Jitender Sharma - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Jitender Sharma
Molecules, 2021
Urease is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of urea into carbonic acid an... more Urease is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of urea into carbonic acid and ammonia via the carbamic acid formation. The resultant increase in pH leads to the onset of various pathologies such as gastric cancer, urolithiasis, hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, duodenal ulcers and peptic ulcers. Urease inhibitors can reduce the urea hydrolysis rate and development of various diseases. The Cinnamomum genus is used in a large number of traditional medicines. It is well established that stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia exhibits antiulcerogenic potential. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of seven extracts of Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum verum and two pure compounds Camphene and Cuminaldehyde on urease enzyme. Kinetic studies of potential inhibitors were carried out. Methanol extract (IC50 980 µg/mL) of C. camphora and a monoterpene Camphene (IC50 0.147 µg/mL) possess significant inhibitory activity. The Lineweaver Burk plot analysis suggested t...
In textile industry, untreated effluents pollute aquatic systems, almost irreversibly. Synthetic ... more In textile industry, untreated effluents pollute aquatic systems, almost irreversibly. Synthetic dyes not only change the colour of water resources but also make them toxic. In this study, we evaluated decolourizing potential of microbial isolates so as to use them as bioremediation agents. Two bacterial isolates, Bacillus flexus and Alcaligenes faecalis were isolated from the textile effluent samples collected from Nahar textile industry, Lalru (Punjab). Both these isolates have high decolourization potential and take only 24 h for complete decolourization. Different parameters, such as carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH, concentration of dyes and inoculum size were optimized for decolourization of remazol black, direct blue and acid orange which are azo dyes that are most widely used and are highly toxic. Bacillus flexus showed 100% decolourization after 20 h with acid orange and at 24 h for remazol black and direct blue. Alcaligenes faecalis showed the best incubatio...
Progress in Orthodontics, 2017
Background: With change in concepts of growth determination methods, there is a surge in the meas... more Background: With change in concepts of growth determination methods, there is a surge in the measurement of biomarkers for appraisal of growth status. Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein and was observed to parallel the normal growth curve. Hence, the present study was intended to assess the levels of serum osteocalcin and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and compare them with cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) stages. Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed on 150 subjects (75 males and 75 females) in the age group of 8-20 years and segregated into six CVMI stages. Serum osteocalcin and IGF-1 were estimated by ELISA. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean ranks of serum osteocalcin and serum IGF-1 with different CVMI stages. Spearman correlation was performed to find association between serum osteocalcin and serum IGF-1 across six CVMI stages. Results: Peak serum IGF-1 levels were obtained at CVMI stages 4 and 3 for males and females, respectively, with insignificant difference between stages 3 and 4 in females. Peak serum osteocalcin levels were found at stage 5 and 3 for males and females with insignificant difference from other stages except stages 5 and 6 in males. A statistically significant correlation was seen between serum IGF-1 and serum osteocalcin across six CVMI stages (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Osteocalcin followed IGF-1 across all CVMI stages but showed insignificant interstage differences.
International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, 2015
Flavobacterium bolustinum and its extracellular cellulase were tested for animal feed pretreatmen... more Flavobacterium bolustinum and its extracellular cellulase were tested for animal feed pretreatment. The fibrolytic enzymes, cellulase and pectinase were applied to various crop residues such as wheat straw, rice straw, corn seeds and sorghum for enriching animal feed. Different parameters like temperature, incubation time and enzyme dose had been optimized for maximum reducing sugar and protein release. The highest amount of reducing sugar obtained was 29.83 mg g-1 dry substrate and soluble protein was 27.34 mg g-1 dry substrate on single cellulase enzyme treatment at 50°C for 6 h. An increase in amount of released reducing sugar (39.5 mg g-1 dry substrate) and protein (33.88 mg g-1 dry substrate) was observed when enzyme cocktail (cellulose and pectinase) was used. Solid state fermentation using F. bolustinum had also been performed for all crop residues. It released higher amount of reducing sugar (41.36 mg g-1) and protein (47.21 mg g-1) as compared to enzymatic treatment. Different substrates resulted in appreciable weight loss by enzymatic treatment (15-35%) as well as fermentation using F. bolustinum (40%). Liquefaction of lignocellulosic rich crop residues, for better utilization of feed has never been reported earlier.
