Jean-charles Leblanc - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jean-charles Leblanc

Nickel_OCC_ZENODO.CSV Contains the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset on nic... more Nickel_OCC_ZENODO.CSV Contains the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset on nickel as extracted from EFSA DWH on 7 February 2020 in food samples presented in the opinion as described in its section 3.2.1. The data is provided in csv format. This dataset is compliant with EFSA SSD model and contains two additional columns documenting issues identified in the cleaning process (column: issue) and the action taken (column: action) to address the issue (e.g. delete record or update values in specific fields). The link to the catalogues of controlled terminologies can be found under "Related identifiers".

The Lancet Planetary Health, 2020

Background Human dietary exposure to chemicals can result in a wide range of adverse health effec... more Background Human dietary exposure to chemicals can result in a wide range of adverse health effects. Some substances might cause non-communicable diseases, including cancer and coronary heart diseases, and could be nephrotoxic. Food is the main human exposure route for many chemicals. We aimed to assess human dietary exposure to a wide range of food chemicals. Methods We did a total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria. We assessed 4020 representative samples of foods, prepared as consumed, which covered more than 90% of the diet of 7291 households from eight study centres. By combining representative dietary surveys of countries with findings for concentrations of 872 chemicals in foods, we characterised human dietary exposure. Findings Exposure to lead could result in increases in adult blood pressure up to 2•0 mm Hg, whereas children might lose 8•8-13•3 IQ points (95th percentile in Kano, Nigeria). Morbidity factors caused by coexposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus, and sterigmatocystin and fumonisins, suggest several thousands of additional liver cancer cases per year, and a substantial contribution to the burden of chronic malnutrition in childhood. Exposure to 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from consumption of smoked fish and edible oils exceeded levels associated with possible carcinogenicity and genotoxicity health concerns in all study centres. Exposure to aluminium, ochratoxin A, and citrinin indicated a public health concern about nephropathies. From 470 pesticides tested across the four countries, only high concentrations of chlorpyrifos in smoked fish (unauthorised practice identified in Mali) could pose a human health risk. Interpretation Risks characterised by this total diet study underscore specific priorities in terms of food safety management in sub-Saharan Africa. Similar investigations specifically targeting children are crucially needed. Funding Standards and Trade Development Facility.

EFSA Journal, 2020

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

EFSA Journal, 2020

The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related... more The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related to nitrite and nitrate in feed. For nitrate ion, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified a BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg body weight (bw) per day for adult cattle, based on methaemoglobin (MetHb) levels in animal's blood that would not induce clinical signs of hypoxia. The BMDL 10 is applicable to all bovines, except for pregnant cows in which reproductive effects were not clearly associated with MetHb formation. Since the data available suggested that ovines and caprines are not more sensitive than bovines, the BMDL 10 could also be applied to these species. Highest mean exposure estimates of 53 and 60 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in grass silagebased diets for beef cattle and fattening goats, respectively, may raise a health concern for ruminants when compared with the BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg bw per day. The concern may be higher because other forages might contain higher levels of nitrate. Highest mean exposure estimates of 2.0 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in pigs' feeds indicate a low risk for adverse health effects, when compared with an identified no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 410 mg nitrate/kg bw per day, although the levels of exposure might be underestimated due to the absence of data on certain key ingredients in the diets of this species. Due to the limitations of the data available, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the health risk in species other than ruminants and pigs from nitrate and in all livestock and companion animals from nitrite. Based on a limited data set, both the transfer of nitrate and nitrite from feed to food products of animal origin and the nitrate-and nitrite-mediated formation of Nnitrosamines and their transfer into these products are likely to be negligible.

