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Multiple genetic and environmental factors have roles in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder... more Multiple genetic and environmental factors have roles in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thus, researchers have become increasingly interested in studying family members of individuals with ASD in order to examine possible risk factors and to identify early markers of the disorder. While family history of ASD may put an individual at risk for developing autism, there is limited research examining how the degree of relationship to the affected individual may be related to an individual's presenting ASD symptomatology. Because closer familial relationships (i.e., first-degree relatives) have more shared genetic material and tend to have increased common environment than more distal relationships (i.e., second-or third-degree relatives), the present study aimed to examine if there was an association between degree of relationship and autism symptomatology in young children with a family history of ASD. Participants included 470 young children (M = 25.64 months, SD = 5.07) recruited through a statewide early intervention program who were diagnosed with ASD or identified as atypically developing with a family history of ASD. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between group (e.g., ASD and atypically developing), degree of relationship (e.g., first-degree and second-or third-degree), and the interaction between group and degree of relationship and ASD symptomatology. Implications and clinical utility of these results are discussed.
Adaptive and Developmental Behavior Scales
The purpose of assessment is to integrate information to inform clinical decision-making. Adaptiv... more The purpose of assessment is to integrate information to inform clinical decision-making. Adaptive and developmental behavior scales are used in assessment for childhood disorders to evaluate the child’s level of functioning across various adaptive and developmental domains. These measures may be used in conjunction with developmental history, interviews, rating scales, and clinical observations to assess the child’s abilities, make diagnostic decisions, and aid in treatment planning. This chapter reviews a number of widely used adaptive and developmental behavior scales in the assessment of childhood disorders.
Sensory Integration Therapy and DIR/Floortime
Many methods in widespread use as treatments for ASD have very limited research support. Among th... more Many methods in widespread use as treatments for ASD have very limited research support. Among these treatments are sensory integration therapies and DIR/Floortime. These two treatments focus on adjusting individuals with ASD to various sensory stimuli in their environments and creating enjoyable social experiences to lower rates of social isolation, respectively. Although research on these interventions is somewhat limited and often inconclusive, these treatments are still being explored as possible supplements and/or alternatives to ABA therapy.
Adhd
Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Treatment
Motor skills refer to the movement and coordination of one’s muscles and body. Gross motor skills... more Motor skills refer to the movement and coordination of one’s muscles and body. Gross motor skills require coordination of an individual’s arms, legs, and other large body parts for actions such as running, jumping, and throwing. Fine motor skills require coordination of smaller movements between the fingers, hands, and feet for actions such as picking up and grasping small objects. The assessment of motor skills involves the examination of motor functioning and motor development. There are a number of standardized measures available to measure motor functioning in children, 15 of which are reviewed in this chapter. This chapter also includes discussion related to the selection of an appropriate measure and childhood disorders commonly associated with motor difficulties.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common neurodevelopmental disorder characterize... more Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in socialization skills and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. In addition to a number of medical and psychological comorbidities, ASD is associated with a complex phenomenon: developmental regression (i.e., loss of skills in developmental domains). Although present in other disorders (albeit rare), developmental regression is prevalent among individuals with ASD. Thus, interest in studying the phenomenon has grown. However, research on associated risk factors and outcomes is limited and findings have been inconsistent. The current study had two aims: (1) examine potential factors associated with developmental regression in children with ASD, and (2) compare outcomes between children with and without a history of developmental regression. Gender, race/ethnicity, maternal age, paternal age, and history of seizures were not significantly associated with developmental regression. Children who regressed were found to exhibit greater severity in ASD symptoms and adaptive deficits in the communication domain. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Family History of Autism and Assisted Reproductive Technology As Risk Factors for Pregnancy Complications in the Chatterbaby Autism Risk Survey
Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2021
Although parent-assisted social skills interventions may reduce early social challenges in presch... more Although parent-assisted social skills interventions may reduce early social challenges in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), limited research has explored whether intervention gains maintain several years after treatment. This study examined the durability of PEERS® for Preschoolers, a parent-mediated social skills training program for preschool-aged children with ASD and other social challenges. Twenty-nine parents reported on child and family outcomes 1-5 years following treatment. Results demonstrated maintenance of treatment gains on measures of ASD-related social impairments including social communication, social responsiveness, social motivation, and peer engagement. Post-treatment improvements in problem behaviors and parenting stress were not maintained at long-term follow-up. Implications of these results are discussed.
