Jeetendra Yadav - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jeetendra Yadav

Journal of Health Management

Majority of people in low- and middle-income countries with mental illness do not receive healthc... more Majority of people in low- and middle-income countries with mental illness do not receive healthcare, leading to chronicity, suffering and increased costs of care. This study estimated the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and poverty impact due to mental illness in India. Data was acquired from the 76th round data of the National Sample Survey (NSS) on the theme ‘Persons with Disabilities in India Survey’, July–December 2018. Data of 6,679 persons who reported mental illness during the survey was included for analysis. OOPE, CHE, poverty impact and state differentials of healthcare expenditure on mental illness were analysed using standard methods. In total, 18.1% of the household’s monthly consumption expenditure was spent on healthcare on mental illness. About 59.5% and 32.5% of the households were exposed to CHE based on 10% and 20% thresholds, respectively. About 20.7% of the households were forced to become poor from non-poor due to treat...

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Frontiers in Public Health

ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and s... more ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and stigma experiences of COVID-19 recovered individuals during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 districts located in 7 States in India during September 2020 to January 2021 among adults > 18 years of age selected through systematic random sampling. Data on socio demographic and COVID-19 knowledge were collected from 303 COVID-19 recovered and 1,976 non-COVID-19 infected individuals from community using a survey questionnaire. Stigma was assessed using COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale developed for the study. Informed consent was sought from the participants. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were conducted.ResultsHalf of the participants (51.3%) from the community reported prevalence of severe stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected while 38.6% of COVID-19 recovered pa...

Journal of Biosocial Science

Increasing body of health planning and policy research focused upon unravelling the fundamental d... more Increasing body of health planning and policy research focused upon unravelling the fundamental drivers of population health and nutrition inequities, such as wealth status, educational status, caste/ethnicity, gender, place of residence, and geographical context, that often interact to produce health inequalities. However, very few studies have employed intersectional framework to explicitly demonstrate how intersecting dimensions of privilege, power, and resources form the burden of anthropometric failures of children among low-and-middle income countries including India. Data on 2,15,554 sampled children below 5 years of age from the National Family Health Survey 2015-2016 were analysed. This study employed intersectional approach to examine caste group inequalities in the anthropometric failure (i.e. moderate stunting, severe stunting, moderate underweight, severe underweight, moderate wasting, severe wasting) among children in India. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logis...

Indian Journal of Medical Research, May 20, 2022

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, May 23, 2019

Even after encouraging maternal and child wellness programs at worldwide level, lowermiddle incom... more Even after encouraging maternal and child wellness programs at worldwide level, lowermiddle income nations have not reached the goal set by the UN yet. This study attempts to fill the gap and examines the associations and inequalities between socioeconomic , demographic factors and utilization of full antenatal Care in South Asian countries. It uses data from DHS of the selected countries, and Oaxaca decomposing is applied for socioeconomic inequalities in utilization of antenatal care. Findings from the multivariate analysis show that mother's age at the time of birth, birth order and interval, mother's education, mass media exposure and economic status are significant determinants of the utilization of antenatal care services in South Asian countries. In terms of specific outcomes with regard to inequality in ANC, the distance from the line of equity to the line of concentration curve is greatest in Pakistan followed by India and Nepal.

Journal of Safety Research

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Background: The transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals 203... more Background: The transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals 2030 has yet again emphasized on the unfinished agenda of achieving efficient and equitable health systems and universal health coverage. With trifling public spending on healthcare and insignificant insurance coverage, India has recorded 55 million people descending below the poverty line in one year due to healthcare payments. Not only are these health-related payments impoverishing but also the burden of seeking care is disproportionately skewed towards deprived population groups. Against this backdrop, the present paper examines the inequality in health status, utilization of health care services, and financial risk protection. The study is further complemented by assessing who benefits from public subsidies across different economic quintiles and as per epidemiological transition level (ETL) of states. Methods: This study used data nationwide National Sample Survey 75th round data. We perform the Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) using concentration indices, concentration curve, and poor-rich equity ratio to measure horizontal and vertical inequity and analyze the redistribution dimension to understand which population segment benefits more from public subsidies. Results: Findings suggest that high out of pocket (OOP) spending on inpatient care, especially in the private sector resulted in lower utilization of health care services especially among marginalized communities. Seeking care for marginalized subgroups is dilapidating in two major ways-, on one hand, it exhausts all their income/savings for the treatment. On the other, as a result of incapacitation, families lose their daily income. The present analysis finds a higher unmet need for treatment in the poor, and the reasons commonly reported were pertaining to affordability, availability and accessibility. The results also showed that low ETL states faced a higher percentage of catastrophic expenditure vis-à-vis other states, thereby; stressing health system reforms beyond the "one-sizefits-all" strategy. Conclusions: It is imperative that both Central and State Governments should work together to strengthen the public healthcare system to ensure accessibility and quality of care. Central Government's Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) health insurance program is a positive step forward to address the healthcare needs of deprived population subgroups.