Environment International, 2020

A total diet study (TDS) was undertaken to estimate the chronic dietary exposure to pesticide res... more A total diet study (TDS) was undertaken to estimate the chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues and health risks for the French infants and young children below 3 years old. As a whole, 516 pesticides and metabolites were analysed in 309 food composite samples including 219 manufactured baby foods and 90 common foods, which cover 97% of infants and young children's diet. These composite samples were prepared using 5,484 food products purchased during all seasons from 2011 to 2012 and processed as consumed. Pesticide residues were detected in 67% of the samples and quantified in 27% of the baby food samples and in 60% of the common foods. Seventy-eight different pesticides were detected and 37 of these quantified at levels ranging from 0.02 to 594 µg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides (greater than 5% samples) were (1) the fungicides 2-phenylphenol, azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan and its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide, carbendazim, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dodine, imazalil, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, (2) the insecticides acetamiprid, pirimiphos-methyl and thiacloprid, (3) the herbicide metribuzin and (4) the synergist piperonyl butoxide. Dietary intakes were estimated for each of the 705 individuals studied and for 431 pesticides incl. 281 with a toxicological reference value (TRV). In the lower-bound scenario, which tends to underestimate the exposure, the TRV were never exceeded. In the upper-bound scenario that overestimates exposure, the estimated intakes exceeded the TRV for dieldrin and lindane (two persistent organic pollutants) and propylene thiourea, a metabolite of propineb. For these three substances, more sensitive analyses are needed to refine the assessment. For 17 other detected and/or prioritised pesticides, the risk could not be characterised due to the lack of a valid TRV, of certain food analyses or the absence of analytical standards for their metabolites.

Environment International, 2019

This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a ... more This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a multi-regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Herein, 2700 samples grouped in 225 food composite samples corresponding to 13 food groups: cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, fish, milk/dairy, oil/fats, and beverages from eight locations in four countries, namely Benin (Littoral/Borgou), Cameroon (Duala/North), Mali (Bamako/Sikasso), and Nigeria (Lagos/Kano) were prepared as consumed, pooled, and analysed using a validated method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurrence data for Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as regulated by the Codex Alimentarius are discussed herein. Although the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were above the limit of quantification, they were below the maximum limits set by the Codex in most samples analysed. A distinct feature was observed for cereals and tubers, as they were mostly contaminated with Al and Pb. A pilot study regarding the impact of using artisanal cookware (made from recycled aluminium) on the contamination of food samples was performed. Relevant contamination with Al and Pb when cooking tomato samples from Cameroon and Nigeria using artisanal aluminium cookware was compared to that when cooked using stainless-steel.

Food Control, 2019

As part of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study, 660 typical foods from Ben... more As part of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study, 660 typical foods from Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria were purchased, prepared according to local consumption habits, and pooled into 55 composite samples. These core foods were tested for 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which were quantified by isotope dilution and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The sum of benzo[a] pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and chrysene (PAH4) represented 77% of the 13 genotoxic and carcinogenic PAHs. The highest PAH4 concentration was quantified in sea and fresh water smoked fish (mean: 179.7 μg/kg; max: 560.4 μg/kg) and the PAH4 in all smoked fish composite samples exceeded the EU maximum limit of 12 μg/kg. Further, PAH4 in edible oils (including palm oil and peanut oil) exceeded the EU maximum limit of 10 μg/kg in 50% of the cases (mean 12.0 μg/kg; max: 60.6 μg/kg). These data can be used for assessing the contribution of core foods to dietary exposure and for risk characterization.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019

Risk assessments for pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food are performed respectively by... more Risk assessments for pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food are performed respectively by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The models used by the two Committees to assess chronic dietary exposure are based on different data and assumptions which may be confusing, particularly for risk managers, when the same compound is used to treat plants and animals. This publication details the results of combined chronic dietary exposure assessments for eight compounds used both as pesticide and veterinary drugs. It compares the results from models in use by JMPR and JECFA with those from national estimates performed by 17 countries. Results show that the JECFA model is better reflecting less than lifetime dietary exposure by considering consumption of children and high consumers. The JMPR model is a suitable model for estimating average chronic (lifetime) exposure to residues present in widely and regularly consumed staple commodities. However, it is suitable neither for estimating children's exposure nor more generally for assessing less than lifetime dietary exposure. In order to select the appropriate exposure model related to the occurrence of adverse effects i.e. effects occurring over less-than-lifetime or effects occurring only over lifetime, this paper proposes criteria to match the toxicological profile of the compound and the appropriate exposure scenarios. These approaches will continue to be harmonized to ensure the most scientifically sound basis for the risk assessment for pesticides and veterinary drug residues and consequently for other chemicals in food.

Toxins, 2019

In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 co... more In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One ...

