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The main objective of the work described here has been to identify what type of research and deve... more The main objective of the work described here has been to identify what type of research and development that is needed to support the user needs for new snow parameter information derived from optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), passive microwave radiometer (PMR) and multisensor remote sensing data. A review of both existing algorithms and available and near- future has been
2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2009
... Pauli Sievinen, Jaan Praks, Martti Hallikainen ... This study is part of an EU-funded project... more ... Pauli Sievinen, Jaan Praks, Martti Hallikainen ... This study is part of an EU-funded project Megacities: Emissions, urban, re-gional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate ef-fects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation - MEGAPOLI. ...
The objective of our project is to investigate the relationship between the backscattering signal... more The objective of our project is to investigate the relationship between the backscattering signal and the forest properties in various snow situations for varying incidence angle. The airborne SAR data collected from Northern Finland during the EMAC'95 campaign was analyzed on agricultural and forested areas. The results indicate that for non-forested areas the level of backscattering is higher for snow-free
IEEE International IEEE International IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2004. IGARSS '04. Proceedings. 2004, 2004
ABSTRACT Estimation of snow moisture (total liquid water content) and the fraction of snow covere... more ABSTRACT Estimation of snow moisture (total liquid water content) and the fraction of snow covered area (SCA) are investigated by applying multi-year ERS-2 SAR and Envisat ASAR data sets. An inversion approach for the moisture retrieval is introduced. The results suggest that C-band radar is operationally feasible for both applications
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
The HUTRAD microwave radiometer system (Jlelsinki University of Technology m i o m e t e r ) was ... more The HUTRAD microwave radiometer system (Jlelsinki University of Technology m i o m e t e r ) was used to collect airborne data on microwave emission from snowcovered terrain, including a variety of forest types and landuse categories in the Tuusula test site, southern Finland. The non-scanning subsystem measures the emission at 6.8, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 94 GHz, simultaneously at vertical and horizontal polarization, using a look angle of 50° off nadir. The imaging subsystem operates at 93 GHz, vertical and horizontal polarization. Visual recording of the target was provided by a video camera. The measurement program was started in the winter of 1998 and it includes data collection under dry snow, wet snow, and snow-free conditions.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
Abstract In 1997 HUT, FEI and FGI (Finnish Geodetic Institute) started a joint project which aims... more Abstract In 1997 HUT, FEI and FGI (Finnish Geodetic Institute) started a joint project which aims to develop a operational snow monitoring system in Finland. This method applies both traditional methods (in situ measurements and hydrological models) together with satellite ...
2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2011
Geoscientific Model Development, 2014
2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2009
In the frame of EUMETSAT Satellite Application Faculty on Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) ... more In the frame of EUMETSAT Satellite Application Faculty on Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) project, two different approaches have been developed for snow products. One is focused on flat/forested areas and has been developed by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) (originally for EUMETSAT Land-SAF), and the other one by Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) for mountainous areas. Snow cover over mountainous
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2012
This paper presents a morphological database, aimed to be applied as boundary data for atmospheri... more This paper presents a morphological database, aimed to be applied as boundary data for atmospheric modeling. The database has been created from freely available sources and 13 ASAR images that were provided by European Space Agency (ESA) through Announcement of Opportunity (AO). Urban themes were extracted from optical data and digital maps by supervised spectral minimum distance to means classification. Urban topography was modeled using multibaseline Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) with phase unwrapping based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation. In combining obtained InSAR height data with urban classification from optical images, additional features that are beyond the SAR resolution were added to the urban topography layer. The methods of retrieval of morphological data are discussed as well as the generation of the height model. The results are compared to the existing Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation model and the BDTopo Parisian database. We also address an example application of the database, a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of urban canopy flow over the Paris area.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
Airborne passive microwave signatures collected in Northern Finkand during EMAC-95 is analysed wi... more Airborne passive microwave signatures collected in Northern Finkand during EMAC-95 is analysed with the emphasis on forested areas ' and dry snow conditions. The microwave signatures covers 6.8-18.7 GHz frequency range and are acquired at vertical ' and horizontal polarisation. The analysis is carried out with respect to the forest stem volume data and comprises three different snow depth situations. Emissivities indicate an exponential increase with stem volume, with a subsequent saturation at higher stem volumes. At 10.65 GHz the saturation level was found to be linearly related to snow water equivalent.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
In this study the possibilities of using polarimetric Land Cband microwave SAR data in snow mappi... more In this study the possibilities of using polarimetric Land Cband microwave SAR data in snow mapping are investigated. Covariance matrix eigenvalue based decomposition theory, proposed by Cloude [I] was applied to polarimetric EMISAR
IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), 1999
In this paper we propose a new fast algorithm for calculating target entropy and .scattering mech... more In this paper we propose a new fast algorithm for calculating target entropy and .scattering mechanism (alpha angle) estimates for polarimetric SAR data. This new approach applies only for natural targets and it is validated with L-and C-band data. The algorithm is based on the fact that averaged covariance matrix for natural distributed targets presented in Pauli basis has a nearly diagonal form and additional diagonalisation applying eigenvalue calculation is not necessary. The proposed algorithm reduces computing times and allows calculation of the target entropy and scattering mechanism type for large polarimetric SAR images. The algorithm can be used in various applications where small error in calculations is allowed. Some illustrative calculations using full polarimetric L-and C-band SAR data are presented.
IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), 1999
The multifrequency polarimetric EMISAR[ 11 data at C-band have been analyzed on retrieving snow w... more The multifrequency polarimetric EMISAR[ 11 data at C-band have been analyzed on retrieving snow water equivalent. The EMAC'95 snow test sites were located along a straight line in northern Finland extending from the coast (near city of Oulu) to inland. The results indicate positive correlation between the backscattering coefficient and the snow water equivalent for all polarizations at C-band. The development of an empirical model is presented to retrieve the snow water equivalent from C-band EMISAR data in nonforested areas. The model provides good accuracy for retrieval of the water equivalent of dry snow.
Assimilation of ERS-2 SAR data to the operational hydrological runoff model using a non-linear Ba... more Assimilation of ERS-2 SAR data to the operational hydrological runoff model using a non-linear Bayesian techniques is demonstrated and tested. The developed assimilation method combines SAR observations to runoff model by applying a constrained iteration procedure and forward modeling of SAR observations. The aim is to improve river discharge forecasts. The test site is located in the Northern Finland, in river Kemijoki drainage area. The satellite data consists of ERS-2 SAR images from five springs. The results show that inclusion of the satellite data can improve the performance of the discharge forecasting model during the snow melt period.
ABSTRACT The seasonal changes of the backscattering properties of boreal forests are investigated... more ABSTRACT The seasonal changes of the backscattering properties of boreal forests are investigated by applying (1) a semi-empirical C- and X-band forest backscattering model and (2) multi-temporal ERS-1 SAR data from several test sites in Finland. The results are presented as a function of forest stem volume (which is closely related to forest biomass). The empirical modeling of forest canopy backscattering and extinction properties is based on the high-resolution ranging scatterometer (HUTSCAT) data. The response of ERS-1 SAR data to forest stem volume is investigated by employing the National Forest Inventory test sites that cover the ERS-1 test areas in a regular pattern. The model results and ERS-1 data show that the correlation of radar response to forest biomass may be positive, negative or about zero. This variation is primarily caused by the changes in soil and vegetation moisture, and by the seasonal snow-cover
The main objective of the work described here has been to identify what type of research and deve... more The main objective of the work described here has been to identify what type of research and development that is needed to support the user needs for new snow parameter information derived from optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), passive microwave radiometer (PMR) and multisensor remote sensing data. A review of both existing algorithms and available and near- future has been
2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2009
... Pauli Sievinen, Jaan Praks, Martti Hallikainen ... This study is part of an EU-funded project... more ... Pauli Sievinen, Jaan Praks, Martti Hallikainen ... This study is part of an EU-funded project Megacities: Emissions, urban, re-gional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate ef-fects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation - MEGAPOLI. ...
The objective of our project is to investigate the relationship between the backscattering signal... more The objective of our project is to investigate the relationship between the backscattering signal and the forest properties in various snow situations for varying incidence angle. The airborne SAR data collected from Northern Finland during the EMAC'95 campaign was analyzed on agricultural and forested areas. The results indicate that for non-forested areas the level of backscattering is higher for snow-free
IEEE International IEEE International IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2004. IGARSS '04. Proceedings. 2004, 2004
ABSTRACT Estimation of snow moisture (total liquid water content) and the fraction of snow covere... more ABSTRACT Estimation of snow moisture (total liquid water content) and the fraction of snow covered area (SCA) are investigated by applying multi-year ERS-2 SAR and Envisat ASAR data sets. An inversion approach for the moisture retrieval is introduced. The results suggest that C-band radar is operationally feasible for both applications
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
The HUTRAD microwave radiometer system (Jlelsinki University of Technology m i o m e t e r ) was ... more The HUTRAD microwave radiometer system (Jlelsinki University of Technology m i o m e t e r ) was used to collect airborne data on microwave emission from snowcovered terrain, including a variety of forest types and landuse categories in the Tuusula test site, southern Finland. The non-scanning subsystem measures the emission at 6.8, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 94 GHz, simultaneously at vertical and horizontal polarization, using a look angle of 50° off nadir. The imaging subsystem operates at 93 GHz, vertical and horizontal polarization. Visual recording of the target was provided by a video camera. The measurement program was started in the winter of 1998 and it includes data collection under dry snow, wet snow, and snow-free conditions.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
Abstract In 1997 HUT, FEI and FGI (Finnish Geodetic Institute) started a joint project which aims... more Abstract In 1997 HUT, FEI and FGI (Finnish Geodetic Institute) started a joint project which aims to develop a operational snow monitoring system in Finland. This method applies both traditional methods (in situ measurements and hydrological models) together with satellite ...
