Jan Sundberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Jan Sundberg
Surveys in Geophysics, 2008
This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area l... more This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area located close to Lysekil on the Swedish West coast. The Lysekil project is run by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University. The project was started in 2004 and currently has permission to run until the end of 2013. During this time period 10 grid-connected wave energy converters, 30 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters will be installed and studied. To date the research area holds one complete wave energy converter connected to a measuring station on shore via a sea cable, a Wave Rider TM buoy for wave measurements, 25 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower. The wave energy converter is based on a linear synchronous generator which is placed on the sea bed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system, but also in a somewhat more complicated electrical system.
Human exploration of the hydrosphere is ever increasing as conventional industries grow and new i... more Human exploration of the hydrosphere is ever increasing as conventional industries grow and new industries emerge. A new emerging and fast-growing industry is the marine renewable energy. The last decades have been characterized by an accentuated development rate of technologies that can convert the energy contained in stream flows, waves, wind and tides. This growth benefits from the fact that human society has become notably aware of the well-being of the environment that we all live in. This brings a human desire to implement technologies which cope better with the natural environment. Yet, this environmental awareness poses difficulties in approving new renewable energy projects such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy farms. Lessons have been learned that lack of consistent environmental data can become an impasse when consenting permits for testing and deployments marine renewable energy technologies. An example is the European Union in which a majority of the member state...
Understanding the role of stakeholders in the wave energy consenting process: engagement and sens... more Understanding the role of stakeholders in the wave energy consenting process: engagement and sensitivities
This paper provides a summarized status update ofthe Lysekil wave power project. The Lysekil proj... more This paper provides a summarized status update ofthe Lysekil wave power project. The Lysekil project is coordinatedby the Div. of Electricity, Uppsala University since 2002, with theobjective to de ...
Hydrokinetic turbines are an industry with growing interest. With many varying designs being put ... more Hydrokinetic turbines are an industry with growing interest. With many varying designs being put forward it is important to assess in depth the effects such technologies are likely to have on the local environment. In this study, the response of two downstream migrating juvenile salmonid species (brown trout and Atlantic salmon) to a three-bladed vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine was assessed in an experimental setup. A large, flowcontrolled tank was used for 15 minute individual trials, in which 80 individuals were tested (40 of each species). Four water velocity settings (0 m/s– 0.4 m/s) were assessed during the study with 10 replicates for each treatment. No direct collisions were observed. Behavioural responses to the turbine were analysed in terms of pass events and active avoidance. It was found that trout were less likely to pass the turbine than salmon. In the case of both species fish preferentially passed around the turbine rather than passing through the turbine structur...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Past studies have revealed higher levels of biodiversity, total abundance, and size of individual... more Past studies have revealed higher levels of biodiversity, total abundance, and size of individuals around offshore installations of renewable energy. This study investigated the effects of Lysekil wave power park (area 0.5 km2) on the abundance and carapace size of decapods at the Swedish west coast. For that purpose, decapods were caught with cages during four consecutive summers. Two types of cages were applied to catch a wide range of decapod species and sizes. The abundance and size of decapods were not significantly different within the wave power park and up to a distance of 360 m outside of it. The catch rate, i.e., number of decapods caught in 24 h, was not significantly different among sampling locations but revealed inter-annual variation for both cage types. The results suggest a limited role of the incidental no-take zone of the small Lysekil wave power park on the abundance and size of local decapods. However, neither were negative impacts, such as decreasing abundances...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Ocean renewable technologies have been rapidly developing over the past years. However, current h... more Ocean renewable technologies have been rapidly developing over the past years. However, current high installation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning costs are hindering these offshore technologies to reach a commercialization stage. In this paper we focus on the use of divers and remotely-operated vehicles during the installation and monitoring phase of wave energy converters. Methods and results are based on the wave energy converter system developed by Uppsala University, and our experience in offshore deployments obtained during the past eleven years. The complexity of underwater operations, carried out by either divers or remotely-operated vehicles, is emphasized. Three methods for the deployment of wave energy converters are economically and technically analyzed and compared: one using divers alone, a fully-automated approach using remotely-operated vehicles, and an intermediate approach, involving both divers and underwater vehicles. The monitoring of wave energy con...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acqu... more Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acquisition of environmental data safer, more reliable and more efficient. On the other hand, the marine renewable energy sector has introduced dissimilar ways of exploring the oceans. Marine energy is mostly harvested in murky and high energetic places where conventional data acquisition techniques are impractical. This new frontier on marine operations brings the need for finding new techniques for environmental data acquisition, processing and analysis. Modern sonar systems, operating at high frequencies, can acquire detailed images of the underwater environment. Variables such as occurrence, size, class and behavior of a variety of aquatic species of fish, birds, and mammals that coexist within marine energy sites can be monitored using imaging sonar systems. Although sonar images can provide high levels of detail, in most of the cases they are still difficult to decipher. In order to fa...
