological finds from nearby Medlešice. Klíčová slova/keywords město/town-vrcholný středověk/High Middle Ages-cihla/brick-prejz/pointing tile-dlaždice/floor tile-stavební keramika/building ceramics
Archaeologia historica, 2018
The establishment of the town of Ronov n. D. in 1307 triggered radical changes in the local settl... more The establishment of the town of Ronov n. D. in 1307 triggered radical changes in the local settlement structure. The area of the present-day town features the remains of three deserted medieval villages: Stusyně, Protivany and Suchotlesky. Suchotlesky was situated in the SW section of the Ronov cadastral territory. The relicts consists from deserted village and a manor with affilated hinterland in the form of a homestead and a watermill.
Archaeologia Historica, 2018
Abstract: As follows from the current state of knowledge of the Thirty Years' War period in easte... more Abstract: As follows from the current state of knowledge of the Thirty Years' War period in eastern Bohemia (more precisely the Chrudim and Pardubice regions), this area has a great information potential. Although the Chrudim and Pardubice regions lack, in contrast to western Bohemia and southern Moravia, the material evidence of large battlefields and the remains of siege structures, the transit position of the area enables to document, for example, the changes in rural settlement, distinct destruction horizons in towns supplemented with finds of ceramic pipes, and the movements of small military contingents accompanied by the dislocation of well-known coin depots.
Studia Archaeologia Brunensia 22/2017/1
Research on the Hallstatt and La Tène Periods in Bohemia and Moravia covers a number of important... more Research on the Hallstatt and La Tène Periods in Bohemia and Moravia covers a number of important topics. So far out of the main interest is the increasing quantity of foreign artefacts which generally belong to the Vekerzug culture (or through its spreading objects of other Eastern cultures). The authors of this paper believe that their systematic evaluation is essential for progress in this area of research. The volume of individual artefacts and associated contexts is constantly increasing. This is due to systematic research conducted by archaeological institutions, extensive development-led excavations (construction of highways, expansion of industrial zones, etc.), and detector survey carried out by amateurs, which has been monitored with partial success. Systematic scientific research by specialists, however, still lags behind. This paper attempts to partly fill this gap.
Archeologie v Železných horách, 2021
Archeologie východních Čech, 2022
In 1922–1924 the ruin of Košumberk Castle (Chrudim District) was affected by renovation works car... more In 1922–1924 the ruin of Košumberk Castle (Chrudim District) was affected by renovation works carried out by the Cooperative for the Rescue of Košumberk Castle. During the removal of debris from the castle grounds, a huge assemblage of non-stratified archaeological finds was recovered which illustrates the life of inhabitants of the castle hill from the Late Hillfort period to the 17th century. The contribution tries to evaluate a part of this assemblage originating from the grounds of the so-called old castle.
Archeologické rozhledy, 2022
Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střed... more Skleněné číše s choboty, prakticky nepoužitelné, tvoří nečetnou skupinu mezi nálezy skla ve střední Evropě 15.-17. století. Tento příspěvek je věnován zejména novým nálezům ze sídlištních lokalit v České republice. Analýza chemického složení skel číší s choboty ukazuje na shodu některých exemplářů se složením skla vyráběného v českých sklárnách, složení skla dalších číší odpovídá okruhu skláren v Tyrolsku nebo sever ních Alpách a produkci skláren v západní části Německa. sklo-číše s choboty-středověk-renesance-střední Evropa-technologie-kuriozity Glass claw beakers, practically unusable vessels, make up a small group among glass finds in central Europe in the 15 th-17 th century. This article deals mainly with new finds from settlement sites in the Czech Republic. An analysis of the chemical composition of the glasses of claw beakers reveals that some speci mens have the same composition of glass produced in Bohemian glassworks, while the composition of the glass of other beakers corresponds to glassworks in Tyrol or the northern Alps and the production of glass works in the western part of Germany.
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Výzkumy v Čechách 2021, 2022
Archaeologia Historica, 2021
In 2006, some of the most extensive rescue archaeological excavations were carried out in the urb... more In 2006, some of the most extensive rescue archaeological excavations were carried out in the urban core of the former royal dowry town of Chrudim. The research covered the area of three plots – defunct houses nos. 14/I and 15/I and a part of the yard and garden behind house no. 10/I. During the research on plot no. 10/I, a medieval refuse pit was discovered and examined in detail. It yielded a large collection of finds spanning the period from the end of the 14th century until the mid-17th century, providing a detailed insight into the household of a Chrudim burgher of this period.
