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The percentage of male entrepreneurs still exceeds that of their female counterparts. Diversity i... more The percentage of male entrepreneurs still exceeds that of their female counterparts. Diversity in economic systems is essential and for this successful female entrepreneurs are needed. Several studies have investigated the differences between male and female approaches to founding a company. However, whilst research in the field of entrepreneurship is plentiful, there is a need for more studies relating to female entrepreneurship and in particular for research into the perceptions and understanding of female entrepreneurship. In this study perceptions of female entrepreneurship are explored and several characteristics and motivations of female entrepreneurs are identified in literature. The literature results are then empirically validated by means of a survey of students at a South African university. The students’ understanding of the characteristics of female entrepreneurs is compared with their understanding of entrepreneurs in general and their understanding of ecopreneurs.
Revue internationale P.M.E.: Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, 2008
Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des ser... more Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : info@erudit.org Article « La diffusion internationale d'idées commerciales : un programme de recherche » Alexander Nicolai et Jantje Halberstadt Revue internationale P.M.E. : économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, vol. 21, n°3-4, 2008, p. 117-143. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/038037ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir.
This study challenges the basic reasoning behind Lazear's theory on entrepreneurship (2005). Base... more This study challenges the basic reasoning behind Lazear's theory on entrepreneurship (2005). Based on the key motive of maximizing one's lifetime income, Lazear posits that individuals with a balanced set of skills should have a higher probability of being self-employed. His ''Jack-of-all-trades'' hypothesis presumes that entrepreneurs need sufficient knowledge in a variety of areas to succeed, while paid employees benefit from being specialists in a certain area demanded by the labor market. Because most women-led businesses are neither based on the motive of making money nor are they growth oriented, we argue that maximizing their lifetime income is not the main motivation of many women to start a business. However, we argue that Lazear's theory can be extended to motivations that are mostly stated for women entrepreneurs as well. We apply it to a specific representative sample of 1384 women graduates in Germany and test our hypothesis with logit regression. A dichotomized measure indicating whether a women graduate was self-employed (n = 706) or not (n = 678) served as the dependent variable. Our results widely confirm Lazear's assumption for women graduates who run relatively small businesses in terms of sales and employment: professional training, balanced industry experience, and balanced entrepreneur-ship-based self-efficacy increase the probability of being self-employed. Solo self-employed tend to have balanced industry experience more often than those being in a team or having employees. Lazear's theory has male as the norm, and as such, does not readily apply to the case of women—but could and should be extended to women's specifics.
The percentage of male entrepreneurs still exceeds that of their female counterparts. Diversity i... more The percentage of male entrepreneurs still exceeds that of their female counterparts. Diversity in economic systems is essential and for this successful female entrepreneurs are needed. Several studies have investigated the differences between male and female approaches to founding a company. However, whilst research in the field of entrepreneurship is plentiful, there is a need for more studies relating to female entrepreneurship and in particular for research into the perceptions and understanding of female entrepreneurship. In this study perceptions of female entrepreneurship are explored and several characteristics and motivations of female entrepreneurs are identified in literature. The literature results are then empirically validated by means of a survey of students at a South African university. The students’ understanding of the characteristics of female entrepreneurs is compared with their understanding of entrepreneurs in general and their understanding of ecopreneurs.
Revue internationale P.M.E.: Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, 2008
Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des ser... more Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : info@erudit.org Article « La diffusion internationale d'idées commerciales : un programme de recherche » Alexander Nicolai et Jantje Halberstadt Revue internationale P.M.E. : économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise, vol. 21, n°3-4, 2008, p. 117-143. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/038037ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir.
This study challenges the basic reasoning behind Lazear's theory on entrepreneurship (2005). Base... more This study challenges the basic reasoning behind Lazear's theory on entrepreneurship (2005). Based on the key motive of maximizing one's lifetime income, Lazear posits that individuals with a balanced set of skills should have a higher probability of being self-employed. His ''Jack-of-all-trades'' hypothesis presumes that entrepreneurs need sufficient knowledge in a variety of areas to succeed, while paid employees benefit from being specialists in a certain area demanded by the labor market. Because most women-led businesses are neither based on the motive of making money nor are they growth oriented, we argue that maximizing their lifetime income is not the main motivation of many women to start a business. However, we argue that Lazear's theory can be extended to motivations that are mostly stated for women entrepreneurs as well. We apply it to a specific representative sample of 1384 women graduates in Germany and test our hypothesis with logit regression. A dichotomized measure indicating whether a women graduate was self-employed (n = 706) or not (n = 678) served as the dependent variable. Our results widely confirm Lazear's assumption for women graduates who run relatively small businesses in terms of sales and employment: professional training, balanced industry experience, and balanced entrepreneur-ship-based self-efficacy increase the probability of being self-employed. Solo self-employed tend to have balanced industry experience more often than those being in a team or having employees. Lazear's theory has male as the norm, and as such, does not readily apply to the case of women—but could and should be extended to women's specifics.