PLOS Global Public Health

Treatment-seeking behaviour is closely associated with the health status of individuals and count... more Treatment-seeking behaviour is closely associated with the health status of individuals and countries. About 800 million people have no access to health services in the developing world. Though the situation has been improving, the inequalities across geographical regions, socioeconomic status, and disease types continued to persist. The available literature suggests research gaps in examining the unmet need for treatment-seeking from public health facilities across sociodemographic characteristics, regions, and specific diseases. Data for this study comes from the three rounds of National Sample Survey (NSS) (2004, 2014, 2018). We applied descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analysis to investigate the unmet need for treatment-seeking for public health facilities across sociodemographic characteristics, regions, and specific diseases between 2004 and 2018. The unmet need for treatment-seeking from public health facilities remained high at 60% in 2004 to 62% in 2018. However, t...

PLOS ONE, 2022

Background COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. Th... more Background COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. The pandemic has stressed the healthcare system of India impacting the psychological status and functioning of health care workers. The aim of this study is to determine the burnout levels and factors associated with the risk of psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCW) engaged in the management of COVID 19 in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2020 to 30 November 2020 by telephonic interviews using a web-based Google form. Health facilities and community centres from 12 cities located in 10 states were selected for data collection. Data on socio-demographic and occupation-related variables like age, sex, type of family, income, type of occupation, hours of work and income were obtained was obtained from 967 participants, including doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency response teams, lab personnel, and others directly involved in COVI...

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2018

This paper deals with the enhancement in exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters for single-... more This paper deals with the enhancement in exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters for single-slope solar still by incorporating N identical partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors. Three cases: (a) single slope solar still incorporating N identical partially covered PVT flat plate collectors (FPC) (N-PVT-FPC-SS), (b) single slope solar still incorporating N identical partially covered PVT compound parabolic concentrator collectors (N-PVT-CPC-SS), and (c) conventional single slope solar still (CSSSS) have been taken to assess the improvement in various parameters. The various parameters have been computed at 0.14 m water depth, selected values of mass flow rate, and number of collectors considering four climatic conditions of New Delhi for each month of year. It has been concluded that N-PVT-FPC-SS performs best followed by N-PVT-CPC-SS and CSSSS on the basis of exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters; however, CSSSS performs better than N-PVT-FPC-SS and N-PV...

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2022

Background: The present paper describes the key challenges and opportunities of mixed method tele... more Background: The present paper describes the key challenges and opportunities of mixed method telephonic data collection for mental health research using field notes and the experiences of the investigators in a multicenter study in ten sites of India. The study was conducted in public and private hospitals to understand the mental health status, social stigma and coping strategies of different healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.Methods: Qualitative and quantitative interviews were conducted telephonically. The experiences of data collection were noted as a field notes/diary by the data collectors and principal investigators.Results: The interviewers reported challenges such as network issues, lack of transfer of visual cues and sensitive content of data. Although the telephonic interviews present various challenges in mixed method data collection, it can be used as an alternative to face-to-face data collection using available technology.Conclusions: It is im...

Introduction and reviews of literature Youth population 10 and 25 years represent about one third... more Introduction and reviews of literature Youth population 10 and 25 years represent about one third of India's total population [1]. Youth population is considered a very important population group for the wealth of any nation. There are special reasons why we need to focus more on youth, since the youth group is one of the most exposed groups as far as risk of HIV/AIDS is concerned. Worldwide, almost two thirds population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is under the age of 25 years [2]. More than one third (35%) AIDS cases reported among the youth (age group of 15-24 years), showing the youth is most exposure group in India for HIV/AIDS infections [3]. Research has recommended that sufficient knowledge regarding AIDS is a necessary first step toward effective AIDS prevention and intervention efforts.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Indian Journal of Community Health, 2015

Background: As no study was available about the usage of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopath... more Background: As no study was available about the usage of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopathy in North eastern states accordingly Indian Council of Medical Research entrusted this study to this Institute. Aims & Objective: To know the knowledge, attitude and practices of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopathy in Assam state. Material & Methods: To achieve these objectives, Fifty villages were selected from each selected district for Assam states. Twenty households with at least one member ill during the last three months and availed medical care services for treatment have been selected from each village. About 3,000 households were covered to know their perception about the ISM&H. From these households in all, 4800 sick persons (who fell sick in last three months) and taken any treatment were interviewed. Results: More than three fourth of the household are being headed by male members. About 40 percent of households reported to have visited traditional healers at...