Archeologie východních Čech , 2021
Plot No. 10/I in Chrudim was partly excavated in 2006 as part of an extensive area of rescue exc... more Plot No. 10/I in Chrudim was partly excavated in 2006 as part of an extensive area of
rescue excavation, which also included plots No. 14/I and No. 15/I. The investigated
area was mainly adjacent to Hradební Street, but the plot of the house No. 10/I faces
the parallel Rybičkova Street with its front side. At the time of the excavation, it formed
a narrower rectangular strip that filled the area between the two streets, ie the back side was adjacent to Hradební Street. The plot was divided into two parts. Half adjacent to Rybičková Street is built up with a building with medieval roots and a small, irregular courtyard. Half adjacent to Hradební Street was formed by an overgrown unmaintained garden. The excavation found that the garden originally formed a separate town area, mostly filled with a residential house dating back to the second half of the 13th century and with other complex building developments until the Thirty Years’ War, when it disappeared (Fig. 1). It was not restored. This situation showed that the original size of the plot of the house No. 10/I roughly corresponded to the area of the current house and the mentioned courtyard until the Thirty Years’ War. An important part of the discovery situation of the high medieval period were numerous cesspit and refuse pits with finds from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries to the 18th century. Their distribution on the excavated plots was uneven, but the possibility to excavate the plot in whole or in part had a significant effect on our knowledge. This is especially true for the plot of the house No. 10/I, from which only a small (eastern) part included was identified, and the construction pit of the project, which triggered the rescue excavation. Therefore, we can relate to the house No. 10/I only one examined cesspit from sector C1 - cesspit 973. An extensive set of finds covering the period from the end of the 14th to the 18th century was
obtained from the cesspit. Like all other objects, this cesspit was examined in natural
layers, allowing to monitor in detail the filling process. Here, too, it was true that the
originally soft backfill of the cesspit sat down closer and the resulting depression was
additionally backfilled. The research of the cess-pit was completed on the last day of the excavation and the deadline could not be exceeded.
Therefore, the lower part of the filling was selected once in order to obtain its entire
rich finding content. Just above the bottom of the cesspit, a large object of non-ferrous metal was lifted. After preservation, it turned out to be a three-part jar with a lid in the shape of a cloverleaf. Due to the fact, that a larger number of Prague groschen of Wenceslas IV was discovered in the upper parts of the filling, the object was operationally interpreted as a coin box. Thanks to the notification of the Archdeacon of Chrudim, Mr. Jiří Heblt, the subject was redetermined as a jar for chrism oils - the so-called chrismatorium (Fig. 3).
In connection with chrism oils, we encounter three groups of worship utensils. The
first are bottles for chrism oils, the second are ampoules or smaller containers, and finally the last group are the jars for these smaller containers, which are called chrismatoria. Three kinds of chrism oils are used in the Christian liturgy. The first is the oil of catechumens or exorcism (oleum catechumenorum, oleum sanctum), the containers are marked with the abbreviation “O. C.” or “C”. The second is the oil of the sick (oleum infirmorum), which is used to administer the sacrament of anointing (sacramentum sacrae unctionis), for which the name of the last anointing has been adopted since the 7th century.
Containers with this oil are marked with the letter “O. I.” or “I ”. The third type of oil is
cross (sanctum chrisma), which is used for anointing at baptism (forehead), confirmation (forehead), priestly (for hands) and episcopal ordination (for the head). It is also used for the consecration of church inventory (chalices, baptistery, bells, etc.) or parts of the temple (e. g. altar). Containers with this oil are marked with the letter “S. C.” or “S”. There are not many well-dated and published analogous specimens of these jars. In general, a specimen from the Magyar Nemzeti Museum in Budapest is included into the 15th century. An almost exact analogy can be found in the Museum of London collection. The item made from domestic raw materials originating in Cornwall or Devon dates back widely to the period 1300–1500. A jar on three smaller legs is placed in the 16th - 17th century. The well-dated piece comes from the area of the Battle of Berestecko in Ukraine.
