Jiangyue Zhang - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jiangyue Zhang

This study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of human head injury with a focus on skul... more This study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of human head injury with a focus on skull fracture due to side impact loading. Temporo-parietal impact tests were conducted using specimens from ten unembalmed post mortem human subjects. The specimens were isolated at the occipital condyle level, and pre-test x-ray and computed tomography images were obtained. They were prepared with multiple triaxial accelerometers and subjected to increasing velocities (ranging from 4.9 to 7.7 m/s) using free-fall techniques by impacting onto a force plate from which forces were recorded. A 40durometer padding (50-mm thickness) material covering the force plate served as the impacting boundary condition. Computed tomography images obtained following the final impact test were used to identify pathology. Four out of the ten specimens sustained skull fractures. Peak force, displacement, strain, acceleration, energy, and head injury criterion variables were used to describe the biomechanics, and probability curves were developed using the Kaplan-Meier method to establish tolerance limits.

Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2007

The objective of the present investigation is to determine localized brains strains in lateral im... more The objective of the present investigation is to determine localized brains strains in lateral impact using finite element modeling and evaluate the role of the falx. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed and validated with experimental data from literature. Motions and strains from the stress analysis matched well with experimental results. A parametric study was conducted by introducing flexible falx in the finite element model. For the model with the rigid falx, high strains were concentrated in the corpus callosum, whereas for the model with the flexible falx, high strains extended into the cerebral vertex. These preliminary findings indicate that the flexibility of falx has an effect on regional brain strains in lateral impact.

Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2009

It is well known that rotational loading is responsible for a spectrum of diffuse brain injuries ... more It is well known that rotational loading is responsible for a spectrum of diffuse brain injuries spanning from concussion to diffuse axonal trauma. Many experimental studies have been performed to understand the pathological and biomechanical factors associated with diffuse brain injuries. Finite element models have also been developed to correlate experimental findings with intrinsic variables such as strain. However, a paucity of studies exist examining the combined role of the strain-time parameter. Consequently, using the principles of finite element analysis, the present study introduced the concept of sustained maximum principal strain (SMPS) criterion and explored its potential applicability to diffuse brain injury. An algorithm was developed to determine if the principal strain in a finite element of the brain exceeded a specified magnitude over a specific time interval. The anatomical and geometrical details of the rat for the two-dimensional model were obtained from publis...

Annals of biomedical engineering, 2021

Modern changes in warfare have shown an increased incidence of lumbar spine injuries caused by un... more Modern changes in warfare have shown an increased incidence of lumbar spine injuries caused by underbody blast events. The susceptibility of the lumbar spine during these scenarios could be exacerbated by coupled moments that act with the rapid compressive force depending on the occupant's seated posture. In this study, a combined loading lumbar spine vertebral body fracture injury criteria (Lic) across a range of postures was established from 75 tests performed on instrumented cadaveric lumbar spine specimens. The spines were predominantly exposed to axial compressive forces from an upward vertical thrust with 64 of the tests resulting in at least one vertebral body fracture and 11 in no vertebral body injury. The proposed Lic utilizes a recommended metric (κ), based on prismatic beam failure theory, resulting from the combination of the T12-L1 resultant sagittal force and the decorrelated bending moment with optimized critical values of Fr,crit = 5824 N and My,crit = 1155 Nm. ...

To study penetrating traumatic brain injury biomechanics, a full metal jacket 9-mm handgun projec... more To study penetrating traumatic brain injury biomechanics, a full metal jacket 9-mm handgun projectile was discharged into a transparent brain simulant (Sylgard gel). Five pressure transducers were placed at the entry (two), exit (two), and center (one) of the simulant. High-speed digital video photography at 20,000 frames per second (fps) was used to capture the temporal cavity pulsation. Pressure histories and high-speed video images were synchronized with a common trigger. Pressure data were sampled at 308 kHz. The 9-mm projectile had an entry velocity of 378 m/s and exit velocity of 259 m/s. Kinetic energy lost during penetration was 283.7 J. The projectile created temporary cavity with maximum diameter of 54 mm. Collapsing of the temporary cavity drew the brain simulant toward the center of the cavity and created negative pressures of approximately -0.5 atmospheric pressure in the surrounding region. Pressures reached approximately +2 atmospheric pressure when the temporary cavi...

Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2012

Predicting spinal injury under high rates of vertical loading is of interest, but the success of ... more Predicting spinal injury under high rates of vertical loading is of interest, but the success of computational models in modeling this type of loading scenario is highly dependent on the material models employed. Understanding the response of these biological materials at high strain rates is critical to accurately model mechanical response of tissue and predict injury. While data exists at lower strain rates, there is a lack of the high strain rate material data that are needed to develop constitutive models. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) has been used for many years to obtain properties of various materials at high strain rates. However, this apparatus has mainly been used for characterizing metals and ceramics and is difficult to apply to softer materials such as biological tissue. Recently, studies have shown that modifications to the traditional SHPB setup allow for the successful characterization of mechanical properties of biological materials at strain rates and pe...

Severities and types of under-body blast lumbar injuries maybe associated with loading severity a... more Severities and types of under-body blast lumbar injuries maybe associated with loading severity and amount of torso-borne mass, such as personal protective equipment. The objective of this study was to delineate these effects using a high-fidelity pelvis-lumbar spine finite element model (FEM). Geometries of the FEM wa s reconstructed from computed tomography scans and scaled to 50th percentile male. Hexagonal solid elements were used for majority of the FEM, except shell elements for cortical shells and endplates and nonlinear springs for ligaments. Material properties were obtained from in-house high-rate bulk and shear testing when available. Pelvis accelera tion loadings were obtained from full-body Hybrid-III FEM. Simulations were conducted with high and low pelvis accelerations, with and without torso-borne mass. Results found loading modes in the spine progressively changes from flexion, to compression, and extension from upper to mid- and lower level resulted in an "S&q...

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

An idealized finite element human head model was constructed to study biomechanical responses in ... more An idealized finite element human head model was constructed to study biomechanical responses in the brain due to blast overpressure loading from a blast of 10 kg TNT at 1 meter. Brain strain in the coup and contrecoup regions were 4-7x higher than the central region, and high brain strain (15%) large deformation (4 mm) occurred in the brainstem region, indicating a higher probability of injury in the peripheral brain and brainstem regions due to blast overpressure loading.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Journal of biomechanics, Jan 27, 2018

While studies have been conducted using human cadaver lumbar spines to understand injury biomecha... more While studies have been conducted using human cadaver lumbar spines to understand injury biomechanics in terms of stability/energy to fracture, and physiological responses under pure-moment/follower loads, data are sparse for inferior-to-superior impacts. Injuries occur under this mode from underbody blasts. determine role of age, disc area, and trabecular bone density on tolerances/risk curves under vertical loading from a controlled group of specimens. T12-S1 columns were obtained, pretest X-rays and CTs taken, load cells attached to both ends, impacts applied at S1-end using custom vertical accelerator device, and posttest X-ray, CT, and dissections done. BMD of L2-L4 vertebrae were obtained from QCT. Survival analysis-based Human Injury Probability Curves (HIPCs) were derived using proximal and distal forces. Age, area, and BMD were covariates. Forces were considered uncensored, representing the load carrying capacity. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to determine optim...

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188),

ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B, 2010

ABSTRACT The use of advanced personal armor, especially the helmet, during combat has significant... more ABSTRACT The use of advanced personal armor, especially the helmet, during combat has significantly reduced the incidence and severity of life threatening penetrating injuries from gunshot and blast shrapnel to the head and improved the overall survival rate of soldiers in combat [1]. On the other hand, the number of blast related injuries (68%) has increased to more than 4 times that of gunshot wounds (15%) and other injuries (17%), among which blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has became the signature wound of the U.S. armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan due to increased use of improvised explosive devices (IED) and rocket-propelled grenades (RPG) by the insurgents [2–4]. It is well known in detonation physics that the presence of a close proximity surface will increase the overpressure on the target due to blast wave reflection [5, 6]. The helmet, which has saved many lives from otherwise fatal penetration and blunt impact injuries, may unfortunately also serve as a reflecting surface and pose increased blast injury threat to the head. Consequently, the current study was designed to compare blast overpressures on the skull with and without helmet using a human head computational model.

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 2005

The objective of this presentation is to discuss certain biomechanical aspects of head injuries d... more The objective of this presentation is to discuss certain biomechanical aspects of head injuries due to blunt and penetrating impacts. Emphasis is given to fundamental data leading to injury criteria used in the United States (US) regulations for motor vehicle safety. Full-scale and component tests done under US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) are described. In addition, results providing occupant safety and vehicle crashworthiness information to the consumer from frontal and lateral impact crash tests are discussed with an emphasis on head injury assessment and mitigation. Recent advancements are presented in angular acceleration thresholds for quantifying brain trauma. In the area of penetrating impact, newer experimental techniques are described for a better understanding of head injury secondary to penetrating impacts, with specific reference to the civilian population.