Frontiers in Biology, 2014
PloS one, 2014
In order to reduce the ecotoxicity of paper mill, four different enzymatic pretreatment strategie... more In order to reduce the ecotoxicity of paper mill, four different enzymatic pretreatment strategies were investigated in comparison to conventional chemical based processes. In strategy I, xylanase-aided pretreatment of pulp was carried out, and in strategy II, xylanase and laccase-mediator systems were used sequentially. Moreover, to compare the efficiency of Bacillus stearothermophilus xylanase and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora laccase in the reduction of ecotoxicity and pollution, parallel strategies (III and IV) were implemented using commercial enzymes. Conventional C(D)E(OP)D(1)D(2) (C(D), Cl(2) with ClO2; EOP, H2O2 extraction; D1 and D2, ClO2) and X/XLC(D)E(OP)D(1)D(2) (X, xylanase; L, laccase) sequences were employed with non-enzymatic and enzymatic strategies, respectively. Acute toxicity was determined by the extent of inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri with different dilutions of the effluent. Two-fold increase was observed in EC50 values for strategy I compare...
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2011
A cellulase free, alkaline, thermo-tolerant pectinase was produced by a novel yeast strain Pseudo... more A cellulase free, alkaline, thermo-tolerant pectinase was produced by a novel yeast strain Pseudozyma sp. SPJ using citrus peel as inexpensive carbon source. The crude enzyme showed good prospects in degumming of flax fibers for textile industry. An optimum pectinase dose of 80 U g-1 resulted in reduction of 15 ± 1.92% dry weight of the fibers, releasing maximum galacturonic acid (10825.5 ± 34.2 lg g-1 dry fiber) after the incubation of 6 h. The yeast culture could grow on the flax fibers (as sole carbon source) without addition of any other nutrient and produce good enzyme yield (9235.5 ± 21.51 U g-1 dry fiber). After 12 h incubation of the fibers with the isolated yeast strain, 4471 ± 19.5 lg g-1 dry fiber galacturonic acid was achieved with maximum weight loss of 11 ± 1.2%. This process reduced the amount of chemicals and energy used in conventional methods. It also contributed to enhance fineness and overall quality of the fiber strands. This study is relevant to the textile industry as it provided a fast, economical and eco-friendly method for degumming of flax fibers.
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2012
ABSTRACT A series of new symmetrical 3,6-bis(aryl)bis([1,2,4]triazolo)[3,4-a:40,30-c]phthalazines... more ABSTRACT A series of new symmetrical 3,6-bis(aryl)bis([1,2,4]triazolo)[3,4-a:40,30-c]phthalazines 9a-l has been conveniently synthesized by oxidative cyclization of 1,4-bis(substituted benzalhydrazino)phthalazines 8a-l promoted by iodobenzene diacetate under mild conditions (12 examples, up to 93% yield). All the 12 compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the synthesized compounds were also tested for their antifungal action against two fungi, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2009
A new series of complexes of the type [M(C24H16N4)X]X2, where M = Cr(III), Fe(III), and Mn(III), ... more A new series of complexes of the type [M(C24H16N4)X]X2, where M = Cr(III), Fe(III), and Mn(III), X = Cl-, NO3-, and CH3COO-, has been synthesized by template condensation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and glyoxal in the presence of trivalent metal salts in methanolic medium. The complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, conductance measurements, magnetic measurements, and electronic, NMR, IR, and mass spectral studies. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate square pyramidal geometry for all of these complexes has been proposed. All the synthesized metal complexes were also tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against some bacterial strains, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus (gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida (gram-negative bacteria), and some fungal strains, viz. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The results obtained were compared with standard antibiotics: chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and the antifungal drug cyclohexamide. Some of the tested complexes showed remarkable antimicrobial activities.
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2010
Mahajan, et al.: Gel Matrix for Entrapping Higher Content of Enzymes To check the suitability of ... more Mahajan, et al.: Gel Matrix for Entrapping Higher Content of Enzymes To check the suitability of enzyme entrapped beads for use in pharmaceutical industry, amylase enzyme was entrapped in agar/agarose, polyacrylamide gels and calcium alginate beads. Sodium alginate of 1% concentration was found to be best with respect to immobilization effi ciency and calcium alginate beads so obtained were not much susceptible to breakage. When sodium alginate-amylase mixture was added from a height of about 20-30 cm. into CaCl 2 solution, size of beads was large at higher alginate concentration due to the increase in the size of droplet formation before entering into CaCl 2 solution. Enzyme entrapped polyacrylamide and agar/agarose gels were fragile and could not withstand repeated use whereas enzyme entrapped in large calcium alginate beads was used successfully for 50 cycles for the conversion of starch into product without much damage to the beads under stirring conditions. Amylase preparation was also mixed with urease, lysozyme and coimmobilized in large sized calcium alginate beads. These beads were used for 10 repeated cycles to check the conversion of substrates into their products by their respective enzymes and we concluded that an enzyme or mixture of two or three enzymes can be immobilized in the same large sized calcium alginate beads. This will save the additional cost of bioreactor, manpower, maintenance conditions required for the conversion of one drug into another using enzyme/s entrapped in large sized beads.