Energies
Freshwater scarcity is one of humanity's reoccurring problems that hamper socioeconomic developme... more Freshwater scarcity is one of humanity's reoccurring problems that hamper socioeconomic development in many regions across the globe. In coastal areas, seawater can be desalinated through reverse osmosis (RO) and transformed into freshwater for human use. Desalination requires large amounts of energy, mostly in the form of a reliable electricity supply, which in many cases is supplied by diesel generators. The objective of this work is to analyze the wave power resource availability in Kilifi-Kenya and evaluate the possible use of wave power converter (WEC) to power desalination plants. A particular focus is given use of WECs developed by Uppsala University (UU-WEC). The results here presented were achieved using reanalysis-wave data revealed that the local wave climate has an approximate annual mean of 7 kW/m and mode of 5 kW/m. Significant wave height and wave mean period are within 0.8-2 m and 7-8 s respectively, with a predominant wave mean direction from southeast. The seasonal cycle appeared to be the most relevant for energy conversion, having the highest difference of 6 kW/m, in which April is the lowest (3.8 kW/m) and August is the peak (10.5 kW/m). In such mild wave climates, the UU-WEC and similar devices can be suitable for ocean energy harvesting for water desalination systems. Technically, with a capacity factor of 30% and energy consumption of 3 kWh/m 3 , a coastal community of about five thousand inhabitants can be provided of freshwater by only ten WECs with installed capacity of 20 kW.
International Journal of Marine Energy, 2016
The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and a new user of maritime space that has potentia... more The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and a new user of maritime space that has potential to contribute significantly to the EU renewable energy goals. International and national regulatory frameworks necessitate Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) that provide important data to inform development consent decisions. Here we have evaluated experience related to the assessment programmes at EU wave energy test centres combined with knowledge gained from EIA produced for other similar renewable energy developments. From this we have identified key receptors of concern, as well as the type and magnitude of impacts which may be expected. The key environmental receptors of concern for wave energy EIA include the physical environment (e.g. morphology, waves and current) and flora and fauna 1 as represented by marine mammals, seabirds, benthos, fish and shellfish. From a review of the EIAs performed at wave energy test centres, we identified several lessons regarding the wave energy EIA process. There is clear evidence that the receptors of primary 1 The term 'flora and fauna' is used in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive (2011/92/EU consolidated version)-Article 3. The newly amended EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) entered into force on 15 May 2014 and uses the term 'biodiversity' as opposed to flora and fauna.
Applied Physics Letter, 2006
This thesis studies the electric aspects of a linear synchronous permanent magnet generator. The ... more This thesis studies the electric aspects of a linear synchronous permanent magnet generator. The generator is designed for use in a wave energy converter, which determines the fundamental requirements of the generator. The electromagnetic properties of the generator are investigated with a finite element based simulation tool. These simulations formed the base of the design and construction of a laboratory prototype. Several experiments where conducted on the prototype generator. The results verify at large the simulation tool. However, a difference between the measured and simulated air gap flux was discovered. This was attributed to the longitudinal ends of the generator, which are ignored in the simulation tool. Experiences from the construction, and further finite element studies, led to a significant change in the support structure of the first offshore prototype generator. A complete wave energy converter was constructed and launched, the 13th of March, on the west coast of Sweden. A study of the load resistance impact on the power absorption has been carried out. An optimal load interval, with regard to power absorption, has been identified. Furthermore, the generator has proofed to withstand short term overload several times larger than the nominal load. Finally, the longitudinal ends’ influence on the flux distribution was investigated with an analytical model, as well as finite element simulations. A possible problem with large induction of eddy currents in the actuator back steel was identified.This work is a part of a larger project, which aims do develop a viable wave energy conversion system.