As follows from the analysis, a rare liturgical object was discovered at the bottom of
cesspit 973, which should not occur at all in the townsman environment. So we are
faced with the question of where this jar came from and what circumstances could led to its storage in a townsman fecal cesspit? In the immediate vicinity of the excavated plot there was a Dominican monastery, which disappeared in April 1421 during Jan Žižka’s campaign to Eastern Bohemia. We can assume that the ruins of the monastery were looted and thoroughly searched. This fact is evidenced, among other things, by the use of architectural elements evidently originating from monastic buildings. We can therefore assume that the owner of the plot of today’s No. 10/I found a metal chrismatorium in the ruins of the monastery and appropriated it. A hole in the bottom was secondarily drilled into the jar. A set of at least 24 Prague groschen from the reign of Wenceslas IV was scattered in the lower part of the cesspit. This set must have entered the cess-pit accidentally or as a result of an unfortunate event. With regard to the occurrence of a metal box with compartments of the size of a Prague groschen, it is probable that the coins were stored in it. When the “money box” fell into the unconsolidated contents of the cesspit, the coins spilled out and dispersed into several deposits. The nature of the filling more or less precluded a successful attempt to lift them.
Archaeologia historica, 2020
Refuse pits are important sources for the study of living standards and crafts in cases when ther... more Refuse pits are important sources for the study of living standards and crafts in cases when there
exist no written records about the owners of the plots where they are located. What is more, research has
shown that they were filled repeatedly, in combination with their full or partial emptying over long periods
of time. One example is refuse pit no. 962 from Chrudim, in the fill of which two chronological horizons
were identified, corresponding to the composition of a pottery and glass series. In the context of medieval
Chrudim, the series is an average one, with only sporadic evidence of luxury goods, and does not indicate
the owner’s craft.
Castellologica Bohemica, 2020
Archeologické výzkumy v Čechách 2019. Sborník referátů z informačního kolokvia Zprávy České archeologické společnosti. Supplément 116, 2020
Archaeologia historica, 2019
Changes in settlement structures in the vicinity of Ronov nad Doubravou Abstract: Remains of seve... more Changes in settlement structures in the vicinity of Ronov nad Doubravou Abstract: Remains of several deserted villages, feudal estates with affiliated hinterland facilities including homesteads, mills and several fishponds are located in the western tip of the Chrudim district (formerly a part of the Čáslav region), near the town of Ronov nad Doubravou. In the Middle Ages, this was a border area between the Lichtenburk demesne and the holdings of the Vilémov monastery (the border was the river Doubrava). However, the region also included further independent holdings. The landscape around the town underwent several radical transformations in the past which influenced the structure of the local settlement. One of them was the establishment of the town. This contribution centres on the comparison of the available written and archaeological sources in the observed microregion in the immediate surroundings of Ronov nad Doubravou.
Forum Urbes Medii Aevi IX/1-2, 2015
Cihla a stavební keramika v Chrudimi ve středověku a novověku Brick and Building Ceramics in Ch... more Cihla a stavební keramika v Chrudimi ve středověku a novověku
Brick and Building Ceramics in Chrudim in the Middle Ages and the Modern Age This article sums up information about the use of bricks and building ceramics in an area characterised by a sufficient amount of building stone. Although bricks and floor tiles in Chrudim sporadically appear in layers from the 14 th century, no stone buildings from the period have survived. One specific feature is the use of terracotta reveals in the 16 th century. The production of bricks is evidenced for the turn of the 18 th and 19 th centuries by archaeological finds from nearby Medlešice. Klíčová slova/keywords město/town-vrcholný středověk/High Middle Ages-cihla/brick-prejz/pointing tile-dlaždice/floor tile-stavební keramika/building ceramics
Archaeologia historica, 2018
The establishment of the town of Ronov n. D. in 1307 triggered radical changes in the local settl... more The establishment of the town of Ronov n. D. in 1307 triggered radical changes in the local settlement structure. The area of the present-day town features the remains of three deserted medieval villages: Stusyně, Protivany and Suchotlesky. Suchotlesky was situated in the SW section of the Ronov cadastral territory. The relicts consists from deserted village and a manor with affilated hinterland in the form of a homestead and a watermill.