The purpose of this research is to study brain biomechanics between contact and non-contact head ... more The purpose of this research is to study brain biomechanics between contact and non-contact head impact during vehicle crash tests in head kinematics, global brain injury metrics, and region brain strain. Nine array accelerometer package data from dummy head were extracted from 13 lateral and 14 rigid pole crash tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Head

Mechanosensitivity of the Nervous System, 2009

ABSTRACT The objective of this chapter is to provide a review of the role of falx cerebri on brai... more ABSTRACT The objective of this chapter is to provide a review of the role of falx cerebri on brain mechanics, specifically stress and strain responses due to dynamic loading. Because stress-strain responses are inherently intrinsic, the review is focused on physical and computational models using the finite element method. In order to maintain the focus, although experimental animal models are used as validations tools for ensuring the confidence in the finite element or physical model output, discussions from biological tests are not a subject matter. While finite element modeling of the human head has been a subject matter f investigation for decades, a review of literature provides very few analyses regarding the role of falx on the internal stress-strain responses of the brain. As described, physical and finite element models have shown that the falx cerebri, present in the human head, affects the intrinsic response of the brain under contact- and inertia-induced dynamic loads. Physical models using a brain substitute have also shown a similar response. Regional stresses and strains from these models are discussed. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for further studies.

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B, 2009

ABSTRACT Regulatory tests use translational head accelerations and its derived variable HIC (head... more ABSTRACT Regulatory tests use translational head accelerations and its derived variable HIC (head injury criterion) as the criteria for automotive vehicle crashworthiness evaluation. The FMVSS standard sets HIC36 of 1000 as the threshold for frontal impact protection. On the other hand, rotational head kinematics, such as rotational accelerations and velocities, has been attributed to brain injury in the motor vehicle environment for more than six decades [1–5]. As documented in recent real-world case studies, severe brain injuries without skull fracture, such as diffuse axonal injury, can result from rotational head motions in side impacts even at low change in impact velocity [6, 7]. Because the HIC only accounts for the translational head accelerations, there is no clear evidence showing there is a direct correlation between translational and rotational head acceleration. Therefore, it is important to quantify the correlation between head translational and rotational accelerations and HIC, in side impacts. Consequently, the current research was designed with this purpose.

Advances in Bioengineering, 2002

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of human head injury with a focus on skul... more This study was designed to investigate the biomechanics of human head injury with a focus on skull fracture due to side impact loading. Temporo-parietal impact tests were conducted using specimens from ten unembalmed post mortem human subjects. The specimens were isolated at the occipital condyle level, and pre-test x-ray and computed tomography images were obtained. They were prepared with multiple triaxial accelerometers and subjected to increasing velocities (ranging from 4.9 to 7.7 m/s) using free-fall techniques by impacting onto a force plate from which forces were recorded. A 40durometer padding (50-mm thickness) material covering the force plate served as the impacting boundary condition. Computed tomography images obtained following the final impact test were used to identify pathology. Four out of the ten specimens sustained skull fractures. Peak force, displacement, strain, acceleration, energy, and head injury criterion variables were used to describe the biomechanics, and probability curves were developed using the Kaplan-Meier method to establish tolerance limits.

Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2007

The objective of the present investigation is to determine localized brains strains in lateral im... more The objective of the present investigation is to determine localized brains strains in lateral impact using finite element modeling and evaluate the role of the falx. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed and validated with experimental data from literature. Motions and strains from the stress analysis matched well with experimental results. A parametric study was conducted by introducing flexible falx in the finite element model. For the model with the rigid falx, high strains were concentrated in the corpus callosum, whereas for the model with the flexible falx, high strains extended into the cerebral vertex. These preliminary findings indicate that the flexibility of falx has an effect on regional brain strains in lateral impact.

Stapp Car Crash Journal, 2009

It is well known that rotational loading is responsible for a spectrum of diffuse brain injuries ... more It is well known that rotational loading is responsible for a spectrum of diffuse brain injuries spanning from concussion to diffuse axonal trauma. Many experimental studies have been performed to understand the pathological and biomechanical factors associated with diffuse brain injuries. Finite element models have also been developed to correlate experimental findings with intrinsic variables such as strain. However, a paucity of studies exist examining the combined role of the strain-time parameter. Consequently, using the principles of finite element analysis, the present study introduced the concept of sustained maximum principal strain (SMPS) criterion and explored its potential applicability to diffuse brain injury. An algorithm was developed to determine if the principal strain in a finite element of the brain exceeded a specified magnitude over a specific time interval. The anatomical and geometrical details of the rat for the two-dimensional model were obtained from publis...

