Jayakumar Kambam - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Jayakumar Kambam
Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 1996
A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of the ... more A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of the 2-chloroprocaine, local anesthetic of ester type, and its major metabolite 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid, has been developed and validated. A single-step extraction procedure is employed followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation using reversed-phase column and analysis using variable length UV detection. Lidocaine was used as internal standard for 2-chloroprocaine measurement and p-aminobenzoic acid was used as internal standard for 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid analysis. The analysis of spiked plasma demonstrated good accuracy and precision of the method with limit of detection 0.1 /xg/ml for 2-chloroprocaine and 0.5/zg/ml for 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid. The method has been used for pharmacokinetic studies in laboratory animals.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Oct 1, 1993
Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in senso... more Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in sensory transmission, inflammation, pain transmission, and modulation of chemical transmission.' Its levels are altered in body tissues and fluids under different clinical situation^.^.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of SP in patients with chronic pain are lower than those in healthy volunteers." It has been described as a sialagogue in experimental animals? Binding sites for SP are present in rat submaxillary and sublingual glands. SP antagonists have been suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of pain. There is a need for an objective marker or correlate of chronic pain. Sampling of human saliva is a less invasive procedure than collection of CSF or blood. Therefore, substance P levels were determined in saliva of healthy human volunteers and patients with chronic back pain.
Substance P and beta-endorphin levels in the plasma and pericardial fluid in patients with and without angina
Pain, 1990
Surgery and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 Abs No 884 INTRODUCTION: Sub... more Surgery and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 Abs No 884 INTRODUCTION: Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin peptide famil'y, is an undecapeptide. There are data indicating that SP containing cardiac afferents could participate in cardiovascular reflexes and the transmission of cardiac pain. Investigators have shown that SP regulates the sinus node and coronary blood flow. SP has been detected in biological fluids including plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of presence of SP in these body fluids remains to be understood. The presence of SP and beta-endorphin (BE) in the pericardial fluid (P Fluid) has not been studied. The purpose of our present study was to investigate the presence of SP and BE in the P Fluid and compare those levels with plasma levels in patients with and without a history of angina pectoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: With the approval of our Institutional Review Board we included two groups of patients in this study. Group I consisted of nine patients undergoing valvular surgery. Group II consisted of ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Before the pericardiotomy was performed, 5ml of P Fluid and 5ml of blood were collected. A radioimmunoassay was used in the determination of SP and BE levels and the values expressed as fmol/mg protein. Fluid P Plasma sp BE sp BE ANGINA 1.7+0.2 0.16+0.1 0.47+0.3 0.06+0.06 NO ANGINA 0.9+0.2 0.16+0.1 0.45+0.1 0.07+0.06 P <0.03 NS NS NS DISCUSSION: SP is widely distributed in pathways involved in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system. The regulatory function of SP seems to be connected with the system of endogenous opiod system and with the adrenergic system. Our study demonstrated that SP levels in P fluid are significantly higher (P<O.O3, t test) in patients with angina pectoris and this may have symptomatic implications.
Research in Experimental Medicine, 1995
The role of substance P (SP) in cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction was investigated in 13... more The role of substance P (SP) in cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction was investigated in 13 Landrace pigs. Pigs were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and ventilation was controlled with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. A Swan-Ganz catheter and a carotid arterial line were placed to monitor the hemodynamic data. Group 1 pigs (control group, n = 5) each received 20 ml of intravenous (IV) colloid infusion solution (Haemaccel) and group 2 pigs (cholesterol group, n = 8) each received an IV injection of pure cholesterol emulsion (12 mg/kg) in 20 ml of Haemaccel. Blood samples for SP and histamine (H) levels were taken just before and for 10 min following the placebo, Haemaccel, and cholesterol injections. Urine samples were also collected just before and at 60 min following the injections for methyl histamine (MH) levels. Group 2 pigs (cholesterol) developed an anaphylactoid reaction as indicated by marked and significant hemodynamic changes. None of the group 1 (placebo) pigs developed an anaphylactoid reaction. Significant increases in blood SP and H levels (P<0.05), and urine MH levels (P < 0.05) were seen in cholesterol-treated pigs (group 2), whereas no significant changes were seen in control pigs (group 1). Our results suggest that S P is involved in the cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction in pigs.