EFSA Journal, 2017

The European Commission asked EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the request for a modificat... more The European Commission asked EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the request for a modification of the EU specifications for polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol-graft-co-polymer (PVA-PEG graftco-polymer) (E 1209) and its possible impact on the safety. In accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, PVA-PEG graft-co-polymer (E 1209) has a single authorisation for use as a food additive in the EU, in the food category food supplements in solid form. According to the current EU specifications, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol can be present as impurities in other food additives authorised in the EU, namely in polysorbates (E 432-436) and polyethylene glycol (E 1521). The exposure to ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol from their presence in E 1209 and in the other food additives was estimated considering the maximum limit permitted according to the EU specifications and the new proposed maximum limit in E 1209 of 620 mg/kg for the ethylene glycol individually or in combination with diethylene glycol in E 1209. This proposed request would result in a total exposure from food additive uses below the group tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day allocated by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) for these contaminants. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the requested amendment of the EU specifications for E 1209 would not result in a safety concern. The Panel noted that the analytical results provided were consistently and considerably lower (up to 360 mg/kg) than the proposed level of 620 mg/kg for ethylene glycol individually or in combination with diethylene glycol in the EU specifications for E 1209.

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2015

ABSTRACT Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillan... more ABSTRACT Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillance of the nutritional status of a population is a key element for public policies. This study aimed at providing a reliable nutritional risk assessment of the French population based on prevalences of inadequate and excessive intakes of eleven minerals and trace elements. Methodology: Intakes from foods (dietary supplements excluded) were estimated by combining composition data from the second national Total Diet Study (TDS2/2007-2009) and consumption data from the Individual and National Study on Food Consumption. Results were compared with those from other TDSs. Results: Sodium intakes exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidance values, respectively for 74% of adults, and for 76% of children. For calcium and magnesium, the prevalence of inadequate intakes in adults and children ranged from approximately 50 to 70% to 282 over 80% in teenagers. Prevalences of inadequacy were 13% in adults and 18% in children for selenium, and 40% in children and 74% in 16-17 year-old girls for iron. Conclusion: These substantial risks of inadequate intakes should be considered in the light of nutritional status biomarkers. Furthermore, effort to reduce excessive intakes of sodium in the French population should be maintained.

Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, 2007

Sciences des Aliments, 2005

Au cours de cette etude, nous avons recherche des mycotoxines, des contaminants de l'environn... more Au cours de cette etude, nous avons recherche des mycotoxines, des contaminants de l'environnement mais aussi certains micro-constituants de l'alimentation et ceci sur 1 080 aliments preleves dans 3 regions francaises. Au total pres de 25 000 resultats ont ete obtenus dont une partie concernant les mineraux et oligoelements est publiee ici. Ce travail considerable doit etre vu comme une etape indispensable mais non suffisante a la mise en place progressive en France d'une politique de sante publique dans le domaine de l'alimentation. En effet, celle-ci devra reposer sur une connaissance precise des populations a proteger, de leur comportement alimentaire et de leur etat de sante. Un grand nombre de chercheurs et de medecins oeuvrent aujourd'hui en ce sens et des projets ambitieux et concertes s'elaborent dans le domaine de la surveillance de la qualite des aliments, de l'estimation des consommations alimentaires mais aussi dans le domaine de l'epidemiologie nutritionnelle. Il reste alors a communiquer les resultats de ce type d'etudes le plus largement possible afin de les valoriser, de les comparer avec les travaux etrangers similaires et d'eviter la duplication d'efforts.

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2012

A total of 28 minerals and trace elements from 1319 food samples typically consumed by the French... more A total of 28 minerals and trace elements from 1319 food samples typically consumed by the French population were determined during the second French Total Diet Study (TDS). Among the main trace elements analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted digestion, strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), tellurium (Te), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge) and

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2007

Seafood and especially mollusks are known to be a rich source of cadmium (Cd), but little data ar... more Seafood and especially mollusks are known to be a rich source of cadmium (Cd), but little data are available concerning French seafood contamination and Cd exposure of French populations. The objective was then to assess food intake and biological level of Cd in high consumers of seafood, and to determine the impact of the consumption of self-fished mollusks on urinary Cd. Seafood consumption levels of 80 products were assessed for 1011 high consumers aged 18 and over in four French coastal areas, thanks to a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). According to a total diet study approach, seafood samples were collected taking into account preservation methods and supply habits. Food samples were analyzed for Cd. Exposure was assessed by crossing consumption data with contamination data. Total blood and urine samples were collected from 380 subjects of the cohort and analyzed for Cd. The impact of the self-collected mollusks consumption on the Cd biological level adjusted for creatinine was assessed by a multivariate linear regression model. The mean dietary intake of Cd is 2.4473.34 mg/kg bw/wk and the mean urinary Cd (U-Cd) level is 0.6570.45 mg/g creatinine, and is significantly higher in women than in men (Po0.05). The consumption of self-fished mollusks is significantly negatively associated with U-Cd (r ¼ À0.11 [À0.185, À0.009], P ¼ 0.03). The results of this study indicate that the biological Cd levels remain below the standards, and also suggest a protective effect of self-fishing, which inspires confidence about the high consumer health safety in terms of Cd exposure.