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2010
Calf rennet, which consists of over 90% chymosin, is commonly used in cheese industries for the c... more Calf rennet, which consists of over 90% chymosin, is commonly used in cheese industries for the curdling of milk. Various animal, plant and microbial sources have been exploited as possible alternatives to calf rennet. The coagulating properties of the enzymatic preparations (coagulants) from these sources differ in terms of their physicochemical factors. The cheese industry has always sought out novel and stable enzyme sources, and recombinant chymosin has been found to be an effective alternative since it possesses several advantages over plant and microbial milk-clotting enzymes. This paper reviews the use of various milk coagulants, especially animal coagulants, for cheese making. Advancements in genetic and protein engineering to produce recombinant chymosin are discussed in addition to evaluating its identity to the rennet available from natural sources.
Biodegradation, 2011
Two stage statistical design was used to optimize xylanase production from Bacillus pumilus ASH u... more Two stage statistical design was used to optimize xylanase production from Bacillus pumilus ASH under solid-state fermentation. Initially, Plackett-Burman designing (PB) was used for the selection of crucial production parameters. Peptone, yeast extract, incubation time, moisture level and pH were found to be the crucial factors for the xylanase production. Crucial variables were further processed through central composite designing (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the xylanase yield. Each significant factor was investigated at five different levels to study their influence on enzyme production. Statistical approach resulted in 2.19-fold increase in xylanase yield over conventional strategy. The determination coefficient (R 2) as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was 0.9992, which shows the adequate credibility of the model. Potential of cellulase-free xylanase was further investigated for biobleaching of wheat straw pulp. Xylanase aided bleaching through XCDED 1 D 2 sequence resulted in 20 and 17% reduction in chlorine and chlorine dioxide consumption as compared to control. Significant increase in pulp brightness (%ISO), whiteness and improvement in various pulp properties was also observed.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2010
Two contrasting cyanobacterial species ( Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaena sphaerica ) were sele... more Two contrasting cyanobacterial species ( Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaena sphaerica ) were selected based on differences in antifungal behavior in order to study the mechanism for production of an antifungal enzyme and the genes responsible for this production. In A. fertilissima , chitosanase and antifungal activities were increased significantly under of growth-limiting conditions (8 of light and 16 h of darkness). The lack of such activities in A. sphaerica was associated with high levels of protein that accumulated during the stationary phase (at 28 days) under the same light conditions. The gene putatively responsible for chitosanase and antifungal activities was amplified using specific primers, and sequence analysis of the amplified products (1.086 and 1.101 kb in A. sphaerica and A. fertilissima , respectively) showed that they belong to the glycoside hydrolase 3 (GH3)-like family of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Pairwise alignment of the corresponding protein sequences ...
Annals of Microbiology, 2011
Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly ... more Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly isolated yeast Pseudozyma sp. SPJ was carried out in solid state fermentation (SSF). Among all the agro-industrial residues used as substrate, citrus peel was found to be the best. Maximum pectinase production was observed after 72 h of incubation at 32°C. The moistening agent containing MgSO 4 ⋅7H 2 O, KH 2 PO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , at pH 7.0 with a substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:3, was found to be most effective. No additive was required to supplement the substrate for production of the enzyme. Use of an economical substrate (citrus peel) and only a little mineral salt solution without any other supplement, made pectinase production cost-effective. A commendable enzyme titer (279,600±897 U g −1 solid substrate) by Pseudozyma sp. SPJ under such an economic solid state cultivation is reported for the first time. This enzyme could be applied in various industries (works within a good temperature and pH range) and in biodegradation of citrus waste.
Annals of Microbiology, 2011
ABSTRACT A novel antifungal chitosanase from Anabaena fertilissima, strain RPAN1, was characteriz... more ABSTRACT A novel antifungal chitosanase from Anabaena fertilissima, strain RPAN1, was characterized as a prelude to its use in biocontrol. The culture grown at 8:16 h L:D photoperiod showed highest chitosanase/antifungal activity under environmental and nutritional conditions of 43 μM of P level, pH 9.0 and temperature of 27°C. The transcriptional level of chitosanase encoding gene (cho) measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) also indicated increased expression levels under the same optimized conditions. Under these conditions, cho encoding chitosanase was purified which exhibited a specific activity of 822 U/mg. The chitosanase activity measured using different substrates showed the highest activity against colloidal chitosan. HPLC profile of the products of enzyme activity with different chitosan oligosaccharides revealed the production of dimer units (GlcN)2 or more, confirming the endo-type nature of the purified chitosanase. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme was 7.5 and 27°C, respectively. Further, the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 5.5–9.0 up to 12 h and temperature between 27 and 50°C up to 3 h. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by Ag+, Fe3+ and Hg2+ and stimulated by Cu+2 and Zn2+. The investigation revealed significant features regarding the stability of the chitosanase enzyme from A. fertilissima under a broad range of pH and temperature which can help in its effective use in biocontrol.