2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2011
Geoscientific Model Development, 2014
2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2009
In the frame of EUMETSAT Satellite Application Faculty on Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) ... more In the frame of EUMETSAT Satellite Application Faculty on Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) project, two different approaches have been developed for snow products. One is focused on flat/forested areas and has been developed by Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) (originally for EUMETSAT Land-SAF), and the other one by Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) for mountainous areas. Snow cover over mountainous
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2012
This paper presents a morphological database, aimed to be applied as boundary data for atmospheri... more This paper presents a morphological database, aimed to be applied as boundary data for atmospheric modeling. The database has been created from freely available sources and 13 ASAR images that were provided by European Space Agency (ESA) through Announcement of Opportunity (AO). Urban themes were extracted from optical data and digital maps by supervised spectral minimum distance to means classification. Urban topography was modeled using multibaseline Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) with phase unwrapping based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation. In combining obtained InSAR height data with urban classification from optical images, additional features that are beyond the SAR resolution were added to the urban topography layer. The methods of retrieval of morphological data are discussed as well as the generation of the height model. The results are compared to the existing Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) elevation model and the BDTopo Parisian database. We also address an example application of the database, a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of urban canopy flow over the Paris area.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
Airborne passive microwave signatures collected in Northern Finkand during EMAC-95 is analysed wi... more Airborne passive microwave signatures collected in Northern Finkand during EMAC-95 is analysed with the emphasis on forested areas ' and dry snow conditions. The microwave signatures covers 6.8-18.7 GHz frequency range and are acquired at vertical ' and horizontal polarisation. The analysis is carried out with respect to the forest stem volume data and comprises three different snow depth situations. Emissivities indicate an exponential increase with stem volume, with a subsequent saturation at higher stem volumes. At 10.65 GHz the saturation level was found to be linearly related to snow water equivalent.
IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), 1998
In this study the possibilities of using polarimetric Land Cband microwave SAR data in snow mappi... more In this study the possibilities of using polarimetric Land Cband microwave SAR data in snow mapping are investigated. Covariance matrix eigenvalue based decomposition theory, proposed by Cloude [I] was applied to polarimetric EMISAR
IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), 1999
In this paper we propose a new fast algorithm for calculating target entropy and .scattering mech... more In this paper we propose a new fast algorithm for calculating target entropy and .scattering mechanism (alpha angle) estimates for polarimetric SAR data. This new approach applies only for natural targets and it is validated with L-and C-band data. The algorithm is based on the fact that averaged covariance matrix for natural distributed targets presented in Pauli basis has a nearly diagonal form and additional diagonalisation applying eigenvalue calculation is not necessary. The proposed algorithm reduces computing times and allows calculation of the target entropy and scattering mechanism type for large polarimetric SAR images. The algorithm can be used in various applications where small error in calculations is allowed. Some illustrative calculations using full polarimetric L-and C-band SAR data are presented.
IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293), 1999
The multifrequency polarimetric EMISAR[ 11 data at C-band have been analyzed on retrieving snow w... more The multifrequency polarimetric EMISAR[ 11 data at C-band have been analyzed on retrieving snow water equivalent. The EMAC'95 snow test sites were located along a straight line in northern Finland extending from the coast (near city of Oulu) to inland. The results indicate positive correlation between the backscattering coefficient and the snow water equivalent for all polarizations at C-band. The development of an empirical model is presented to retrieve the snow water equivalent from C-band EMISAR data in nonforested areas. The model provides good accuracy for retrieval of the water equivalent of dry snow.
Assimilation of ERS-2 SAR data to the operational hydrological runoff model using a non-linear Ba... more Assimilation of ERS-2 SAR data to the operational hydrological runoff model using a non-linear Bayesian techniques is demonstrated and tested. The developed assimilation method combines SAR observations to runoff model by applying a constrained iteration procedure and forward modeling of SAR observations. The aim is to improve river discharge forecasts. The test site is located in the Northern Finland, in river Kemijoki drainage area. The satellite data consists of ERS-2 SAR images from five springs. The results show that inclusion of the satellite data can improve the performance of the discharge forecasting model during the snow melt period.
ABSTRACT The seasonal changes of the backscattering properties of boreal forests are investigated... more ABSTRACT The seasonal changes of the backscattering properties of boreal forests are investigated by applying (1) a semi-empirical C- and X-band forest backscattering model and (2) multi-temporal ERS-1 SAR data from several test sites in Finland. The results are presented as a function of forest stem volume (which is closely related to forest biomass). The empirical modeling of forest canopy backscattering and extinction properties is based on the high-resolution ranging scatterometer (HUTSCAT) data. The response of ERS-1 SAR data to forest stem volume is investigated by employing the National Forest Inventory test sites that cover the ERS-1 test areas in a regular pattern. The model results and ERS-1 data show that the correlation of radar response to forest biomass may be positive, negative or about zero. This variation is primarily caused by the changes in soil and vegetation moisture, and by the seasonal snow-cover