Survey of Anesthesiology, 1989
Plasma cholinesterase activity levels were studied in 15 pregnant patients with preeclampsia befo... more Plasma cholinesterase activity levels were studied in 15 pregnant patients with preeclampsia before and after the administration of therapeutic doses of magnesium sulfate. Plasma cholinesterase activity was also studied in 15 healthy nonpregnant and 15 healthy pregnant women. The mean plasma cholinesterase activity level in pregnant patients with preeclampsia before and after the administration of magnesium sulfate was 179 ± 26 and 176 ± 39 units/ml, respectively. The healthy nonpregnant patients and healthy pregnant patients had a plasma cholinesterase activity level of 426 ± 85 and 264 ± 24 units/ml, respectively. Our data demonstrated that magnesium has no significant effect on plasma cholinesterase activity. Our data also confirm that there is a significant reduction in plasma cholinesterase activity in pregnant patients with preeclampsia compared with either healthy nonpregnant or healthy pregnant patients. We conclude that the low level of plasma cholinesterase activity is probably responsible for the prolonged action of succinylcholine in pregnant patients with preeclampsia receiving magnesium sulfate.
Regulatory Peptides, 1988
Alcohol pretreatment alters the metabolic pattern and accelerates cocaine metabolism in pigs
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1994
We investigated whether alcohol pretreatment would affect the disposition and metabolic pattern o... more We investigated whether alcohol pretreatment would affect the disposition and metabolic pattern of intravenously (i.v.) administered cocaine in pigs. Six pigs (Group A) received alcohol (1 g/kg/day) and six pigs (control; Group D) received an equal volume of isocaloric dextrose 44% in water for 10 days via an intragastric tube. On day 11, arterial samples were taken for five hours following an intravenous administration of cocaine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolites were analyzed by HPLC method. Significant decrease in plasma half-life (10 +/- 1.2 vs. 18.7 +/- 1.4 min), and significant increases in apparent volume of distribution (73 +/- 6 vs. 51 +/- 31) and clearance (5.37 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.82 +/- 0.1 l/min) were seen in alcohol pretreated pigs as compared with control pigs (P < 0.05). Significant increases in plasma concentrations of benzoylecgonine (P < 0.05), and insignificant differences in ecgonine methyl ester and norcocaine levels were seen between the two groups. Neither ecgonine nor cocaethylene was detected in the blood samples. Our data show that alcohol administration for ten days accelerated the elimination of i.v. administered cocaine and altered its metabolic pattern in pigs.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1987
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1990
The efficacy of prophylactic administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers to prevent adverse hae... more The efficacy of prophylactic administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers to prevent adverse haemodynamic responses to heparin and protamine was studied. The control group (n=10) received no histamine receptor blocker, group H1 (n=10) received oral terfenadine 60 mg, group H2 (n=10) received oral ranitidine 300 mg, and group H1+H2 (n=10) received both terfenadine and ranitidine on the night before the operation and on call to the operating room. Heparin sulphate 300 U/kg was injected directly into the right atrium, and protamine hydrochloride was administered at the conclusion of bypass over at least three minutes through a peripheral route. Following the injection of heparin, plasma histamine-like activity (H-LA) was increased significantly in all four groups. While systolic, diastolic, mean arterial and central venous pressures were decreased significantly in the control group, no significant changes were observed in the H1 and H2 groups. Protamine infusion did not lead to an increase in H-LA. Prophylactic administration of histamine receptor blockers (H1 or H2) attenuated the heparin-induced adverse haemodynamic response but did not change the protamine-related haemodynamic effects. Factors other than histamine may play a major role in protamine induced cardiovascular changes.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1990
The in vitro effects of two metabolites of inhalational anaesthetics, fluoride and bromide, on ps... more The in vitro effects of two metabolites of inhalational anaesthetics, fluoride and bromide, on pseudocholinesterase ( PCH E ) and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities in the blood samples of seven healthy patients were studied. The PCHE attd ACHE activities were determined by kinetic spectrophotometric methods. Fluoride at the levels achieved with clinical concentrations of et~flurane and sevoflurane (25 -75 txM ' L-i ) inhibited PCHE activity by 28-65 per cent (P < 0.01) and ACHE activi~, by less than five per cent (P > 0.05). Bromide at the levels achieved with clinical concentrations of inhalational anaesthetics had no significant effect on either PCHE or ACHE activi~.,. We recommend caution when succinylcholine and~or ester ~.,pe local anaesthetics are used in the immediate postoperative period following enflurane or sevoflurane attaesthesia. We also recommend that blood drawing for PCHE activio, be delayed at least until 24 hr following enflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1988
Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconsrriction and gastrointestinal hypermotility seco... more Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconsrriction and gastrointestinal hypermotility secondary to serotonin, histamine, bradykinin and prostagtandln release. A variety of drugs, foods and anaesthetic agents may provoke this syndrome. Under anaesthesia, the flushing produced may be associated with acute hypotension and cardiovascular collapse; this phenomenon is called a earcinoM crisis. Recently, somatostatin analogue has been used successfully to treat intraoperative carcinoid crisis. In this repot1, we present a 66.year-old lady with carcinoid syndrome who was pre.treated with 50 lzg somatostatin analogue IV and 134 prior to surgical manipulation. The anaesthetic course was relatively unevenrfu! and the patient did well postoperatively. Carcinoid syndrome t is characterized by intermittent flushing of the upper body and face, bronchoconstrictiou, gastrointestinal hypermotility with diarrhoea, telangiectasia and right-sided heart disease. This syndrome results from the secretion of a number of vasoactive substances in patients with carcinoid turnouts. ~ These patients have consistently high levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetie acid (5-HIAA), suggesting that the humeral manifestations of earcinoid syndrome may be attributed to the overproduction of serotonin by these tumours. However, other vasoactive substances 3 may play