Food Chemistry, 2011

The levels of 20 essential or toxic trace elements in 159 fish, other seafood and seafood product... more The levels of 20 essential or toxic trace elements in 159 fish, other seafood and seafood products on the French coastal market collected between January and April 2005 were measured by ICP-MS. The concentration ranges (mg/kg of fresh mass) for the elements determined were compared with previous studies. The contents of Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Se, Zn and Pb found in fish are close to or often lower than previous studies. For other seafood, comparison is difficult due to the lack of data on a more global scale. However, it should be noted that the contents of Ag were found considerably higher in this study.

Food Chemistry, 2011

In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the second French total diet study (TDS)... more In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the second French total diet study (TDS) to estimate dietary exposures of main minerals and trace elements from 1319 samples of foods habitually consumed by the French population. The foodstuffs were analysed by ICP-MS after microwave-assisted digestion. Contamination data for lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, antimony and aluminium were reported and compared with results from the previous French total diet study. The results are comparable with those from the rest of Europe. ''Fish and fish products'' and ''sweeteners, honey and confectionery'' were the food groups showing the highest cumulated contents in Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Al and Sb. However, observed levels remained low and were generally well below the maximum levels set by the current European regulation for lead, cadmium and mercury.

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009

Introduction Pesticide residues are regularly found in foodstuffs, as revealed by the European Co... more Introduction Pesticide residues are regularly found in foodstuffs, as revealed by the European Commission which recently acknowledged that they were detected in 45.7% of the 62,569 samples analysed throughout the European Union in 2005 (European Commission, 2007). Pesticide residues are mainly present in cereals, vegetables and fruit. Thus, vegetables and fruit are found to contribute respectively to 75.8% and 20.5% of the estimated daily intakes of the Korean population (Chun and Kang, 2003). Some pesticides, mostly Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), also concentrate all along the food chain and contaminate foodstuffs of animal origin (IPCS, 1996). These commodities are found to be the main sources of organochlorine dietary exposure for the Australian population (Kannan et al., 1997) as well as for the Spanish one (Herrera et al., 1996). Considering pesticide residues in foodstuffs as a public health issue, it is important to characterise which population is at risk. The pesticide dietary intake is a function of both residue levels in food and consumption habits. Vegetarians typically consume more fruit, vegetables and cereal products compared to individuals of the general population whose diet also includes animal-derived products. The aim of this study is to compare the impact of consumption habits of a French vegetarian population and the general one on their pesticide dietary intake. Material and methods Consumption data French general population. Consumption data for the general population came from the French individual consumption survey "enquête Individuelle et Nationale de Consommation Alimentaire" (INCA) conducted in 1999. The original sample of 1985 healthy adults (aged 15 and over) was representative of the French population through the stratification (region of

Food Additives & Contaminants, 2000

Estimation of the dietary exposure of French consumers to 10 pesticides (omethoate, oxydemeton, p... more Estimation of the dietary exposure of French consumers to 10 pesticides (omethoate, oxydemeton, phosalon, phosphamidon, triazophos, dicofol (op' + pp'), parathion ethyl, dichlorvos, procymidon and vinchlozolin), three heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) and three radionuclides (134caesium, 137caesium and 131iodine) from collected duplicate portion in mass catering establishments in 1998/1999 are reported, and compared with those from previous French studies as well as those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates appear to be reassuring, in that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) estimates are generally low, representing at maximum only 4% of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for pesticide residues and 28% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for heavy metals. Moreover, none of the three radionuclides has been found in duplicate meals. When comparisons are possible, estimated dietary exposures for heavy metals are lower than those from previous French studies and similar or above those from other countries.

Nickel_OCC_ZENODO.CSV Contains the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset on nic... more Nickel_OCC_ZENODO.CSV Contains the raw (no data cleaning applied to it) occurrence dataset on nickel as extracted from EFSA DWH on 7 February 2020 in food samples presented in the opinion as described in its section 3.2.1. The data is provided in csv format. This dataset is compliant with EFSA SSD model and contains two additional columns documenting issues identified in the cleaning process (column: issue) and the action taken (column: action) to address the issue (e.g. delete record or update values in specific fields). The link to the catalogues of controlled terminologies can be found under "Related identifiers".