Annals of Microbiology, 2010
In the present investigation, a new method for isolation and selective screening of tanninolytic,... more In the present investigation, a new method for isolation and selective screening of tanninolytic, i.e. tannaseproducing, bacteria was developed and compared with the earlier prevalent method. Tannase-producing bacteria were screened on agar plates using a newly developed plate assay method in which tannase cleaves the tannin-protein complex formed by addition of tannic acid to the medium, and forms a greenish brown zone around the bacterial colony due to the degradation of tannic acid. Using conventional methods, the zone formed was not clearly visible and pigmentation development took 3-4 days; however, the new method yielded clearer and more sensitive results within a shorter incubation time of 48-72 h.
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 2019
Plant Biotechnology And Genetic Engineering
Chemosphere, 2007
and environmental concerns have led to an interest in 9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide)... more and environmental concerns have led to an interest in 9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a cyclodiene organodetoxification of endosulfan in the environment. chlorine currently used as an insecticide all over the world and its residues are posing a serious environmental threat. This study reports the Detoxification of pesticides through biological means isolation and identification of enriched microorganisms, capable of is receiving serious attention as an alternative to existing degrading endosulfan. Enrichment was achieved by using the insectimethods, such as incineration and landfill. A preliminary cide as either the sole source of carbon or sulfur in parallel studies. step in the investigation of enzymatic technologies for Two strains each of fungi (F1 and F4) and bacteria (BF2 and B4) were endosulfan detoxification is the definitive identification selected using endosulfan as a sole carbon source. A Pandoraea speof a biological source of endosulfan degrading activity. cies (Lin-3) previously isolated in our laboratory using lindane (␥-HCH) Microorganisms have increasingly been investigated as as a carbon source was also screened for endosulfan degradation. F1 a source of xenobiotic-degrading enzymes (Chen and and F4 (Fusarium ventricosum) degraded ␣-endosulfan by as much Mulchandani, 1998). as 82.2 and 91.1% and -endosulfan by 78.5 and 89.9%, respectively, Several studies have reported the isolation of bactewithin 15 d of incubation. Bacterial strains B4 and Lin-3 degraded ␣-endosulfan up to 79.6 and 81.8% and -endosulfan up to 83.9 and rial co-culture (Awasthi et al., 1997) and mixed cultures 86.8%, respectively, in 15 d. Among the bacterial strains isolated by pro-(Sutherland et al., 2000) capable of degrading endosulviding endosulfan as a sulfur source, B4s and F4t degraded ␣-endosulfan. Mukherjee and Gopal (1994) reported the degradafan by as much as 70.4 and 68.5% and -endosulfan by 70.4 and 70.8%, tion of -endosulfan by Aspergillus niger. Although Trirespectively, after 15 d. Degradation of the insecticide occurred concochoderma harzianum (Katayama and Matsumura, 1993), mitant with bacterial growth reaching an optical density (OD 600) of 0.366 Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Kullman and Matsuand 0.322 for B4 and Lin-3, respectively. High OD 600 was also noted mura, 1996), and Mucor thermohyalospora MTCC 1384 with the other bacterial strains utilizing endosulfan as a sulfur source. (Shetty et al., 2000) have been examined for endosulfan Fungal and bacterial strains significantly decreased the pH of the nudegradation, these fungi were isolated for other degratrient culture media while growing on endosulfan. The results of this dative activities. study suggest that these novel strains are a valuable source of potent endosulfan-degrading enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation. Technical-grade endosulfan (99.5% pure) was purchased from Chem Services (West Chester, PA). Technical grade endo-T. Siddique, B.C. Okeke, and W.T. Frankenberger, Jr., Dep. of sulfan (used commercially) is a mixture of two diastereoiso
Journal of bioscience and …, 2005
Efficient selective synthesis of the secondary amide surfactant N-methyl lauroylethanolamide from... more Efficient selective synthesis of the secondary amide surfactant N-methyl lauroylethanolamide from methyl laurate and N-methylethanol amine by carrier-fixed Chirazyme L-2 (Candida antarctica) using a kinetic strategy has been demonstrated. When different solvents were ...