For testing and evaluating purposes, a pilot wave power plant is under construction at Islandsber... more For testing and evaluating purposes, a pilot wave power plant is under construction at Islandsberg on the West Coast of Sweden. The concept suggested for wave energy conversion consists of a surface following buoy, a point absorber, connected to a three-phase permanent magnetised linear generator placed at the seabed. The motions of the buoy drive a piston in the generator, thereby converting the energy of the waves into electric energy. This paper describes the test site and the two measurement set- ups that are in use in order to receive information for the design and optimisation of the direct driven linear generator. A Datawell Waverider buoy provides wave data in the form of time series of wave elevation and wave variance spectra. The second set- up, built in house, measures loads on a full-scale point absorber.
In contrast to many other European countries Sweden has no powerful tidal currents. However, ther... more In contrast to many other European countries Sweden has no powerful tidal currents. However, there are currents of rather constant nature which is believed can provide a small but important contribution to the electricity production. The scope of this paper is to describe the concept and the theoretical studies that have contributed to the present solution. A brief description of the experimental setup, under construction, is also included in the paper.
23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Volume 3, 2004
Tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated watercourses are all large sources of energy that ... more Tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated watercourses are all large sources of energy that can be converted into electricity. Several technical and economical solutions within this research area have been demonstrated. In literature there exists two different turbine types, horizontal and vertical axis. The present paper focuses on the design of a permanent magnetized generator directly coupled to a vertical axis turbine. The proposed theoretical concept is adapted to data measurements regarding water current velocities and flow profiles from a Swedish watercourse. A high electromagnetic efficiency of 90 % is obtained.
At Uppsala University, a wave energy concept is developed on how to harvest wave energy and conve... more At Uppsala University, a wave energy concept is developed on how to harvest wave energy and convert it into usable electric energy. The wave energy converter developed is based on a direct driven linear generator connected via a connection line to a point absorbing buoy. In connection to the wave energy converters, an electrical system is developed which enables a submerged interconnection and conversion of the power from the generators. The project has a test site on the Swedish west coast outside the town Lysekil. The test site has been running since 2002, and the first wave energy converter was installed at the site in March 2006. Since then, the site has been continuously updated. The object of this paper is to present a status update of what has been done at the Lysekil research site from 2006 up until now. The authors will also present experimental results showing power absorption and power production from the generators connected to different buoys. To further improve the site, the possibility to connect the system to the grid is prepared and also a second underwater substation is being built for underwater connection of at least seven wave energy converters.
Surveys in Geophysics, 2008
This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area l... more This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area located close to Lysekil on the Swedish West coast. The Lysekil project is run by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University. The project was started in 2004 and currently has permission to run until the end of 2013. During this time period 10 grid-connected wave energy converters, 30 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters will be installed and studied. To date the research area holds one complete wave energy converter connected to a measuring station on shore via a sea cable, a Wave Rider TM buoy for wave measurements, 25 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower. The wave energy converter is based on a linear synchronous generator which is placed on the sea bed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system, but also in a somewhat more complicated electrical system.
Human exploration of the hydrosphere is ever increasing as conventional industries grow and new i... more Human exploration of the hydrosphere is ever increasing as conventional industries grow and new industries emerge. A new emerging and fast-growing industry is the marine renewable energy. The last decades have been characterized by an accentuated development rate of technologies that can convert the energy contained in stream flows, waves, wind and tides. This growth benefits from the fact that human society has become notably aware of the well-being of the environment that we all live in. This brings a human desire to implement technologies which cope better with the natural environment. Yet, this environmental awareness poses difficulties in approving new renewable energy projects such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy farms. Lessons have been learned that lack of consistent environmental data can become an impasse when consenting permits for testing and deployments marine renewable energy technologies. An example is the European Union in which a majority of the member state...
Understanding the role of stakeholders in the wave energy consenting process: engagement and sens... more Understanding the role of stakeholders in the wave energy consenting process: engagement and sensitivities
This paper provides a summarized status update ofthe Lysekil wave power project. The Lysekil proj... more This paper provides a summarized status update ofthe Lysekil wave power project. The Lysekil project is coordinatedby the Div. of Electricity, Uppsala University since 2002, with theobjective to de ...