The Lancet Planetary Health, 2020

Background Human dietary exposure to chemicals can result in a wide range of adverse health effec... more Background Human dietary exposure to chemicals can result in a wide range of adverse health effects. Some substances might cause non-communicable diseases, including cancer and coronary heart diseases, and could be nephrotoxic. Food is the main human exposure route for many chemicals. We aimed to assess human dietary exposure to a wide range of food chemicals. Methods We did a total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria. We assessed 4020 representative samples of foods, prepared as consumed, which covered more than 90% of the diet of 7291 households from eight study centres. By combining representative dietary surveys of countries with findings for concentrations of 872 chemicals in foods, we characterised human dietary exposure. Findings Exposure to lead could result in increases in adult blood pressure up to 2•0 mm Hg, whereas children might lose 8•8-13•3 IQ points (95th percentile in Kano, Nigeria). Morbidity factors caused by coexposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus, and sterigmatocystin and fumonisins, suggest several thousands of additional liver cancer cases per year, and a substantial contribution to the burden of chronic malnutrition in childhood. Exposure to 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from consumption of smoked fish and edible oils exceeded levels associated with possible carcinogenicity and genotoxicity health concerns in all study centres. Exposure to aluminium, ochratoxin A, and citrinin indicated a public health concern about nephropathies. From 470 pesticides tested across the four countries, only high concentrations of chlorpyrifos in smoked fish (unauthorised practice identified in Mali) could pose a human health risk. Interpretation Risks characterised by this total diet study underscore specific priorities in terms of food safety management in sub-Saharan Africa. Similar investigations specifically targeting children are crucially needed. Funding Standards and Trade Development Facility.

EFSA Journal, 2020

 Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose... more  Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.  You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain  You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

EFSA Journal, 2020

The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related... more The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related to nitrite and nitrate in feed. For nitrate ion, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified a BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg body weight (bw) per day for adult cattle, based on methaemoglobin (MetHb) levels in animal's blood that would not induce clinical signs of hypoxia. The BMDL 10 is applicable to all bovines, except for pregnant cows in which reproductive effects were not clearly associated with MetHb formation. Since the data available suggested that ovines and caprines are not more sensitive than bovines, the BMDL 10 could also be applied to these species. Highest mean exposure estimates of 53 and 60 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in grass silagebased diets for beef cattle and fattening goats, respectively, may raise a health concern for ruminants when compared with the BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg bw per day. The concern may be higher because other forages might contain higher levels of nitrate. Highest mean exposure estimates of 2.0 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in pigs' feeds indicate a low risk for adverse health effects, when compared with an identified no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 410 mg nitrate/kg bw per day, although the levels of exposure might be underestimated due to the absence of data on certain key ingredients in the diets of this species. Due to the limitations of the data available, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the health risk in species other than ruminants and pigs from nitrate and in all livestock and companion animals from nitrite. Based on a limited data set, both the transfer of nitrate and nitrite from feed to food products of animal origin and the nitrate-and nitrite-mediated formation of Nnitrosamines and their transfer into these products are likely to be negligible.

Environment International, 2020

A total diet study (TDS) was undertaken to estimate the chronic dietary exposure to pesticide res... more A total diet study (TDS) was undertaken to estimate the chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues and health risks for the French infants and young children below 3 years old. As a whole, 516 pesticides and metabolites were analysed in 309 food composite samples including 219 manufactured baby foods and 90 common foods, which cover 97% of infants and young children's diet. These composite samples were prepared using 5,484 food products purchased during all seasons from 2011 to 2012 and processed as consumed. Pesticide residues were detected in 67% of the samples and quantified in 27% of the baby food samples and in 60% of the common foods. Seventy-eight different pesticides were detected and 37 of these quantified at levels ranging from 0.02 to 594 µg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides (greater than 5% samples) were (1) the fungicides 2-phenylphenol, azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan and its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide, carbendazim, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dodine, imazalil, metalaxyl, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, (2) the insecticides acetamiprid, pirimiphos-methyl and thiacloprid, (3) the herbicide metribuzin and (4) the synergist piperonyl butoxide. Dietary intakes were estimated for each of the 705 individuals studied and for 431 pesticides incl. 281 with a toxicological reference value (TRV). In the lower-bound scenario, which tends to underestimate the exposure, the TRV were never exceeded. In the upper-bound scenario that overestimates exposure, the estimated intakes exceeded the TRV for dieldrin and lindane (two persistent organic pollutants) and propylene thiourea, a metabolite of propineb. For these three substances, more sensitive analyses are needed to refine the assessment. For 17 other detected and/or prioritised pesticides, the risk could not be characterised due to the lack of a valid TRV, of certain food analyses or the absence of analytical standards for their metabolites.