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2010
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Molecules, 2021
Urease is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of urea into carbonic acid an... more Urease is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the hydrolysis of urea into carbonic acid and ammonia via the carbamic acid formation. The resultant increase in pH leads to the onset of various pathologies such as gastric cancer, urolithiasis, hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, duodenal ulcers and peptic ulcers. Urease inhibitors can reduce the urea hydrolysis rate and development of various diseases. The Cinnamomum genus is used in a large number of traditional medicines. It is well established that stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia exhibits antiulcerogenic potential. The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of seven extracts of Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum verum and two pure compounds Camphene and Cuminaldehyde on urease enzyme. Kinetic studies of potential inhibitors were carried out. Methanol extract (IC50 980 µg/mL) of C. camphora and a monoterpene Camphene (IC50 0.147 µg/mL) possess significant inhibitory activity. The Lineweaver Burk plot analysis suggested t...
In textile industry, untreated effluents pollute aquatic systems, almost irreversibly. Synthetic ... more In textile industry, untreated effluents pollute aquatic systems, almost irreversibly. Synthetic dyes not only change the colour of water resources but also make them toxic. In this study, we evaluated decolourizing potential of microbial isolates so as to use them as bioremediation agents. Two bacterial isolates, Bacillus flexus and Alcaligenes faecalis were isolated from the textile effluent samples collected from Nahar textile industry, Lalru (Punjab). Both these isolates have high decolourization potential and take only 24 h for complete decolourization. Different parameters, such as carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH, concentration of dyes and inoculum size were optimized for decolourization of remazol black, direct blue and acid orange which are azo dyes that are most widely used and are highly toxic. Bacillus flexus showed 100% decolourization after 20 h with acid orange and at 24 h for remazol black and direct blue. Alcaligenes faecalis showed the best incubatio...
Progress in Orthodontics, 2017
Background: With change in concepts of growth determination methods, there is a surge in the meas... more Background: With change in concepts of growth determination methods, there is a surge in the measurement of biomarkers for appraisal of growth status. Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein and was observed to parallel the normal growth curve. Hence, the present study was intended to assess the levels of serum osteocalcin and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and compare them with cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) stages. Methods: The cross-sectional study was performed on 150 subjects (75 males and 75 females) in the age group of 8-20 years and segregated into six CVMI stages. Serum osteocalcin and IGF-1 were estimated by ELISA. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean ranks of serum osteocalcin and serum IGF-1 with different CVMI stages. Spearman correlation was performed to find association between serum osteocalcin and serum IGF-1 across six CVMI stages. Results: Peak serum IGF-1 levels were obtained at CVMI stages 4 and 3 for males and females, respectively, with insignificant difference between stages 3 and 4 in females. Peak serum osteocalcin levels were found at stage 5 and 3 for males and females with insignificant difference from other stages except stages 5 and 6 in males. A statistically significant correlation was seen between serum IGF-1 and serum osteocalcin across six CVMI stages (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Osteocalcin followed IGF-1 across all CVMI stages but showed insignificant interstage differences.
International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, 2015
Flavobacterium bolustinum and its extracellular cellulase were tested for animal feed pretreatmen... more Flavobacterium bolustinum and its extracellular cellulase were tested for animal feed pretreatment. The fibrolytic enzymes, cellulase and pectinase were applied to various crop residues such as wheat straw, rice straw, corn seeds and sorghum for enriching animal feed. Different parameters like temperature, incubation time and enzyme dose had been optimized for maximum reducing sugar and protein release. The highest amount of reducing sugar obtained was 29.83 mg g-1 dry substrate and soluble protein was 27.34 mg g-1 dry substrate on single cellulase enzyme treatment at 50°C for 6 h. An increase in amount of released reducing sugar (39.5 mg g-1 dry substrate) and protein (33.88 mg g-1 dry substrate) was observed when enzyme cocktail (cellulose and pectinase) was used. Solid state fermentation using F. bolustinum had also been performed for all crop residues. It released higher amount of reducing sugar (41.36 mg g-1) and protein (47.21 mg g-1) as compared to enzymatic treatment. Different substrates resulted in appreciable weight loss by enzymatic treatment (15-35%) as well as fermentation using F. bolustinum (40%). Liquefaction of lignocellulosic rich crop residues, for better utilization of feed has never been reported earlier.