Multiple genetic and environmental factors have roles in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder... more Multiple genetic and environmental factors have roles in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thus, researchers have become increasingly interested in studying family members of individuals with ASD in order to examine possible risk factors and to identify early markers of the disorder. While family history of ASD may put an individual at risk for developing autism, there is limited research examining how the degree of relationship to the affected individual may be related to an individual's presenting ASD symptomatology. Because closer familial relationships (i.e., first-degree relatives) have more shared genetic material and tend to have increased common environment than more distal relationships (i.e., second-or third-degree relatives), the present study aimed to examine if there was an association between degree of relationship and autism symptomatology in young children with a family history of ASD. Participants included 470 young children (M = 25.64 months, SD = 5.07) recruited through a statewide early intervention program who were diagnosed with ASD or identified as atypically developing with a family history of ASD. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between group (e.g., ASD and atypically developing), degree of relationship (e.g., first-degree and second-or third-degree), and the interaction between group and degree of relationship and ASD symptomatology. Implications and clinical utility of these results are discussed.
Adaptive and Developmental Behavior Scales
The purpose of assessment is to integrate information to inform clinical decision-making. Adaptiv... more The purpose of assessment is to integrate information to inform clinical decision-making. Adaptive and developmental behavior scales are used in assessment for childhood disorders to evaluate the child’s level of functioning across various adaptive and developmental domains. These measures may be used in conjunction with developmental history, interviews, rating scales, and clinical observations to assess the child’s abilities, make diagnostic decisions, and aid in treatment planning. This chapter reviews a number of widely used adaptive and developmental behavior scales in the assessment of childhood disorders.
Sensory Integration Therapy and DIR/Floortime
Many methods in widespread use as treatments for ASD have very limited research support. Among th... more Many methods in widespread use as treatments for ASD have very limited research support. Among these treatments are sensory integration therapies and DIR/Floortime. These two treatments focus on adjusting individuals with ASD to various sensory stimuli in their environments and creating enjoyable social experiences to lower rates of social isolation, respectively. Although research on these interventions is somewhat limited and often inconclusive, these treatments are still being explored as possible supplements and/or alternatives to ABA therapy.
Adhd
Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Treatment
Motor skills refer to the movement and coordination of one’s muscles and body. Gross motor skills... more Motor skills refer to the movement and coordination of one’s muscles and body. Gross motor skills require coordination of an individual’s arms, legs, and other large body parts for actions such as running, jumping, and throwing. Fine motor skills require coordination of smaller movements between the fingers, hands, and feet for actions such as picking up and grasping small objects. The assessment of motor skills involves the examination of motor functioning and motor development. There are a number of standardized measures available to measure motor functioning in children, 15 of which are reviewed in this chapter. This chapter also includes discussion related to the selection of an appropriate measure and childhood disorders commonly associated with motor difficulties.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common neurodevelopmental disorder characterize... more Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in socialization skills and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. In addition to a number of medical and psychological comorbidities, ASD is associated with a complex phenomenon: developmental regression (i.e., loss of skills in developmental domains). Although present in other disorders (albeit rare), developmental regression is prevalent among individuals with ASD. Thus, interest in studying the phenomenon has grown. However, research on associated risk factors and outcomes is limited and findings have been inconsistent. The current study had two aims: (1) examine potential factors associated with developmental regression in children with ASD, and (2) compare outcomes between children with and without a history of developmental regression. Gender, race/ethnicity, maternal age, paternal age, and history of seizures were not significantly associated with developmental regression. Children who regressed were found to exhibit greater severity in ASD symptoms and adaptive deficits in the communication domain. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Family History of Autism and Assisted Reproductive Technology As Risk Factors for Pregnancy Complications in the Chatterbaby Autism Risk Survey
Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2021
Although parent-assisted social skills interventions may reduce early social challenges in presch... more Although parent-assisted social skills interventions may reduce early social challenges in preschool-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), limited research has explored whether intervention gains maintain several years after treatment. This study examined the durability of PEERS® for Preschoolers, a parent-mediated social skills training program for preschool-aged children with ASD and other social challenges. Twenty-nine parents reported on child and family outcomes 1-5 years following treatment. Results demonstrated maintenance of treatment gains on measures of ASD-related social impairments including social communication, social responsiveness, social motivation, and peer engagement. Post-treatment improvements in problem behaviors and parenting stress were not maintained at long-term follow-up. Implications of these results are discussed.