Environment International, 2019

This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a ... more This paper reports occurrence data related to 30 trace elements in food composite samples from a multi-regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study. Herein, 2700 samples grouped in 225 food composite samples corresponding to 13 food groups: cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, fish, milk/dairy, oil/fats, and beverages from eight locations in four countries, namely Benin (Littoral/Borgou), Cameroon (Duala/North), Mali (Bamako/Sikasso), and Nigeria (Lagos/Kano) were prepared as consumed, pooled, and analysed using a validated method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The occurrence data for Al, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as regulated by the Codex Alimentarius are discussed herein. Although the levels of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were above the limit of quantification, they were below the maximum limits set by the Codex in most samples analysed. A distinct feature was observed for cereals and tubers, as they were mostly contaminated with Al and Pb. A pilot study regarding the impact of using artisanal cookware (made from recycled aluminium) on the contamination of food samples was performed. Relevant contamination with Al and Pb when cooking tomato samples from Cameroon and Nigeria using artisanal aluminium cookware was compared to that when cooked using stainless-steel.

Food Control, 2019

As part of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study, 660 typical foods from Ben... more As part of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study, 660 typical foods from Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria were purchased, prepared according to local consumption habits, and pooled into 55 composite samples. These core foods were tested for 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which were quantified by isotope dilution and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The sum of benzo[a] pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and chrysene (PAH4) represented 77% of the 13 genotoxic and carcinogenic PAHs. The highest PAH4 concentration was quantified in sea and fresh water smoked fish (mean: 179.7 μg/kg; max: 560.4 μg/kg) and the PAH4 in all smoked fish composite samples exceeded the EU maximum limit of 12 μg/kg. Further, PAH4 in edible oils (including palm oil and peanut oil) exceeded the EU maximum limit of 10 μg/kg in 50% of the cases (mean 12.0 μg/kg; max: 60.6 μg/kg). These data can be used for assessing the contribution of core foods to dietary exposure and for risk characterization.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019

Risk assessments for pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food are performed respectively by... more Risk assessments for pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food are performed respectively by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The models used by the two Committees to assess chronic dietary exposure are based on different data and assumptions which may be confusing, particularly for risk managers, when the same compound is used to treat plants and animals. This publication details the results of combined chronic dietary exposure assessments for eight compounds used both as pesticide and veterinary drugs. It compares the results from models in use by JMPR and JECFA with those from national estimates performed by 17 countries. Results show that the JECFA model is better reflecting less than lifetime dietary exposure by considering consumption of children and high consumers. The JMPR model is a suitable model for estimating average chronic (lifetime) exposure to residues present in widely and regularly consumed staple commodities. However, it is suitable neither for estimating children's exposure nor more generally for assessing less than lifetime dietary exposure. In order to select the appropriate exposure model related to the occurrence of adverse effects i.e. effects occurring over less-than-lifetime or effects occurring only over lifetime, this paper proposes criteria to match the toxicological profile of the compound and the appropriate exposure scenarios. These approaches will continue to be harmonized to ensure the most scientifically sound basis for the risk assessment for pesticides and veterinary drug residues and consequently for other chemicals in food.

Toxins, 2019

In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 co... more In the framework of the first multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study (SSA-TDS), 2328 commonly consumed foods were purchased, prepared as consumed and pooled into 194 composite samples of cereals, tubers, legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, dairy, oils, beverages and miscellaneous. Those core foods were tested for mycotoxins and other fungal, bacterial and plant secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest aflatoxin concentrations were quantified in peanuts, peanut oil and maize. The mean concentration of the sum of aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 (AFtot) in peanut samples (56.4 µg/kg) exceeded EU (4 µg/kg) and Codex (15 µg/kg) standards. The AFtot concentration (max: 246.0 µg/kg) was associated with seasonal and geographic patterns and comprised, on average, 80% AFB1, the most potent aflatoxin. Although ochratoxin A concentrations rarely exceeded existing Codex standards, it was detected in unregulated foods. One ...