The level of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes and its potential complications are enormous... more The level of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes and its potential complications are enormous and pose significant healthcare burden on both families and society. In India almost 9% people are affected by diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, in recent years, health seeking behaviour of the people has been affected due to increasing Health Care Expenditure. The healthcare burdens in this regard pose a major challenge to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) which are dedicated to decrease one-third of early mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2030 (UN, 2015). The present study aims to examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect Utilization of Health Services and health care expenditure across socioeconomic backgrounds of the Diabetes Mellitus patients. The purpose is to identify those vulnerable to these costs and implement policies on improving the health systems. The study used data from the 71 st round of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO 201...

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia continues to be a major public health problem at all ages worldwide. Today, e... more Background: Anaemia continues to be a major public health problem at all ages worldwide. Today, every fifth person in India is an adolescent (Census, 2011). Anaemia effects adolescent girls critically by decreasing their capacity to do physical work, affects their growth as a result they are not well prepared for upcoming pregnancy and motherhood challenge. NFHS-3 reports indicated wide rural-urban disparity in prevalence of anaemia. The present study aims to explore rural-urban disparity in prevalence of anaemia and to study the factor associated with anaemia among adolescent girls in India. Methods: District levels household survey (DLHS-4, 2012-13) was used for the present study. The outcome variables included in the study was anaemia. Bivariate analyses including chi square tests were applied to determine the prevalence of anaemia and logistic regression models to understand the determinants of anaemia. The whole analysis was performed using STATA version 13.0 to take into accou...

Journal of Health Management

Majority of people in low- and middle-income countries with mental illness do not receive healthc... more Majority of people in low- and middle-income countries with mental illness do not receive healthcare, leading to chronicity, suffering and increased costs of care. This study estimated the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), and poverty impact due to mental illness in India. Data was acquired from the 76th round data of the National Sample Survey (NSS) on the theme ‘Persons with Disabilities in India Survey’, July–December 2018. Data of 6,679 persons who reported mental illness during the survey was included for analysis. OOPE, CHE, poverty impact and state differentials of healthcare expenditure on mental illness were analysed using standard methods. In total, 18.1% of the household’s monthly consumption expenditure was spent on healthcare on mental illness. About 59.5% and 32.5% of the households were exposed to CHE based on 10% and 20% thresholds, respectively. About 20.7% of the households were forced to become poor from non-poor due to treat...

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Frontiers in Public Health

ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and s... more ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with COVID-19 stigmatizing attitudes in the community and stigma experiences of COVID-19 recovered individuals during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 districts located in 7 States in India during September 2020 to January 2021 among adults > 18 years of age selected through systematic random sampling. Data on socio demographic and COVID-19 knowledge were collected from 303 COVID-19 recovered and 1,976 non-COVID-19 infected individuals from community using a survey questionnaire. Stigma was assessed using COVID-19 Stigma Scale and Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale developed for the study. Informed consent was sought from the participants. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were conducted.ResultsHalf of the participants (51.3%) from the community reported prevalence of severe stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 infected while 38.6% of COVID-19 recovered pa...

Journal of Biosocial Science

Increasing body of health planning and policy research focused upon unravelling the fundamental d... more Increasing body of health planning and policy research focused upon unravelling the fundamental drivers of population health and nutrition inequities, such as wealth status, educational status, caste/ethnicity, gender, place of residence, and geographical context, that often interact to produce health inequalities. However, very few studies have employed intersectional framework to explicitly demonstrate how intersecting dimensions of privilege, power, and resources form the burden of anthropometric failures of children among low-and-middle income countries including India. Data on 2,15,554 sampled children below 5 years of age from the National Family Health Survey 2015-2016 were analysed. This study employed intersectional approach to examine caste group inequalities in the anthropometric failure (i.e. moderate stunting, severe stunting, moderate underweight, severe underweight, moderate wasting, severe wasting) among children in India. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logis...

