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This report describes advances made during Phase 2 (November 10, 1992 - November 9, 1993) of a th... more This report describes advances made during Phase 2 (November 10, 1992 - November 9, 1993) of a three-phase, cost-shared subcontract whose ultimate goal is the demonstration of thin film CuInSe2 photovoltaic modules prepared by methods adaptable to safe, high yield, high volume manufacturing. At the end of Phase 1, EPV became one of the first groups to clear the 10%
The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm[sup 2] (12 in[times]12 in... more The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm[sup 2] (12 in[times]12 in) substrates and subsequent processing into photovoltaic devices and monolithically-interconnected modules is described. Improved temperature-time profiles in the selenization step have resulted in solar cells with a total area conversion efficiency of 12.5%. The effect of Cu/In ratio on the performance of such devices
The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm2 (12 in×12 in) substrates... more The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm2 (12 in×12 in) substrates and subsequent processing into photovoltaic devices and monolithically‐interconnected modules is described. Improved temperature‐time profiles in the selenization step have resulted in solar cells with a total area conversion efficiency of 12.5%. The effect of Cu/In ratio on the performance of such devices is reported. Standard characterization techniques are described, and temperature‐dependent studies are shown to provide further valuable information. Device and material properties are also reported for the quaternary CuIn(Se,S)2. Successful module development required the solution of many area and scribing related problems, including the problem of adhesion. A new interconnect and module technology has been validated by the achievement of a 9.7% active area conversion efficiency for a 20 cell module. The projected performance of manufactured modules is discussed in terms of proven mo...
Results of characterization of thin "lms of Mo deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on soda-lime ... more Results of characterization of thin "lms of Mo deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on soda-lime glass (Mo/SLG) and CuInSe (CIS) on Mo/SLG are presented. The primary objective of the work was to clarify the factors determining the concentration of Na in commercial-grade CIS. Mo "lms were deposited by three laboratories manufacturing CIS thin "lm solar cells. Analysis was by secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray di!raction. Changes in Mo deposition parameters in general a!ected the Na level but there was no obvious link to any single Mo deposition parameter. Oxygen content directly a!ected the Na level. The Na behavior was not obviously connected to "lm preferred orientation. Selenization of the Mo layers was also examined. Elemental Se vapor was found to produce signi"cantly less selenization than H Se. The amount of selenization was also strongly dependent upon Mo deposition conditions, although a speci"c source of the change in reaction rate was not found. Na distributions in the CIS deposited on the Mo were not limited by the di!usivity of the Na. The Na concentration in the CIS was increased by annealing the Mo "lms both with and without intentionally added Na. The Na level in the CIS appears to be set more by the CIS deposition process than by the Na concentration in the Mo so long as the Mo contains su$cient Na to 0927-0248/99/$ -see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 2 7 -0 2 4 8 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 2 6 -4 saturate the available sites in the CIS.
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 1997
Thin Solid Films, 2000
We examined the effect of deposition of Na on Mo-coated glasses and the Na content of the substra... more We examined the effect of deposition of Na on Mo-coated glasses and the Na content of the substrate glass on standard Ž . Ž . production Cu In Ga Se CIGS -based solar cells fabricated by selenization of Cu-Ga-In precursor thin films. Under optimal 1yx
This report describes advances made during Phase 2 (November 10, 1992 - November 9, 1993) of a th... more This report describes advances made during Phase 2 (November 10, 1992 - November 9, 1993) of a three-phase, cost-shared subcontract whose ultimate goal is the demonstration of thin film CuInSe2 photovoltaic modules prepared by methods adaptable to safe, high yield, high volume manufacturing. At the end of Phase 1, EPV became one of the first groups to clear the 10%
The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm[sup 2] (12 in[times]12 in... more The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm[sup 2] (12 in[times]12 in) substrates and subsequent processing into photovoltaic devices and monolithically-interconnected modules is described. Improved temperature-time profiles in the selenization step have resulted in solar cells with a total area conversion efficiency of 12.5%. The effect of Cu/In ratio on the performance of such devices
The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm2 (12 in×12 in) substrates... more The formation of thin films of copper indium diselenide (CIS) on 929 cm2 (12 in×12 in) substrates and subsequent processing into photovoltaic devices and monolithically‐interconnected modules is described. Improved temperature‐time profiles in the selenization step have resulted in solar cells with a total area conversion efficiency of 12.5%. The effect of Cu/In ratio on the performance of such devices is reported. Standard characterization techniques are described, and temperature‐dependent studies are shown to provide further valuable information. Device and material properties are also reported for the quaternary CuIn(Se,S)2. Successful module development required the solution of many area and scribing related problems, including the problem of adhesion. A new interconnect and module technology has been validated by the achievement of a 9.7% active area conversion efficiency for a 20 cell module. The projected performance of manufactured modules is discussed in terms of proven mo...
Results of characterization of thin "lms of Mo deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on soda-lime ... more Results of characterization of thin "lms of Mo deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on soda-lime glass (Mo/SLG) and CuInSe (CIS) on Mo/SLG are presented. The primary objective of the work was to clarify the factors determining the concentration of Na in commercial-grade CIS. Mo "lms were deposited by three laboratories manufacturing CIS thin "lm solar cells. Analysis was by secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray di!raction. Changes in Mo deposition parameters in general a!ected the Na level but there was no obvious link to any single Mo deposition parameter. Oxygen content directly a!ected the Na level. The Na behavior was not obviously connected to "lm preferred orientation. Selenization of the Mo layers was also examined. Elemental Se vapor was found to produce signi"cantly less selenization than H Se. The amount of selenization was also strongly dependent upon Mo deposition conditions, although a speci"c source of the change in reaction rate was not found. Na distributions in the CIS deposited on the Mo were not limited by the di!usivity of the Na. The Na concentration in the CIS was increased by annealing the Mo "lms both with and without intentionally added Na. The Na level in the CIS appears to be set more by the CIS deposition process than by the Na concentration in the Mo so long as the Mo contains su$cient Na to 0927-0248/99/$ -see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 9 2 7 -0 2 4 8 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 2 6 -4 saturate the available sites in the CIS.
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 1997
Thin Solid Films, 2000
We examined the effect of deposition of Na on Mo-coated glasses and the Na content of the substra... more We examined the effect of deposition of Na on Mo-coated glasses and the Na content of the substrate glass on standard Ž . Ž . production Cu In Ga Se CIGS -based solar cells fabricated by selenization of Cu-Ga-In precursor thin films. Under optimal 1yx