EFSA Journal, 2017

The European Commission asked EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the request for a modificat... more The European Commission asked EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the request for a modification of the EU specifications for polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol-graft-co-polymer (PVA-PEG graftco-polymer) (E 1209) and its possible impact on the safety. In accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, PVA-PEG graft-co-polymer (E 1209) has a single authorisation for use as a food additive in the EU, in the food category food supplements in solid form. According to the current EU specifications, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol can be present as impurities in other food additives authorised in the EU, namely in polysorbates (E 432-436) and polyethylene glycol (E 1521). The exposure to ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol from their presence in E 1209 and in the other food additives was estimated considering the maximum limit permitted according to the EU specifications and the new proposed maximum limit in E 1209 of 620 mg/kg for the ethylene glycol individually or in combination with diethylene glycol in E 1209. This proposed request would result in a total exposure from food additive uses below the group tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day allocated by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) for these contaminants. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the requested amendment of the EU specifications for E 1209 would not result in a safety concern. The Panel noted that the analytical results provided were consistently and considerably lower (up to 360 mg/kg) than the proposed level of 620 mg/kg for ethylene glycol individually or in combination with diethylene glycol in the EU specifications for E 1209.

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 2015

ABSTRACT Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillan... more ABSTRACT Aims: Adequate coverage of nutrient requirements is a real health concern and surveillance of the nutritional status of a population is a key element for public policies. This study aimed at providing a reliable nutritional risk assessment of the French population based on prevalences of inadequate and excessive intakes of eleven minerals and trace elements. Methodology: Intakes from foods (dietary supplements excluded) were estimated by combining composition data from the second national Total Diet Study (TDS2/2007-2009) and consumption data from the Individual and National Study on Food Consumption. Results were compared with those from other TDSs. Results: Sodium intakes exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) guidance values, respectively for 74% of adults, and for 76% of children. For calcium and magnesium, the prevalence of inadequate intakes in adults and children ranged from approximately 50 to 70% to 282 over 80% in teenagers. Prevalences of inadequacy were 13% in adults and 18% in children for selenium, and 40% in children and 74% in 16-17 year-old girls for iron. Conclusion: These substantial risks of inadequate intakes should be considered in the light of nutritional status biomarkers. Furthermore, effort to reduce excessive intakes of sodium in the French population should be maintained.

Annales de Toxicologie Analytique, 2007

Sciences des Aliments, 2005

Au cours de cette etude, nous avons recherche des mycotoxines, des contaminants de l'environn... more Au cours de cette etude, nous avons recherche des mycotoxines, des contaminants de l'environnement mais aussi certains micro-constituants de l'alimentation et ceci sur 1 080 aliments preleves dans 3 regions francaises. Au total pres de 25 000 resultats ont ete obtenus dont une partie concernant les mineraux et oligoelements est publiee ici. Ce travail considerable doit etre vu comme une etape indispensable mais non suffisante a la mise en place progressive en France d'une politique de sante publique dans le domaine de l'alimentation. En effet, celle-ci devra reposer sur une connaissance precise des populations a proteger, de leur comportement alimentaire et de leur etat de sante. Un grand nombre de chercheurs et de medecins oeuvrent aujourd'hui en ce sens et des projets ambitieux et concertes s'elaborent dans le domaine de la surveillance de la qualite des aliments, de l'estimation des consommations alimentaires mais aussi dans le domaine de l'epidemiologie nutritionnelle. Il reste alors a communiquer les resultats de ce type d'etudes le plus largement possible afin de les valoriser, de les comparer avec les travaux etrangers similaires et d'eviter la duplication d'efforts.

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2012

A total of 28 minerals and trace elements from 1319 food samples typically consumed by the French... more A total of 28 minerals and trace elements from 1319 food samples typically consumed by the French population were determined during the second French Total Diet Study (TDS). Among the main trace elements analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted digestion, strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), tin (Sn), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), tellurium (Te), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge) and

