Joanathan D I N G K W O E T Dabak (original) (raw)
Papers by Joanathan D I N G K W O E T Dabak
Research Square (Research Square), Oct 17, 2023
It has been a regular practice in this part of the world to continually use spent edible oil and ... more It has been a regular practice in this part of the world to continually use spent edible oil and consumed it without knowing the harmful effects of such. Heating results in the formation of free reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is responsible for oxidative stress and changes to various organs in the body. The study aimed at investigating the changes caused on liver and kidney by consumption of repeatedly used (spent) oil and possible ameliorating potential of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on spent vegetable oil-induced liver and kidney changes in Wistar albino rats. Blood samples were obtained and assayed for biomarkers of liver and kidney damage; Liver and kidney were harvested to study the histological changes before, during and after administration of virgin coconut oil. It was observed that spent vegetable oils induced severe damage on liver and kidney. While administration of virgin coconut oil signi cantly (p < 0.05) reversed the changes induced by the spent oil as observed in the biomarkers AST, ALT, ALP, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Total serum protein, Albumin. These ndings suggest that VCO could ameliorate the adverse effect of consumption of spent oil on liver and kidney indices in rats.
Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health
Archives of Nephrology and Urology
Background: There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected ... more Background: There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoholics. Water quality assessment in the area, indicated that it is contaminated with cadmium and had high magnesium content. The aim of this work, therefore, was to mimic the co-administration of cadmium and magnesium with graded concentrations of alcohol using a rat model to assess the effect on the liver, kidney and redox status, in order to give a plausible explanation on the cause(s) of this health challenge. Methods and Results: Rats were randomly divided into eight groups of 4 rats per group in metabolic cages. Group 1 served as normal control and fed with animal Feed and Water only. Group 2 was treated with feed and 6% Alcohol only (Test control). Group 3 to 8 were treated with the combination of cadmium, magnesium and graded concentrations of alcohol (aq). Treatments were done for a period of 21 days, after which the rats were sacrificed, serum was obtained for biochemical analysis; the liver and kidney were harvested for histopathological examinations and redox status assessment. The results revealed that increasing alcohol concentration with a constant concentration of Cd and Mg induces increasing degrees of hepatic, renal and oxidative damages. Pronounced damages in the tissues are in the alcohol concentrations above 4% v/v. Conclusion: This suggest that alcoholics have higher risk of kidney, liver and oxidative stress diseases caused by cadmium toxicity in areas where the water source is polluted with cadmium as the case with our study area.
Brazilian Journal of Science
There was a report of health challenges in our study area due to the consumption of water from we... more There was a report of health challenges in our study area due to the consumption of water from wells sited in the community. The research was aimed at assessing the water quality parameters of the wells consumed by the villagers towards providing information on the possible health implication(s) of its consumption. Two sampling sites were selected, well 1 and well 2, which were hitherto the sole sources of water in the village. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters of samples were done in order to assess their conformance with the specification of Nigerian Standard for drinking water quality (NIS 554-2015). The results indicated that all physical water quality parameters have their mean concentration values below the maximum permissible limits, except colour which had total mean concentrations of 16.5 ± 0.65 TCU and 15.3 ± 0.65 TCU for well 1 and well 2 respectively, are relatively above the allowable unit range of 15 TCU (NIS-554-2015). The water quality assessment...
This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species va... more This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species variations on the uptake of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in water, fish and fish parts to monitor the toxicity potentials of consuming these fish. The water and fish samples were obtained from four locations (Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond) in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria, Water and six fish species samples were collected from the four locations, digested and analysed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model 210VGP. Results show that pH of the water sources from Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond were 7.1, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.2 respectively. The concentrations of Cu in the water sources were 0.030±0.001, 0.010±0.003, 0.020±0.000, 0.027±0.000 in Farin Gada stream, Nasco pond, Lamingo Dam and mining pond respectively; Fe were 2.2±0.1, 0.0±0,000, 0.2±0.003 and 0.3±0.001; Ca were 305±3.0...
Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 2009
Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 2007
There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoh... more There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoholics. Water quality assessment in the area, indicated that it is contaminated with cadmium and had high magnesium content. The aim of this work, therefore, was to mimic the co-administration of cadmium and magnesium with graded concentrations of alcohol using a rat model to assess the retention of cadmium in the liver, kidney and heart, in order to give a plausible explanation on the cause(s) of this health challenge. To achieve this aim, rats were randomly divided into eight groups of 4 rats per group in metabolic cages. Group 1 served as normal control and fed with animal Feed and Water only. Group 2 was treated with feed and 6% Alcohol only (Test control). Group 3 to 8 were treated with the combination of cadmium and magnesium and graded concentrations of alcohol (aq). Treatment was done for a period of 21 days, after which the rats were sacrificed, and the assessment of the accumula...
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), M... more Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) contents in maize (Zea mays) flour and the consequent impact on the kidney of albino rats. Study Design: The rats were randomly divided into groups of five rats per group. Six of the groups were fed with maize flour milled with a hammer mill, while the other six groups were fed with maize flour milled with a disc mill, and the thirteenth group was fed with crushed flour in a mortar and pestle as a control. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia on the 14th and 28th days. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Histology laboratories of the University of Jos, Nigeria, between, January to June, 2021. Methodology: For six days, a portion of the maize grains was milled with a hammer mill, another with a disc mill, and a third fraction was crushed into flour with a wooden mortar. The inductive coupled plasma mass spectrop...
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, March 2016, Mar 1, 2016
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2021
Oxidative stress overwhelms the antioxidant mechanisms of living systems, with active involvement... more Oxidative stress overwhelms the antioxidant mechanisms of living systems, with active involvement in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Natives of Gangnim in the Plateau State of Nigeria may be unknowingly endowed with some protective advantages against oxidative stress for their habitual consumption of Artemisia annua tea. The antioxidant activities of A. annua extracts were determined using in vitro methods and the inhibitory potentials of twenty-nine (29) bioactive compounds of the plant against oxidative stress target proteins were assessed through molecular docking analysis. These extracts showed significantly high activities in scavenging nitric oxide, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) iron. Virtually, none of the bioactive compounds binds to the active site of the antioxidant protein targets. Rather, 72.41, 93.10 and 75.86% of these compounds bind with high binding affinity to the activator binding sites of superoxide dismuta...
chayamansa is one of the plants which is commonly used as a source of nutrients and for medicinal... more chayamansa is one of the plants which is commonly used as a source of nutrients and for medicinal benefits especially among rural kuchigoro community in Nigeria, where pregnant women and diabetic patients use the aqueous leaf extract of the plant to boost their haematological parameters and to lower blood glucose. The benefits they claim to have from this leaf extract may come along with some levels of injury to the liver. Therefore, a rat model was used to verify this claim and to assess the possible hepatotoxicity that could come along with the ingestion of the plant extract. Diabetics was induced in rats and then treated with a low and a high dose of the aqueous leaf extract and also with a standard drug. Results show that the diabetic rats treated with the aqueous leaf extract with the low, and high dose of the leaf extract and the standard drug decreased blood glucose at day 7 and a further decrease at day 14, which was significantly (p<0.05) different from the test control;...
This work aimed at determining the effect of co-administration of graded concentrations of Ca on ... more This work aimed at determining the effect of co-administration of graded concentrations of Ca on Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions urinary excretion and kidney histochemistry of Cd and Pb co-intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, group two was fed with the combination of 0.327mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd, while group three to five were fed with the combination of 0.327mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Ca. A twenty-four hour (24h) urine sample from the rats in their respective groups, in the urine collector of the metabolic cages, were collected daily for fourteen days and kept frozen. After the termination of the experiments, the rats were humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, the kidney was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for histopathological studies. Results show that urinary excretion of Cd and Pb increased as the concentrations of Ca was ...