Hydrokinetic turbines are an industry with growing interest. With many varying designs being put ... more Hydrokinetic turbines are an industry with growing interest. With many varying designs being put forward it is important to assess in depth the effects such technologies are likely to have on the local environment. In this study, the response of two downstream migrating juvenile salmonid species (brown trout and Atlantic salmon) to a three-bladed vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine was assessed in an experimental setup. A large, flowcontrolled tank was used for 15 minute individual trials, in which 80 individuals were tested (40 of each species). Four water velocity settings (0 m/s– 0.4 m/s) were assessed during the study with 10 replicates for each treatment. No direct collisions were observed. Behavioural responses to the turbine were analysed in terms of pass events and active avoidance. It was found that trout were less likely to pass the turbine than salmon. In the case of both species fish preferentially passed around the turbine rather than passing through the turbine structur...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Past studies have revealed higher levels of biodiversity, total abundance, and size of individual... more Past studies have revealed higher levels of biodiversity, total abundance, and size of individuals around offshore installations of renewable energy. This study investigated the effects of Lysekil wave power park (area 0.5 km2) on the abundance and carapace size of decapods at the Swedish west coast. For that purpose, decapods were caught with cages during four consecutive summers. Two types of cages were applied to catch a wide range of decapod species and sizes. The abundance and size of decapods were not significantly different within the wave power park and up to a distance of 360 m outside of it. The catch rate, i.e., number of decapods caught in 24 h, was not significantly different among sampling locations but revealed inter-annual variation for both cage types. The results suggest a limited role of the incidental no-take zone of the small Lysekil wave power park on the abundance and size of local decapods. However, neither were negative impacts, such as decreasing abundances...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Ocean renewable technologies have been rapidly developing over the past years. However, current h... more Ocean renewable technologies have been rapidly developing over the past years. However, current high installation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning costs are hindering these offshore technologies to reach a commercialization stage. In this paper we focus on the use of divers and remotely-operated vehicles during the installation and monitoring phase of wave energy converters. Methods and results are based on the wave energy converter system developed by Uppsala University, and our experience in offshore deployments obtained during the past eleven years. The complexity of underwater operations, carried out by either divers or remotely-operated vehicles, is emphasized. Three methods for the deployment of wave energy converters are economically and technically analyzed and compared: one using divers alone, a fully-automated approach using remotely-operated vehicles, and an intermediate approach, involving both divers and underwater vehicles. The monitoring of wave energy con...
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acqu... more Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acquisition of environmental data safer, more reliable and more efficient. On the other hand, the marine renewable energy sector has introduced dissimilar ways of exploring the oceans. Marine energy is mostly harvested in murky and high energetic places where conventional data acquisition techniques are impractical. This new frontier on marine operations brings the need for finding new techniques for environmental data acquisition, processing and analysis. Modern sonar systems, operating at high frequencies, can acquire detailed images of the underwater environment. Variables such as occurrence, size, class and behavior of a variety of aquatic species of fish, birds, and mammals that coexist within marine energy sites can be monitored using imaging sonar systems. Although sonar images can provide high levels of detail, in most of the cases they are still difficult to decipher. In order to fa...
Energies
Freshwater scarcity is one of humanity's reoccurring problems that hamper socioeconomic developme... more Freshwater scarcity is one of humanity's reoccurring problems that hamper socioeconomic development in many regions across the globe. In coastal areas, seawater can be desalinated through reverse osmosis (RO) and transformed into freshwater for human use. Desalination requires large amounts of energy, mostly in the form of a reliable electricity supply, which in many cases is supplied by diesel generators. The objective of this work is to analyze the wave power resource availability in Kilifi-Kenya and evaluate the possible use of wave power converter (WEC) to power desalination plants. A particular focus is given use of WECs developed by Uppsala University (UU-WEC). The results here presented were achieved using reanalysis-wave data revealed that the local wave climate has an approximate annual mean of 7 kW/m and mode of 5 kW/m. Significant wave height and wave mean period are within 0.8-2 m and 7-8 s respectively, with a predominant wave mean direction from southeast. The seasonal cycle appeared to be the most relevant for energy conversion, having the highest difference of 6 kW/m, in which April is the lowest (3.8 kW/m) and August is the peak (10.5 kW/m). In such mild wave climates, the UU-WEC and similar devices can be suitable for ocean energy harvesting for water desalination systems. Technically, with a capacity factor of 30% and energy consumption of 3 kWh/m 3 , a coastal community of about five thousand inhabitants can be provided of freshwater by only ten WECs with installed capacity of 20 kW.