Archaeologia Historica, 2018
Abstract: As follows from the current state of knowledge of the Thirty Years' War period in easte... more Abstract: As follows from the current state of knowledge of the Thirty Years' War period in eastern Bohemia (more precisely the Chrudim and Pardubice regions), this area has a great information potential. Although the Chrudim and Pardubice regions lack, in contrast to western Bohemia and southern Moravia, the material evidence of large battlefields and the remains of siege structures, the transit position of the area enables to document, for example, the changes in rural settlement, distinct destruction horizons in towns supplemented with finds of ceramic pipes, and the movements of small military contingents accompanied by the dislocation of well-known coin depots.
Studia Archaeologia Brunensia 22/2017/1
Research on the Hallstatt and La Tène Periods in Bohemia and Moravia covers a number of important... more Research on the Hallstatt and La Tène Periods in Bohemia and Moravia covers a number of important topics. So far out of the main interest is the increasing quantity of foreign artefacts which generally belong to the Vekerzug culture (or through its spreading objects of other Eastern cultures). The authors of this paper believe that their systematic evaluation is essential for progress in this area of research. The volume of individual artefacts and associated contexts is constantly increasing. This is due to systematic research conducted by archaeological institutions, extensive development-led excavations (construction of highways, expansion of industrial zones, etc.), and detector survey carried out by amateurs, which has been monitored with partial success. Systematic scientific research by specialists, however, still lags behind. This paper attempts to partly fill this gap.
Archaeologia historica 42/2, 579–593
Abstract: This article presents the results of nondestructive archaeological research into a pre... more Abstract: This article presents the results of nondestructive archaeological research into a preserved sys tem of field fortifications in the woods near the village of Majlant (Dachov cadastral zone) in the Chrudim region. The analysis of military trenches, results of dendrochronological research and study of historical sources show that the features can be dated to the period of the invasion of the Warsaw Pact armies in August 1968. Key words: modernity – archaeology of military conflicts – surface prospecting – military trenches – 1968.
Die Gegliedertheit und Vielfalt des Geländes im südlichen Teil des Bezirks Chrudim (Ostböhmen,
Landkreis Pardubice) machte es bis heute unmöglich, eine landwirtschaftliche Tätigkeit
zu entwickeln, weswegen die Forstwirtschaft in dieser Region verhältnismäßig dominant ist.
Die relativ dichte Bewaldung des betreffenden Gebietes hat ab dem Mittelalter bis in die jüngste
Vergangenheit direkt im Gelände eine Reihe anthropogener Relikte von Siedlungs-, Produktions-
und Abbauaktivitäten konserviert. Eine spezielle Stellung nehmen hier sehr schnell untergehende
Objekte aus der jüngsten Vergangenheit ein, denen aus Sicht des Denkmalschutzes fast
keinerlei Aufmerksamkeit entgegengebracht wurde. Ein Teil dieser Objekte wird im Rahmen der
Archäologie der Moderne untersucht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag präsentieren wir die Ergebnisse
einer zerstörungsfreien archäologischen Untersuchung, welche auf die Gewinnung von Erkenntnissen
über das Feldbefestigungssystem ausgerichtet ist, das aus der Zeit der Okkupation durch
die Armeen des Warschauer Paktes, d.h. im August bis Dezember 1968, in den Wäldern bei der
Dorfgemeinde Majlant (Katastergebiet Dachov) in der Region Chrudim erhalten geblieben ist.
Insgesamt wurde 36 anthropogene Reliefrelikte identifiziert und geodätisch vermessen, die mit
Gewissheit als Relikte von Feldbefestigungsrelikten (Abb. 2) identifiziert werden können. Der
eigentlich rechteckige Kern des geschlossenen Militärlagers hat die Abmessungen von ungefähr
150 × 250 m. Entlang der Waldwege außerhalb dieses Rechtecks befanden sich noch weitere
Befestigungsobjekte des Militärkontingents. Insgesamt erstreckten sich die Militärobjekte
über eine ungefähr 1,2 m große Fläche. Alle Objekte sind von den Waldwegen her zugänglich.
Entdeckt wurden Schützengräben für die Infanterie und schwere Technik (Panzer, gepanzerte
Transporter).