Indian Journal of Medical Research, May 20, 2022

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, May 23, 2019

Even after encouraging maternal and child wellness programs at worldwide level, lowermiddle incom... more Even after encouraging maternal and child wellness programs at worldwide level, lowermiddle income nations have not reached the goal set by the UN yet. This study attempts to fill the gap and examines the associations and inequalities between socioeconomic , demographic factors and utilization of full antenatal Care in South Asian countries. It uses data from DHS of the selected countries, and Oaxaca decomposing is applied for socioeconomic inequalities in utilization of antenatal care. Findings from the multivariate analysis show that mother's age at the time of birth, birth order and interval, mother's education, mass media exposure and economic status are significant determinants of the utilization of antenatal care services in South Asian countries. In terms of specific outcomes with regard to inequality in ANC, the distance from the line of equity to the line of concentration curve is greatest in Pakistan followed by India and Nepal.

Journal of Safety Research

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Background: The transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals 203... more Background: The transition from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals 2030 has yet again emphasized on the unfinished agenda of achieving efficient and equitable health systems and universal health coverage. With trifling public spending on healthcare and insignificant insurance coverage, India has recorded 55 million people descending below the poverty line in one year due to healthcare payments. Not only are these health-related payments impoverishing but also the burden of seeking care is disproportionately skewed towards deprived population groups. Against this backdrop, the present paper examines the inequality in health status, utilization of health care services, and financial risk protection. The study is further complemented by assessing who benefits from public subsidies across different economic quintiles and as per epidemiological transition level (ETL) of states. Methods: This study used data nationwide National Sample Survey 75th round data. We perform the Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) using concentration indices, concentration curve, and poor-rich equity ratio to measure horizontal and vertical inequity and analyze the redistribution dimension to understand which population segment benefits more from public subsidies. Results: Findings suggest that high out of pocket (OOP) spending on inpatient care, especially in the private sector resulted in lower utilization of health care services especially among marginalized communities. Seeking care for marginalized subgroups is dilapidating in two major ways-, on one hand, it exhausts all their income/savings for the treatment. On the other, as a result of incapacitation, families lose their daily income. The present analysis finds a higher unmet need for treatment in the poor, and the reasons commonly reported were pertaining to affordability, availability and accessibility. The results also showed that low ETL states faced a higher percentage of catastrophic expenditure vis-à-vis other states, thereby; stressing health system reforms beyond the "one-sizefits-all" strategy. Conclusions: It is imperative that both Central and State Governments should work together to strengthen the public healthcare system to ensure accessibility and quality of care. Central Government's Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) health insurance program is a positive step forward to address the healthcare needs of deprived population subgroups.

PLOS Global Public Health

Treatment-seeking behaviour is closely associated with the health status of individuals and count... more Treatment-seeking behaviour is closely associated with the health status of individuals and countries. About 800 million people have no access to health services in the developing world. Though the situation has been improving, the inequalities across geographical regions, socioeconomic status, and disease types continued to persist. The available literature suggests research gaps in examining the unmet need for treatment-seeking from public health facilities across sociodemographic characteristics, regions, and specific diseases. Data for this study comes from the three rounds of National Sample Survey (NSS) (2004, 2014, 2018). We applied descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable analysis to investigate the unmet need for treatment-seeking for public health facilities across sociodemographic characteristics, regions, and specific diseases between 2004 and 2018. The unmet need for treatment-seeking from public health facilities remained high at 60% in 2004 to 62% in 2018. However, t...

PLOS ONE, 2022

Background COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. Th... more Background COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. The pandemic has stressed the healthcare system of India impacting the psychological status and functioning of health care workers. The aim of this study is to determine the burnout levels and factors associated with the risk of psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCW) engaged in the management of COVID 19 in India. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2020 to 30 November 2020 by telephonic interviews using a web-based Google form. Health facilities and community centres from 12 cities located in 10 states were selected for data collection. Data on socio-demographic and occupation-related variables like age, sex, type of family, income, type of occupation, hours of work and income were obtained was obtained from 967 participants, including doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency response teams, lab personnel, and others directly involved in COVI...