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1993
Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in senso... more Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in sensory transmission, inflammation, pain transmission, and modulation of chemical transmission.' Its levels are altered in body tissues and fluids under different clinical situation^.^.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of SP in patients with chronic pain are lower than those in healthy volunteers." It has been described as a sialagogue in experimental animals? Binding sites for SP are present in rat submaxillary and sublingual glands. SP antagonists have been suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of pain. There is a need for an objective marker or correlate of chronic pain. Sampling of human saliva is a less invasive procedure than collection of CSF or blood. Therefore, substance P levels were determined in saliva of healthy human volunteers and patients with chronic back pain.
In Vivo Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Oxygen Saturation and P02 Measurements
Anesthesiology, 1986
Nifedipine Pretreatment Does Not Reduce Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
Epinephrine and Neosynephrine Potentiate Bupivacaine Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
Comparative Antidysrhythmic Properties of Local Anesthetic Drugs in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1994
Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity is Reduced by Verapamil Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
A812 Bupivacaine Cardio-Resepiratory Toxicity is Reduced by Diltiazem Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990
A811 Bupivacaine Cardio-Resepiratory Toxicity is Reduced by Diltiazem Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990
A768 Incardipine Protects from Bupivacaine Induced Cardioresiratory Toxicity (Bict) in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990
Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 1996
A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of the ... more A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of the 2-chloroprocaine, local anesthetic of ester type, and its major metabolite 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid, has been developed and validated. A single-step extraction procedure is employed followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation using reversed-phase column and analysis using variable length UV detection. Lidocaine was used as internal standard for 2-chloroprocaine measurement and p-aminobenzoic acid was used as internal standard for 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid analysis. The analysis of spiked plasma demonstrated good accuracy and precision of the method with limit of detection 0.1 /xg/ml for 2-chloroprocaine and 0.5/zg/ml for 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid. The method has been used for pharmacokinetic studies in laboratory animals.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Oct 1, 1993
Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in senso... more Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in sensory transmission, inflammation, pain transmission, and modulation of chemical transmission.' Its levels are altered in body tissues and fluids under different clinical situation^.^.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of SP in patients with chronic pain are lower than those in healthy volunteers." It has been described as a sialagogue in experimental animals? Binding sites for SP are present in rat submaxillary and sublingual glands. SP antagonists have been suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of pain. There is a need for an objective marker or correlate of chronic pain. Sampling of human saliva is a less invasive procedure than collection of CSF or blood. Therefore, substance P levels were determined in saliva of healthy human volunteers and patients with chronic back pain.
Substance P and beta-endorphin levels in the plasma and pericardial fluid in patients with and without angina
Pain, 1990
Surgery and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 Abs No 884 INTRODUCTION: Sub... more Surgery and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 Abs No 884 INTRODUCTION: Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin peptide famil'y, is an undecapeptide. There are data indicating that SP containing cardiac afferents could participate in cardiovascular reflexes and the transmission of cardiac pain. Investigators have shown that SP regulates the sinus node and coronary blood flow. SP has been detected in biological fluids including plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of presence of SP in these body fluids remains to be understood. The presence of SP and beta-endorphin (BE) in the pericardial fluid (P Fluid) has not been studied. The purpose of our present study was to investigate the presence of SP and BE in the P Fluid and compare those levels with plasma levels in patients with and without a history of angina pectoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: With the approval of our Institutional Review Board we included two groups of patients in this study. Group I consisted of nine patients undergoing valvular surgery. Group II consisted of ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Before the pericardiotomy was performed, 5ml of P Fluid and 5ml of blood were collected. A radioimmunoassay was used in the determination of SP and BE levels and the values expressed as fmol/mg protein. Fluid P Plasma sp BE sp BE ANGINA 1.7+0.2 0.16+0.1 0.47+0.3 0.06+0.06 NO ANGINA 0.9+0.2 0.16+0.1 0.45+0.1 0.07+0.06 P <0.03 NS NS NS DISCUSSION: SP is widely distributed in pathways involved in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system. The regulatory function of SP seems to be connected with the system of endogenous opiod system and with the adrenergic system. Our study demonstrated that SP levels in P fluid are significantly higher (P<O.O3, t test) in patients with angina pectoris and this may have symptomatic implications.