International Journal of Marine Energy, 2016
The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and a new user of maritime space that has potentia... more The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and a new user of maritime space that has potential to contribute significantly to the EU renewable energy goals. International and national regulatory frameworks necessitate Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) that provide important data to inform development consent decisions. Here we have evaluated experience related to the assessment programmes at EU wave energy test centres combined with knowledge gained from EIA produced for other similar renewable energy developments. From this we have identified key receptors of concern, as well as the type and magnitude of impacts which may be expected. The key environmental receptors of concern for wave energy EIA include the physical environment (e.g. morphology, waves and current) and flora and fauna 1 as represented by marine mammals, seabirds, benthos, fish and shellfish. From a review of the EIAs performed at wave energy test centres, we identified several lessons regarding the wave energy EIA process. There is clear evidence that the receptors of primary 1 The term 'flora and fauna' is used in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive (2011/92/EU consolidated version)-Article 3. The newly amended EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) entered into force on 15 May 2014 and uses the term 'biodiversity' as opposed to flora and fauna.
Applied Physics Letter, 2006
This thesis studies the electric aspects of a linear synchronous permanent magnet generator. The ... more This thesis studies the electric aspects of a linear synchronous permanent magnet generator. The generator is designed for use in a wave energy converter, which determines the fundamental requirements of the generator. The electromagnetic properties of the generator are investigated with a finite element based simulation tool. These simulations formed the base of the design and construction of a laboratory prototype. Several experiments where conducted on the prototype generator. The results verify at large the simulation tool. However, a difference between the measured and simulated air gap flux was discovered. This was attributed to the longitudinal ends of the generator, which are ignored in the simulation tool. Experiences from the construction, and further finite element studies, led to a significant change in the support structure of the first offshore prototype generator. A complete wave energy converter was constructed and launched, the 13th of March, on the west coast of Sweden. A study of the load resistance impact on the power absorption has been carried out. An optimal load interval, with regard to power absorption, has been identified. Furthermore, the generator has proofed to withstand short term overload several times larger than the nominal load. Finally, the longitudinal ends’ influence on the flux distribution was investigated with an analytical model, as well as finite element simulations. A possible problem with large induction of eddy currents in the actuator back steel was identified.This work is a part of a larger project, which aims do develop a viable wave energy conversion system.
For testing and evaluating purposes, a pilot wave power plant is under construction at Islandsber... more For testing and evaluating purposes, a pilot wave power plant is under construction at Islandsberg on the West Coast of Sweden. The concept suggested for wave energy conversion consists of a surface following buoy, a point absorber, connected to a three-phase permanent magnetised linear generator placed at the seabed. The motions of the buoy drive a piston in the generator, thereby converting the energy of the waves into electric energy. This paper describes the test site and the two measurement set- ups that are in use in order to receive information for the design and optimisation of the direct driven linear generator. A Datawell Waverider buoy provides wave data in the form of time series of wave elevation and wave variance spectra. The second set- up, built in house, measures loads on a full-scale point absorber.
In contrast to many other European countries Sweden has no powerful tidal currents. However, ther... more In contrast to many other European countries Sweden has no powerful tidal currents. However, there are currents of rather constant nature which is believed can provide a small but important contribution to the electricity production. The scope of this paper is to describe the concept and the theoretical studies that have contributed to the present solution. A brief description of the experimental setup, under construction, is also included in the paper.
23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Volume 3, 2004
Tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated watercourses are all large sources of energy that ... more Tidal currents, ocean currents and unregulated watercourses are all large sources of energy that can be converted into electricity. Several technical and economical solutions within this research area have been demonstrated. In literature there exists two different turbine types, horizontal and vertical axis. The present paper focuses on the design of a permanent magnetized generator directly coupled to a vertical axis turbine. The proposed theoretical concept is adapted to data measurements regarding water current velocities and flow profiles from a Swedish watercourse. A high electromagnetic efficiency of 90 % is obtained.
At Uppsala University, a wave energy concept is developed on how to harvest wave energy and conve... more At Uppsala University, a wave energy concept is developed on how to harvest wave energy and convert it into usable electric energy. The wave energy converter developed is based on a direct driven linear generator connected via a connection line to a point absorbing buoy. In connection to the wave energy converters, an electrical system is developed which enables a submerged interconnection and conversion of the power from the generators. The project has a test site on the Swedish west coast outside the town Lysekil. The test site has been running since 2002, and the first wave energy converter was installed at the site in March 2006. Since then, the site has been continuously updated. The object of this paper is to present a status update of what has been done at the Lysekil research site from 2006 up until now. The authors will also present experimental results showing power absorption and power production from the generators connected to different buoys. To further improve the site, the possibility to connect the system to the grid is prepared and also a second underwater substation is being built for underwater connection of at least seven wave energy converters.