Frontiers in Biology, 2014
PloS one, 2014
In order to reduce the ecotoxicity of paper mill, four different enzymatic pretreatment strategie... more In order to reduce the ecotoxicity of paper mill, four different enzymatic pretreatment strategies were investigated in comparison to conventional chemical based processes. In strategy I, xylanase-aided pretreatment of pulp was carried out, and in strategy II, xylanase and laccase-mediator systems were used sequentially. Moreover, to compare the efficiency of Bacillus stearothermophilus xylanase and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora laccase in the reduction of ecotoxicity and pollution, parallel strategies (III and IV) were implemented using commercial enzymes. Conventional C(D)E(OP)D(1)D(2) (C(D), Cl(2) with ClO2; EOP, H2O2 extraction; D1 and D2, ClO2) and X/XLC(D)E(OP)D(1)D(2) (X, xylanase; L, laccase) sequences were employed with non-enzymatic and enzymatic strategies, respectively. Acute toxicity was determined by the extent of inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri with different dilutions of the effluent. Two-fold increase was observed in EC50 values for strategy I compare...
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2011
A cellulase free, alkaline, thermo-tolerant pectinase was produced by a novel yeast strain Pseudo... more A cellulase free, alkaline, thermo-tolerant pectinase was produced by a novel yeast strain Pseudozyma sp. SPJ using citrus peel as inexpensive carbon source. The crude enzyme showed good prospects in degumming of flax fibers for textile industry. An optimum pectinase dose of 80 U g-1 resulted in reduction of 15 ± 1.92% dry weight of the fibers, releasing maximum galacturonic acid (10825.5 ± 34.2 lg g-1 dry fiber) after the incubation of 6 h. The yeast culture could grow on the flax fibers (as sole carbon source) without addition of any other nutrient and produce good enzyme yield (9235.5 ± 21.51 U g-1 dry fiber). After 12 h incubation of the fibers with the isolated yeast strain, 4471 ± 19.5 lg g-1 dry fiber galacturonic acid was achieved with maximum weight loss of 11 ± 1.2%. This process reduced the amount of chemicals and energy used in conventional methods. It also contributed to enhance fineness and overall quality of the fiber strands. This study is relevant to the textile industry as it provided a fast, economical and eco-friendly method for degumming of flax fibers.
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2012
ABSTRACT A series of new symmetrical 3,6-bis(aryl)bis([1,2,4]triazolo)[3,4-a:40,30-c]phthalazines... more ABSTRACT A series of new symmetrical 3,6-bis(aryl)bis([1,2,4]triazolo)[3,4-a:40,30-c]phthalazines 9a-l has been conveniently synthesized by oxidative cyclization of 1,4-bis(substituted benzalhydrazino)phthalazines 8a-l promoted by iodobenzene diacetate under mild conditions (12 examples, up to 93% yield). All the 12 compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the synthesized compounds were also tested for their antifungal action against two fungi, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2009
A new series of complexes of the type [M(C24H16N4)X]X2, where M = Cr(III), Fe(III), and Mn(III), ... more A new series of complexes of the type [M(C24H16N4)X]X2, where M = Cr(III), Fe(III), and Mn(III), X = Cl-, NO3-, and CH3COO-, has been synthesized by template condensation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and glyoxal in the presence of trivalent metal salts in methanolic medium. The complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, conductance measurements, magnetic measurements, and electronic, NMR, IR, and mass spectral studies. On the basis of these studies, a five-coordinate square pyramidal geometry for all of these complexes has been proposed. All the synthesized metal complexes were also tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against some bacterial strains, viz. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus (gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida (gram-negative bacteria), and some fungal strains, viz. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The results obtained were compared with standard antibiotics: chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and the antifungal drug cyclohexamide. Some of the tested complexes showed remarkable antimicrobial activities.
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2010
Mahajan, et al.: Gel Matrix for Entrapping Higher Content of Enzymes To check the suitability of ... more Mahajan, et al.: Gel Matrix for Entrapping Higher Content of Enzymes To check the suitability of enzyme entrapped beads for use in pharmaceutical industry, amylase enzyme was entrapped in agar/agarose, polyacrylamide gels and calcium alginate beads. Sodium alginate of 1% concentration was found to be best with respect to immobilization effi ciency and calcium alginate beads so obtained were not much susceptible to breakage. When sodium alginate-amylase mixture was added from a height of about 20-30 cm. into CaCl 2 solution, size of beads was large at higher alginate concentration due to the increase in the size of droplet formation before entering into CaCl 2 solution. Enzyme entrapped polyacrylamide and agar/agarose gels were fragile and could not withstand repeated use whereas enzyme entrapped in large calcium alginate beads was used successfully for 50 cycles for the conversion of starch into product without much damage to the beads under stirring conditions. Amylase preparation was also mixed with urease, lysozyme and coimmobilized in large sized calcium alginate beads. These beads were used for 10 repeated cycles to check the conversion of substrates into their products by their respective enzymes and we concluded that an enzyme or mixture of two or three enzymes can be immobilized in the same large sized calcium alginate beads. This will save the additional cost of bioreactor, manpower, maintenance conditions required for the conversion of one drug into another using enzyme/s entrapped in large sized beads.