This paper presents a new archaeological finds from Holín (c. t. Kovářov u Seče, district of Chru... more This paper presents a new archaeological finds from Holín (c. t. Kovářov u Seče, district of Chrudim, Pardubice region, E Bohemia), which is located on the territory of the so-called Bojanov district of the Vilémov monastery. The oldest find is the fraction of a bronze sickle, the other findings became from the 13th–15th centuries.
The settlement network in the Železné hory mountains in the Middle Ages and the early modern peri... more The settlement network in the Železné hory mountains in the Middle Ages and the early modern
period mainly consisted of rural settlements. Small towns were sparse and made up economic and market
centres of larger areas. The settlement structure was supplemented with courtyards. This article presents,
on several well-documented examples from the Železné hory region, the basic types of courtyards: solitary
courtyards filling the thin settlement structure, solitary courtyards that came into existence through the
reduction of villages, and courtyards linked to feudal estates, i.e. manors or castles (the latter variant
sometimes evolved into feudal towns).
The paper presents the first archaeological field research focused on the material remains of par... more The paper presents the first archaeological field research focused on
the material remains of partisan activities during World War II in our
territory. Subject to non-destructive research was the Jan Hus Partisan
Brigade headquarters at Zbyslavce in the Iron Mountains, which was
used from late October to early December 1944 when the base was
abandoned after betrayal. A German strike at the end of 1944 meant its
demise, thanks to a surviving report we got detailed information about
its shape and equipment, based on the lists of gear and other items left
there. According to the description, the foundation was formed by a dug
out object covered with timber and soil, the size being 4 × 4 m and depth
2 m. Its remains on the ground were verified by an archaeological survey,
which also covered the whole adjoining area. Relics of a partisan bunker,
which was documented in detail using non-destructive methods, are still
very well preserved and its dimensions, taking into account the erosion and
filling of the concave object, match reports of 1944. A surprising finding
is the spatial context of the base. It is because the recessed hideaway was
built in a mining complex of an arguably High/Late Middle Ages, a remnant
of which are large amounts of concave and convex relief shapes situated
along the Starkočský Creek. It is possible that the presence of such objects
that can be used as a natural shelter led to the choice of the Partisan base
location. The bunker relics differ from the other recessed objects on the
site only in the regular shapes. A possible use of older mining facilities
by the partisan troop cannot be ruled out, but it can only be proved by
archaeological excavation. The potential of the documented Partisan dugout,
which is comparable to the archaic recessed dwellings used in prehistoric
times, the Middle Ages and in some parts of Europe even in the modern era
(i. e. underground shelter), can also be seen in monitoring the archaeological
transformations. The study of processes involving the transformation of
the building, as part of a living culture, into an archaeological object is
extremely important for the interpretation of archaeological resources
and cannot be commonly observed in real time, but it must be elaborately modelled.
The royal town of Chrudim is situated in Eastern Bohemia. The Hradební street excavation in Chrud... more The royal town of Chrudim is situated in Eastern Bohemia. The Hradební street excavation in Chrudim was an extensive and complex archaeological event ever excavated in the town centre. The cesspit 938 was very well preserved. Circularly constructed stone feature was 1,7 m in diameter and 6,5 m deep. The cesspit originally contained a soft infill, which gradually settled into characteristic layers with sediment edges extruding upwards along the sides. Rich glass, ceramic and metal finds define at least four main chronological horizons in time span from 14th until 18th century. Artefactual assemblages well reflect development of rich milieu of medieval and early modern households. Bioarchaeological material (e.g. animal bones, macro-remains, parasites) as well as artefactual structures enable environmental reconstruction of this part of the town in long time scale.
Extensive archaeological research including several environmental analyses was carried out in the... more Extensive archaeological research including several environmental analyses was carried out in the historic centre of chrudim in 2006. this article presents the results of the paleoparasitological investigation, which provided evidence of the level of hygiene and infestation of medieval and early
modern populations (14th to 18th centuries). organic settlements at the bottom of sewage dumps were especially rich sources of information on parasitic infestation. Five species of intestinal worms were identified with certainty: Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis/cati, Diphyllobothrium latum and Fasciola hepatica, and three others are considered likely: Hymenolepis nana, Enterobius vermicularis and Ancylostoma duodenale. testing for the antigen gsa 65, evidence of Giardia lamblia, yielded positive results. The findings of the parasitological examination are evaluated in connection with the occurrence of parasites in humans, food quality and other health
determinants of medieval populations.