Annals of biomedical engineering, 2021

Modern changes in warfare have shown an increased incidence of lumbar spine injuries caused by un... more Modern changes in warfare have shown an increased incidence of lumbar spine injuries caused by underbody blast events. The susceptibility of the lumbar spine during these scenarios could be exacerbated by coupled moments that act with the rapid compressive force depending on the occupant's seated posture. In this study, a combined loading lumbar spine vertebral body fracture injury criteria (Lic) across a range of postures was established from 75 tests performed on instrumented cadaveric lumbar spine specimens. The spines were predominantly exposed to axial compressive forces from an upward vertical thrust with 64 of the tests resulting in at least one vertebral body fracture and 11 in no vertebral body injury. The proposed Lic utilizes a recommended metric (κ), based on prismatic beam failure theory, resulting from the combination of the T12-L1 resultant sagittal force and the decorrelated bending moment with optimized critical values of Fr,crit = 5824 N and My,crit = 1155 Nm. ...

To study penetrating traumatic brain injury biomechanics, a full metal jacket 9-mm handgun projec... more To study penetrating traumatic brain injury biomechanics, a full metal jacket 9-mm handgun projectile was discharged into a transparent brain simulant (Sylgard gel). Five pressure transducers were placed at the entry (two), exit (two), and center (one) of the simulant. High-speed digital video photography at 20,000 frames per second (fps) was used to capture the temporal cavity pulsation. Pressure histories and high-speed video images were synchronized with a common trigger. Pressure data were sampled at 308 kHz. The 9-mm projectile had an entry velocity of 378 m/s and exit velocity of 259 m/s. Kinetic energy lost during penetration was 283.7 J. The projectile created temporary cavity with maximum diameter of 54 mm. Collapsing of the temporary cavity drew the brain simulant toward the center of the cavity and created negative pressures of approximately -0.5 atmospheric pressure in the surrounding region. Pressures reached approximately +2 atmospheric pressure when the temporary cavi...

Biomedical sciences instrumentation, 2012

Predicting spinal injury under high rates of vertical loading is of interest, but the success of ... more Predicting spinal injury under high rates of vertical loading is of interest, but the success of computational models in modeling this type of loading scenario is highly dependent on the material models employed. Understanding the response of these biological materials at high strain rates is critical to accurately model mechanical response of tissue and predict injury. While data exists at lower strain rates, there is a lack of the high strain rate material data that are needed to develop constitutive models. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) has been used for many years to obtain properties of various materials at high strain rates. However, this apparatus has mainly been used for characterizing metals and ceramics and is difficult to apply to softer materials such as biological tissue. Recently, studies have shown that modifications to the traditional SHPB setup allow for the successful characterization of mechanical properties of biological materials at strain rates and pe...

Severities and types of under-body blast lumbar injuries maybe associated with loading severity a... more Severities and types of under-body blast lumbar injuries maybe associated with loading severity and amount of torso-borne mass, such as personal protective equipment. The objective of this study was to delineate these effects using a high-fidelity pelvis-lumbar spine finite element model (FEM). Geometries of the FEM wa s reconstructed from computed tomography scans and scaled to 50th percentile male. Hexagonal solid elements were used for majority of the FEM, except shell elements for cortical shells and endplates and nonlinear springs for ligaments. Material properties were obtained from in-house high-rate bulk and shear testing when available. Pelvis accelera tion loadings were obtained from full-body Hybrid-III FEM. Simulations were conducted with high and low pelvis accelerations, with and without torso-borne mass. Results found loading modes in the spine progressively changes from flexion, to compression, and extension from upper to mid- and lower level resulted in an "S&q...

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

An idealized finite element human head model was constructed to study biomechanical responses in ... more An idealized finite element human head model was constructed to study biomechanical responses in the brain due to blast overpressure loading from a blast of 10 kg TNT at 1 meter. Brain strain in the coup and contrecoup regions were 4-7x higher than the central region, and high brain strain (15%) large deformation (4 mm) occurred in the brainstem region, indicating a higher probability of injury in the peripheral brain and brainstem regions due to blast overpressure loading.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Journal of biomechanics, Jan 27, 2018

While studies have been conducted using human cadaver lumbar spines to understand injury biomecha... more While studies have been conducted using human cadaver lumbar spines to understand injury biomechanics in terms of stability/energy to fracture, and physiological responses under pure-moment/follower loads, data are sparse for inferior-to-superior impacts. Injuries occur under this mode from underbody blasts. determine role of age, disc area, and trabecular bone density on tolerances/risk curves under vertical loading from a controlled group of specimens. T12-S1 columns were obtained, pretest X-rays and CTs taken, load cells attached to both ends, impacts applied at S1-end using custom vertical accelerator device, and posttest X-ray, CT, and dissections done. BMD of L2-L4 vertebrae were obtained from QCT. Survival analysis-based Human Injury Probability Curves (HIPCs) were derived using proximal and distal forces. Age, area, and BMD were covariates. Forces were considered uncensored, representing the load carrying capacity. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to determine optim...