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2010
Calf rennet, which consists of over 90% chymosin, is commonly used in cheese industries for the c... more Calf rennet, which consists of over 90% chymosin, is commonly used in cheese industries for the curdling of milk. Various animal, plant and microbial sources have been exploited as possible alternatives to calf rennet. The coagulating properties of the enzymatic preparations (coagulants) from these sources differ in terms of their physicochemical factors. The cheese industry has always sought out novel and stable enzyme sources, and recombinant chymosin has been found to be an effective alternative since it possesses several advantages over plant and microbial milk-clotting enzymes. This paper reviews the use of various milk coagulants, especially animal coagulants, for cheese making. Advancements in genetic and protein engineering to produce recombinant chymosin are discussed in addition to evaluating its identity to the rennet available from natural sources.
Biodegradation, 2011
Two stage statistical design was used to optimize xylanase production from Bacillus pumilus ASH u... more Two stage statistical design was used to optimize xylanase production from Bacillus pumilus ASH under solid-state fermentation. Initially, Plackett-Burman designing (PB) was used for the selection of crucial production parameters. Peptone, yeast extract, incubation time, moisture level and pH were found to be the crucial factors for the xylanase production. Crucial variables were further processed through central composite designing (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the xylanase yield. Each significant factor was investigated at five different levels to study their influence on enzyme production. Statistical approach resulted in 2.19-fold increase in xylanase yield over conventional strategy. The determination coefficient (R 2) as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was 0.9992, which shows the adequate credibility of the model. Potential of cellulase-free xylanase was further investigated for biobleaching of wheat straw pulp. Xylanase aided bleaching through XCDED 1 D 2 sequence resulted in 20 and 17% reduction in chlorine and chlorine dioxide consumption as compared to control. Significant increase in pulp brightness (%ISO), whiteness and improvement in various pulp properties was also observed.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2010
Two contrasting cyanobacterial species ( Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaena sphaerica ) were sele... more Two contrasting cyanobacterial species ( Anabaena fertilissima and Anabaena sphaerica ) were selected based on differences in antifungal behavior in order to study the mechanism for production of an antifungal enzyme and the genes responsible for this production. In A. fertilissima , chitosanase and antifungal activities were increased significantly under of growth-limiting conditions (8 of light and 16 h of darkness). The lack of such activities in A. sphaerica was associated with high levels of protein that accumulated during the stationary phase (at 28 days) under the same light conditions. The gene putatively responsible for chitosanase and antifungal activities was amplified using specific primers, and sequence analysis of the amplified products (1.086 and 1.101 kb in A. sphaerica and A. fertilissima , respectively) showed that they belong to the glycoside hydrolase 3 (GH3)-like family of Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Pairwise alignment of the corresponding protein sequences ...
Annals of Microbiology, 2011
Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly ... more Production of high titers of an alkaline, extracellular and thermo-tolerant pectinase by a newly isolated yeast Pseudozyma sp. SPJ was carried out in solid state fermentation (SSF). Among all the agro-industrial residues used as substrate, citrus peel was found to be the best. Maximum pectinase production was observed after 72 h of incubation at 32°C. The moistening agent containing MgSO 4 ⋅7H 2 O, KH 2 PO 4 and (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , at pH 7.0 with a substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:3, was found to be most effective. No additive was required to supplement the substrate for production of the enzyme. Use of an economical substrate (citrus peel) and only a little mineral salt solution without any other supplement, made pectinase production cost-effective. A commendable enzyme titer (279,600±897 U g −1 solid substrate) by Pseudozyma sp. SPJ under such an economic solid state cultivation is reported for the first time. This enzyme could be applied in various industries (works within a good temperature and pH range) and in biodegradation of citrus waste.
Annals of Microbiology, 2011
ABSTRACT A novel antifungal chitosanase from Anabaena fertilissima, strain RPAN1, was characteriz... more ABSTRACT A novel antifungal chitosanase from Anabaena fertilissima, strain RPAN1, was characterized as a prelude to its use in biocontrol. The culture grown at 8:16 h L:D photoperiod showed highest chitosanase/antifungal activity under environmental and nutritional conditions of 43 μM of P level, pH 9.0 and temperature of 27°C. The transcriptional level of chitosanase encoding gene (cho) measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) also indicated increased expression levels under the same optimized conditions. Under these conditions, cho encoding chitosanase was purified which exhibited a specific activity of 822 U/mg. The chitosanase activity measured using different substrates showed the highest activity against colloidal chitosan. HPLC profile of the products of enzyme activity with different chitosan oligosaccharides revealed the production of dimer units (GlcN)2 or more, confirming the endo-type nature of the purified chitosanase. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme was 7.5 and 27°C, respectively. Further, the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 5.5–9.0 up to 12 h and temperature between 27 and 50°C up to 3 h. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by Ag+, Fe3+ and Hg2+ and stimulated by Cu+2 and Zn2+. The investigation revealed significant features regarding the stability of the chitosanase enzyme from A. fertilissima under a broad range of pH and temperature which can help in its effective use in biocontrol.