Research in Experimental Medicine, 1995
The role of substance P (SP) in cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction was investigated in 13... more The role of substance P (SP) in cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction was investigated in 13 Landrace pigs. Pigs were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and ventilation was controlled with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. A Swan-Ganz catheter and a carotid arterial line were placed to monitor the hemodynamic data. Group 1 pigs (control group, n = 5) each received 20 ml of intravenous (IV) colloid infusion solution (Haemaccel) and group 2 pigs (cholesterol group, n = 8) each received an IV injection of pure cholesterol emulsion (12 mg/kg) in 20 ml of Haemaccel. Blood samples for SP and histamine (H) levels were taken just before and for 10 min following the placebo, Haemaccel, and cholesterol injections. Urine samples were also collected just before and at 60 min following the injections for methyl histamine (MH) levels. Group 2 pigs (cholesterol) developed an anaphylactoid reaction as indicated by marked and significant hemodynamic changes. None of the group 1 (placebo) pigs developed an anaphylactoid reaction. Significant increases in blood SP and H levels (P<0.05), and urine MH levels (P < 0.05) were seen in cholesterol-treated pigs (group 2), whereas no significant changes were seen in control pigs (group 1). Our results suggest that S P is involved in the cholesterol-induced anaphylactoid reaction in pigs.
Survey of Anesthesiology, 1989
Plasma cholinesterase activity levels were studied in 15 pregnant patients with preeclampsia befo... more Plasma cholinesterase activity levels were studied in 15 pregnant patients with preeclampsia before and after the administration of therapeutic doses of magnesium sulfate. Plasma cholinesterase activity was also studied in 15 healthy nonpregnant and 15 healthy pregnant women. The mean plasma cholinesterase activity level in pregnant patients with preeclampsia before and after the administration of magnesium sulfate was 179 ± 26 and 176 ± 39 units/ml, respectively. The healthy nonpregnant patients and healthy pregnant patients had a plasma cholinesterase activity level of 426 ± 85 and 264 ± 24 units/ml, respectively. Our data demonstrated that magnesium has no significant effect on plasma cholinesterase activity. Our data also confirm that there is a significant reduction in plasma cholinesterase activity in pregnant patients with preeclampsia compared with either healthy nonpregnant or healthy pregnant patients. We conclude that the low level of plasma cholinesterase activity is probably responsible for the prolonged action of succinylcholine in pregnant patients with preeclampsia receiving magnesium sulfate.
Regulatory Peptides, 1988
Alcohol pretreatment alters the metabolic pattern and accelerates cocaine metabolism in pigs
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1994
We investigated whether alcohol pretreatment would affect the disposition and metabolic pattern o... more We investigated whether alcohol pretreatment would affect the disposition and metabolic pattern of intravenously (i.v.) administered cocaine in pigs. Six pigs (Group A) received alcohol (1 g/kg/day) and six pigs (control; Group D) received an equal volume of isocaloric dextrose 44% in water for 10 days via an intragastric tube. On day 11, arterial samples were taken for five hours following an intravenous administration of cocaine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolites were analyzed by HPLC method. Significant decrease in plasma half-life (10 +/- 1.2 vs. 18.7 +/- 1.4 min), and significant increases in apparent volume of distribution (73 +/- 6 vs. 51 +/- 31) and clearance (5.37 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.82 +/- 0.1 l/min) were seen in alcohol pretreated pigs as compared with control pigs (P < 0.05). Significant increases in plasma concentrations of benzoylecgonine (P < 0.05), and insignificant differences in ecgonine methyl ester and norcocaine levels were seen between the two groups. Neither ecgonine nor cocaethylene was detected in the blood samples. Our data show that alcohol administration for ten days accelerated the elimination of i.v. administered cocaine and altered its metabolic pattern in pigs.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1987
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1990
The efficacy of prophylactic administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers to prevent adverse hae... more The efficacy of prophylactic administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers to prevent adverse haemodynamic responses to heparin and protamine was studied. The control group (n=10) received no histamine receptor blocker, group H1 (n=10) received oral terfenadine 60 mg, group H2 (n=10) received oral ranitidine 300 mg, and group H1+H2 (n=10) received both terfenadine and ranitidine on the night before the operation and on call to the operating room. Heparin sulphate 300 U/kg was injected directly into the right atrium, and protamine hydrochloride was administered at the conclusion of bypass over at least three minutes through a peripheral route. Following the injection of heparin, plasma histamine-like activity (H-LA) was increased significantly in all four groups. While systolic, diastolic, mean arterial and central venous pressures were decreased significantly in the control group, no significant changes were observed in the H1 and H2 groups. Protamine infusion did not lead to an increase in H-LA. Prophylactic administration of histamine receptor blockers (H1 or H2) attenuated the heparin-induced adverse haemodynamic response but did not change the protamine-related haemodynamic effects. Factors other than histamine may play a major role in protamine induced cardiovascular changes.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1990