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188),

ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B, 2010

ABSTRACT The use of advanced personal armor, especially the helmet, during combat has significant... more ABSTRACT The use of advanced personal armor, especially the helmet, during combat has significantly reduced the incidence and severity of life threatening penetrating injuries from gunshot and blast shrapnel to the head and improved the overall survival rate of soldiers in combat [1]. On the other hand, the number of blast related injuries (68%) has increased to more than 4 times that of gunshot wounds (15%) and other injuries (17%), among which blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has became the signature wound of the U.S. armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan due to increased use of improvised explosive devices (IED) and rocket-propelled grenades (RPG) by the insurgents [2–4]. It is well known in detonation physics that the presence of a close proximity surface will increase the overpressure on the target due to blast wave reflection [5, 6]. The helmet, which has saved many lives from otherwise fatal penetration and blunt impact injuries, may unfortunately also serve as a reflecting surface and pose increased blast injury threat to the head. Consequently, the current study was designed to compare blast overpressures on the skull with and without helmet using a human head computational model.

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 2005

The objective of this presentation is to discuss certain biomechanical aspects of head injuries d... more The objective of this presentation is to discuss certain biomechanical aspects of head injuries due to blunt and penetrating impacts. Emphasis is given to fundamental data leading to injury criteria used in the United States (US) regulations for motor vehicle safety. Full-scale and component tests done under US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) are described. In addition, results providing occupant safety and vehicle crashworthiness information to the consumer from frontal and lateral impact crash tests are discussed with an emphasis on head injury assessment and mitigation. Recent advancements are presented in angular acceleration thresholds for quantifying brain trauma. In the area of penetrating impact, newer experimental techniques are described for a better understanding of head injury secondary to penetrating impacts, with specific reference to the civilian population.

The purpose of this research is to study brain biomechanics between contact and non-contact head ... more The purpose of this research is to study brain biomechanics between contact and non-contact head impact during vehicle crash tests in head kinematics, global brain injury metrics, and region brain strain. Nine array accelerometer package data from dummy head were extracted from 13 lateral and 14 rigid pole crash tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Head

Mechanosensitivity of the Nervous System, 2009

ABSTRACT The objective of this chapter is to provide a review of the role of falx cerebri on brai... more ABSTRACT The objective of this chapter is to provide a review of the role of falx cerebri on brain mechanics, specifically stress and strain responses due to dynamic loading. Because stress-strain responses are inherently intrinsic, the review is focused on physical and computational models using the finite element method. In order to maintain the focus, although experimental animal models are used as validations tools for ensuring the confidence in the finite element or physical model output, discussions from biological tests are not a subject matter. While finite element modeling of the human head has been a subject matter f investigation for decades, a review of literature provides very few analyses regarding the role of falx on the internal stress-strain responses of the brain. As described, physical and finite element models have shown that the falx cerebri, present in the human head, affects the intrinsic response of the brain under contact- and inertia-induced dynamic loads. Physical models using a brain substitute have also shown a similar response. Regional stresses and strains from these models are discussed. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for further studies.

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B, 2009

ABSTRACT Regulatory tests use translational head accelerations and its derived variable HIC (head... more ABSTRACT Regulatory tests use translational head accelerations and its derived variable HIC (head injury criterion) as the criteria for automotive vehicle crashworthiness evaluation. The FMVSS standard sets HIC36 of 1000 as the threshold for frontal impact protection. On the other hand, rotational head kinematics, such as rotational accelerations and velocities, has been attributed to brain injury in the motor vehicle environment for more than six decades [1–5]. As documented in recent real-world case studies, severe brain injuries without skull fracture, such as diffuse axonal injury, can result from rotational head motions in side impacts even at low change in impact velocity [6, 7]. Because the HIC only accounts for the translational head accelerations, there is no clear evidence showing there is a direct correlation between translational and rotational head acceleration. Therefore, it is important to quantify the correlation between head translational and rotational accelerations and HIC, in side impacts. Consequently, the current research was designed with this purpose.

Advances in Bioengineering, 2002

ABSTRACT