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2018

This paper deals with the enhancement in exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters for single-... more This paper deals with the enhancement in exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters for single-slope solar still by incorporating N identical partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors. Three cases: (a) single slope solar still incorporating N identical partially covered PVT flat plate collectors (FPC) (N-PVT-FPC-SS), (b) single slope solar still incorporating N identical partially covered PVT compound parabolic concentrator collectors (N-PVT-CPC-SS), and (c) conventional single slope solar still (CSSSS) have been taken to assess the improvement in various parameters. The various parameters have been computed at 0.14 m water depth, selected values of mass flow rate, and number of collectors considering four climatic conditions of New Delhi for each month of year. It has been concluded that N-PVT-FPC-SS performs best followed by N-PVT-CPC-SS and CSSSS on the basis of exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic parameters; however, CSSSS performs better than N-PVT-FPC-SS and N-PV...

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2022

Background: The present paper describes the key challenges and opportunities of mixed method tele... more Background: The present paper describes the key challenges and opportunities of mixed method telephonic data collection for mental health research using field notes and the experiences of the investigators in a multicenter study in ten sites of India. The study was conducted in public and private hospitals to understand the mental health status, social stigma and coping strategies of different healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.Methods: Qualitative and quantitative interviews were conducted telephonically. The experiences of data collection were noted as a field notes/diary by the data collectors and principal investigators.Results: The interviewers reported challenges such as network issues, lack of transfer of visual cues and sensitive content of data. Although the telephonic interviews present various challenges in mixed method data collection, it can be used as an alternative to face-to-face data collection using available technology.Conclusions: It is im...

Introduction and reviews of literature Youth population 10 and 25 years represent about one third... more Introduction and reviews of literature Youth population 10 and 25 years represent about one third of India's total population [1]. Youth population is considered a very important population group for the wealth of any nation. There are special reasons why we need to focus more on youth, since the youth group is one of the most exposed groups as far as risk of HIV/AIDS is concerned. Worldwide, almost two thirds population living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is under the age of 25 years [2]. More than one third (35%) AIDS cases reported among the youth (age group of 15-24 years), showing the youth is most exposure group in India for HIV/AIDS infections [3]. Research has recommended that sufficient knowledge regarding AIDS is a necessary first step toward effective AIDS prevention and intervention efforts.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Indian Journal of Community Health, 2015

Background: As no study was available about the usage of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopath... more Background: As no study was available about the usage of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopathy in North eastern states accordingly Indian Council of Medical Research entrusted this study to this Institute. Aims & Objective: To know the knowledge, attitude and practices of Indian system of Medicine and homoeopathy in Assam state. Material & Methods: To achieve these objectives, Fifty villages were selected from each selected district for Assam states. Twenty households with at least one member ill during the last three months and availed medical care services for treatment have been selected from each village. About 3,000 households were covered to know their perception about the ISM&H. From these households in all, 4800 sick persons (who fell sick in last three months) and taken any treatment were interviewed. Results: More than three fourth of the household are being headed by male members. About 40 percent of households reported to have visited traditional healers at...

The level of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes and its potential complications are enormous... more The level of morbidity and mortality due to diabetes and its potential complications are enormous and pose significant healthcare burden on both families and society. In India almost 9% people are affected by diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, in recent years, health seeking behaviour of the people has been affected due to increasing Health Care Expenditure. The healthcare burdens in this regard pose a major challenge to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) which are dedicated to decrease one-third of early mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2030 (UN, 2015). The present study aims to examine the socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect Utilization of Health Services and health care expenditure across socioeconomic backgrounds of the Diabetes Mellitus patients. The purpose is to identify those vulnerable to these costs and implement policies on improving the health systems. The study used data from the 71 st round of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO 201...

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health

Background: Anaemia continues to be a major public health problem at all ages worldwide. Today, e... more Background: Anaemia continues to be a major public health problem at all ages worldwide. Today, every fifth person in India is an adolescent (Census, 2011). Anaemia effects adolescent girls critically by decreasing their capacity to do physical work, affects their growth as a result they are not well prepared for upcoming pregnancy and motherhood challenge. NFHS-3 reports indicated wide rural-urban disparity in prevalence of anaemia. The present study aims to explore rural-urban disparity in prevalence of anaemia and to study the factor associated with anaemia among adolescent girls in India. Methods: District levels household survey (DLHS-4, 2012-13) was used for the present study. The outcome variables included in the study was anaemia. Bivariate analyses including chi square tests were applied to determine the prevalence of anaemia and logistic regression models to understand the determinants of anaemia. The whole analysis was performed using STATA version 13.0 to take into accou...