The in vitro effects of two metabolites of inhalational anaesthetics, fluoride and bromide, on ps... more The in vitro effects of two metabolites of inhalational anaesthetics, fluoride and bromide, on pseudocholinesterase ( PCH E ) and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities in the blood samples of seven healthy patients were studied. The PCHE attd ACHE activities were determined by kinetic spectrophotometric methods. Fluoride at the levels achieved with clinical concentrations of et~flurane and sevoflurane (25 -75 txM ' L-i ) inhibited PCHE activity by 28-65 per cent (P < 0.01) and ACHE activi~, by less than five per cent (P > 0.05). Bromide at the levels achieved with clinical concentrations of inhalational anaesthetics had no significant effect on either PCHE or ACHE activi~.,. We recommend caution when succinylcholine and~or ester ~.,pe local anaesthetics are used in the immediate postoperative period following enflurane or sevoflurane attaesthesia. We also recommend that blood drawing for PCHE activio, be delayed at least until 24 hr following enflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1988
Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconsrriction and gastrointestinal hypermotility seco... more Carcinoid syndrome produces flushing, bronchoconsrriction and gastrointestinal hypermotility secondary to serotonin, histamine, bradykinin and prostagtandln release. A variety of drugs, foods and anaesthetic agents may provoke this syndrome. Under anaesthesia, the flushing produced may be associated with acute hypotension and cardiovascular collapse; this phenomenon is called a earcinoM crisis. Recently, somatostatin analogue has been used successfully to treat intraoperative carcinoid crisis. In this repot1, we present a 66.year-old lady with carcinoid syndrome who was pre.treated with 50 lzg somatostatin analogue IV and 134 prior to surgical manipulation. The anaesthetic course was relatively unevenrfu! and the patient did well postoperatively. Carcinoid syndrome t is characterized by intermittent flushing of the upper body and face, bronchoconstrictiou, gastrointestinal hypermotility with diarrhoea, telangiectasia and right-sided heart disease. This syndrome results from the secretion of a number of vasoactive substances in patients with carcinoid turnouts. ~ These patients have consistently high levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetie acid (5-HIAA), suggesting that the humeral manifestations of earcinoid syndrome may be attributed to the overproduction of serotonin by these tumours. However, other vasoactive substances 3 may play
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1993
Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in senso... more Substance P (SP), a member of the tachykinin family of peptides, plays an important role in sensory transmission, inflammation, pain transmission, and modulation of chemical transmission.' Its levels are altered in body tissues and fluids under different clinical situation^.^.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of SP in patients with chronic pain are lower than those in healthy volunteers." It has been described as a sialagogue in experimental animals? Binding sites for SP are present in rat submaxillary and sublingual glands. SP antagonists have been suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of pain. There is a need for an objective marker or correlate of chronic pain. Sampling of human saliva is a less invasive procedure than collection of CSF or blood. Therefore, substance P levels were determined in saliva of healthy human volunteers and patients with chronic back pain.
In Vivo Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Oxygen Saturation and P02 Measurements
Anesthesiology, 1986
Nifedipine Pretreatment Does Not Reduce Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
Epinephrine and Neosynephrine Potentiate Bupivacaine Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
Comparative Antidysrhythmic Properties of Local Anesthetic Drugs in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1994
Bupivacaine Cardiotoxicity is Reduced by Verapamil Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1989
A812 Bupivacaine Cardio-Resepiratory Toxicity is Reduced by Diltiazem Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990
A811 Bupivacaine Cardio-Resepiratory Toxicity is Reduced by Diltiazem Pretreatment in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990
A768 Incardipine Protects from Bupivacaine Induced Cardioresiratory Toxicity (Bict) in Rats
Anesthesiology, 1990