Annals of Microbiology, 2010
In the present investigation, a new method for isolation and selective screening of tanninolytic,... more In the present investigation, a new method for isolation and selective screening of tanninolytic, i.e. tannaseproducing, bacteria was developed and compared with the earlier prevalent method. Tannase-producing bacteria were screened on agar plates using a newly developed plate assay method in which tannase cleaves the tannin-protein complex formed by addition of tannic acid to the medium, and forms a greenish brown zone around the bacterial colony due to the degradation of tannic acid. Using conventional methods, the zone formed was not clearly visible and pigmentation development took 3-4 days; however, the new method yielded clearer and more sensitive results within a shorter incubation time of 48-72 h.
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 2019
Plant Biotechnology And Genetic Engineering
Chemosphere, 2007
and environmental concerns have led to an interest in 9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide)... more and environmental concerns have led to an interest in 9-methano-2,3,4-benzo-dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a cyclodiene organodetoxification of endosulfan in the environment. chlorine currently used as an insecticide all over the world and its residues are posing a serious environmental threat. This study reports the Detoxification of pesticides through biological means isolation and identification of enriched microorganisms, capable of is receiving serious attention as an alternative to existing degrading endosulfan. Enrichment was achieved by using the insectimethods, such as incineration and landfill. A preliminary cide as either the sole source of carbon or sulfur in parallel studies. step in the investigation of enzymatic technologies for Two strains each of fungi (F1 and F4) and bacteria (BF2 and B4) were endosulfan detoxification is the definitive identification selected using endosulfan as a sole carbon source. A Pandoraea speof a biological source of endosulfan degrading activity. cies (Lin-3) previously isolated in our laboratory using lindane (␥-HCH) Microorganisms have increasingly been investigated as as a carbon source was also screened for endosulfan degradation. F1 a source of xenobiotic-degrading enzymes (Chen and and F4 (Fusarium ventricosum) degraded ␣-endosulfan by as much Mulchandani, 1998). as 82.2 and 91.1% and -endosulfan by 78.5 and 89.9%, respectively, Several studies have reported the isolation of bactewithin 15 d of incubation. Bacterial strains B4 and Lin-3 degraded ␣-endosulfan up to 79.6 and 81.8% and -endosulfan up to 83.9 and rial co-culture (Awasthi et al., 1997) and mixed cultures 86.8%, respectively, in 15 d. Among the bacterial strains isolated by pro-(Sutherland et al., 2000) capable of degrading endosulviding endosulfan as a sulfur source, B4s and F4t degraded ␣-endosulfan. Mukherjee and Gopal (1994) reported the degradafan by as much as 70.4 and 68.5% and -endosulfan by 70.4 and 70.8%, tion of -endosulfan by Aspergillus niger. Although Trirespectively, after 15 d. Degradation of the insecticide occurred concochoderma harzianum (Katayama and Matsumura, 1993), mitant with bacterial growth reaching an optical density (OD 600) of 0.366 Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Kullman and Matsuand 0.322 for B4 and Lin-3, respectively. High OD 600 was also noted mura, 1996), and Mucor thermohyalospora MTCC 1384 with the other bacterial strains utilizing endosulfan as a sulfur source. (Shetty et al., 2000) have been examined for endosulfan Fungal and bacterial strains significantly decreased the pH of the nudegradation, these fungi were isolated for other degratrient culture media while growing on endosulfan. The results of this dative activities. study suggest that these novel strains are a valuable source of potent endosulfan-degrading enzymes for use in enzymatic bioremediation. Technical-grade endosulfan (99.5% pure) was purchased from Chem Services (West Chester, PA). Technical grade endo-T. Siddique, B.C. Okeke, and W.T. Frankenberger, Jr., Dep. of sulfan (used commercially) is a mixture of two diastereoiso
Journal of bioscience and …, 2005
Efficient selective synthesis of the secondary amide surfactant N-methyl lauroylethanolamide from... more Efficient selective synthesis of the secondary amide surfactant N-methyl lauroylethanolamide from methyl laurate and N-methylethanol amine by carrier-fixed Chirazyme L-2 (Candida antarctica) using a kinetic strategy has been demonstrated. When different solvents were ...
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2010
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