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2007

Seafood and especially mollusks are known to be a rich source of cadmium (Cd), but little data ar... more Seafood and especially mollusks are known to be a rich source of cadmium (Cd), but little data are available concerning French seafood contamination and Cd exposure of French populations. The objective was then to assess food intake and biological level of Cd in high consumers of seafood, and to determine the impact of the consumption of self-fished mollusks on urinary Cd. Seafood consumption levels of 80 products were assessed for 1011 high consumers aged 18 and over in four French coastal areas, thanks to a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). According to a total diet study approach, seafood samples were collected taking into account preservation methods and supply habits. Food samples were analyzed for Cd. Exposure was assessed by crossing consumption data with contamination data. Total blood and urine samples were collected from 380 subjects of the cohort and analyzed for Cd. The impact of the self-collected mollusks consumption on the Cd biological level adjusted for creatinine was assessed by a multivariate linear regression model. The mean dietary intake of Cd is 2.4473.34 mg/kg bw/wk and the mean urinary Cd (U-Cd) level is 0.6570.45 mg/g creatinine, and is significantly higher in women than in men (Po0.05). The consumption of self-fished mollusks is significantly negatively associated with U-Cd (r ¼ À0.11 [À0.185, À0.009], P ¼ 0.03). The results of this study indicate that the biological Cd levels remain below the standards, and also suggest a protective effect of self-fishing, which inspires confidence about the high consumer health safety in terms of Cd exposure.

Food Chemistry, 2011

The levels of 20 essential or toxic trace elements in 159 fish, other seafood and seafood product... more The levels of 20 essential or toxic trace elements in 159 fish, other seafood and seafood products on the French coastal market collected between January and April 2005 were measured by ICP-MS. The concentration ranges (mg/kg of fresh mass) for the elements determined were compared with previous studies. The contents of Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Se, Zn and Pb found in fish are close to or often lower than previous studies. For other seafood, comparison is difficult due to the lack of data on a more global scale. However, it should be noted that the contents of Ag were found considerably higher in this study.

Food Chemistry, 2011

In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the second French total diet study (TDS)... more In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the second French total diet study (TDS) to estimate dietary exposures of main minerals and trace elements from 1319 samples of foods habitually consumed by the French population. The foodstuffs were analysed by ICP-MS after microwave-assisted digestion. Contamination data for lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, antimony and aluminium were reported and compared with results from the previous French total diet study. The results are comparable with those from the rest of Europe. ''Fish and fish products'' and ''sweeteners, honey and confectionery'' were the food groups showing the highest cumulated contents in Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Al and Sb. However, observed levels remained low and were generally well below the maximum levels set by the current European regulation for lead, cadmium and mercury.

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009

Introduction Pesticide residues are regularly found in foodstuffs, as revealed by the European Co... more Introduction Pesticide residues are regularly found in foodstuffs, as revealed by the European Commission which recently acknowledged that they were detected in 45.7% of the 62,569 samples analysed throughout the European Union in 2005 (European Commission, 2007). Pesticide residues are mainly present in cereals, vegetables and fruit. Thus, vegetables and fruit are found to contribute respectively to 75.8% and 20.5% of the estimated daily intakes of the Korean population (Chun and Kang, 2003). Some pesticides, mostly Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), also concentrate all along the food chain and contaminate foodstuffs of animal origin (IPCS, 1996). These commodities are found to be the main sources of organochlorine dietary exposure for the Australian population (Kannan et al., 1997) as well as for the Spanish one (Herrera et al., 1996). Considering pesticide residues in foodstuffs as a public health issue, it is important to characterise which population is at risk. The pesticide dietary intake is a function of both residue levels in food and consumption habits. Vegetarians typically consume more fruit, vegetables and cereal products compared to individuals of the general population whose diet also includes animal-derived products. The aim of this study is to compare the impact of consumption habits of a French vegetarian population and the general one on their pesticide dietary intake. Material and methods Consumption data French general population. Consumption data for the general population came from the French individual consumption survey "enquête Individuelle et Nationale de Consommation Alimentaire" (INCA) conducted in 1999. The original sample of 1985 healthy adults (aged 15 and over) was representative of the French population through the stratification (region of

Food Additives & Contaminants, 2000

Estimation of the dietary exposure of French consumers to 10 pesticides (omethoate, oxydemeton, p... more Estimation of the dietary exposure of French consumers to 10 pesticides (omethoate, oxydemeton, phosalon, phosphamidon, triazophos, dicofol (op' + pp'), parathion ethyl, dichlorvos, procymidon and vinchlozolin), three heavy metals (lead, cadmium and arsenic) and three radionuclides (134caesium, 137caesium and 131iodine) from collected duplicate portion in mass catering establishments in 1998/1999 are reported, and compared with those from previous French studies as well as those from other countries. Dietary exposure estimates appear to be reassuring, in that Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) estimates are generally low, representing at maximum only 4% of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for pesticide residues and 28% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) for heavy metals. Moreover, none of the three radionuclides has been found in duplicate meals. When comparisons are possible, estimated dietary exposures for heavy metals are lower than those from previous French studies and similar or above those from other countries.