Adverse environmental impacts from excessive heavy metals dispersed from mines and smelter sites ... more Adverse environmental impacts from excessive heavy metals dispersed from mines and smelter sites include contamination of water, soil and phytotoxicity leading to potential risks to human health. One of the organs that are exposed to heavy metal toxicity is the kidney. In this study, concurrent administration of different combinations of Cd, Pb, Ca and Mg were carried out using a rat model to determine the nephrotoxicity of Cd and Pb, and also the nephroprotective potential of Ca and Mg against Cd and Pb. Studies indicate that the urinary excretion of Cd and Pb ions were increased as the concentrations of the combination of Ca and Mg were elevated thus: 0.0302±0.002, 0.0665±0.001, 0.0911±0.002, 0.2284±0.005, 0.0808±0.000 and 0.0246±0.001, 0.0095±0.002, 0.0881±0.0.003, 0.1037±0.003, 0.0940±0.000 respectively. The addition of either Cd or Pb salt alone without the addition of Ca and Mg salts show that the urinary excretion of Cd ions decreased as compared to control irrespective of th...
British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2015
International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 2015
Aims: To concurrently administer constant toxic concentrations of Cd and Pb with graded concentra... more Aims: To concurrently administer constant toxic concentrations of Cd and Pb with graded concentrations of Ca and Mg using a rat model to determine their nephroprotective effects against Cd and Pb nephrotixicities. Study Design: Wistar rats were divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic cages. Group one was placed on tap water only, while group two to five were placed on a constant Original Research Article
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 2013
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2009
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014
Effects of alcoholic solution of binary mixtures of salts of metals on some hepatic and nephrotic... more Effects of alcoholic solution of binary mixtures of salts of metals on some hepatic and nephrotic parameters in animal model was monitored using spectrophotometric technique. The serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP and concentrations of ALB, TP, UR, CR were assayed. Animals were orally exposed to the solutions continually for seven, fourteen and twenty one consecutive days respectively. Results obtained showed increased activities of ALT particularly for groups fed Fe+Zn and Pb+Fe relative control (P<0.01) whereas Fe+Cd was least; for AST activity, Pb+Cd caused highest increase in activity with Fe+Zn being the least; trend for ALP activity was Pb+Cd highest while Fe+Zn caused the least effect. In the case of albumin, Fe+Cd highest whereas Fe+Zn and Pb+Cd had values lower than the control group values. In the case of urea, Pb+Cd caused the highest increase whereas Fe+Zn was the least. As for creatinine, Fe+Cd caused the highest increase whereas Fe+Zn had the least (p<0.01). Alcoholic solution of Fe+Zn generally caused marginal increase of the parameters monitored whereas other metals combinations synergistically caused duration of administrationdependent increase levels of the parameters relative control groups and therefore the integrity and functions of the organs could be compromised. InStat3 Statistical Software was used and ANOVA was chosen to analyse the data; P value 0.01 was considered significant.
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012
Research Square (Research Square), Oct 17, 2023
It has been a regular practice in this part of the world to continually use spent edible oil and ... more It has been a regular practice in this part of the world to continually use spent edible oil and consumed it without knowing the harmful effects of such. Heating results in the formation of free reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is responsible for oxidative stress and changes to various organs in the body. The study aimed at investigating the changes caused on liver and kidney by consumption of repeatedly used (spent) oil and possible ameliorating potential of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on spent vegetable oil-induced liver and kidney changes in Wistar albino rats. Blood samples were obtained and assayed for biomarkers of liver and kidney damage; Liver and kidney were harvested to study the histological changes before, during and after administration of virgin coconut oil. It was observed that spent vegetable oils induced severe damage on liver and kidney. While administration of virgin coconut oil signi cantly (p < 0.05) reversed the changes induced by the spent oil as observed in the biomarkers AST, ALT, ALP, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Total serum protein, Albumin. These ndings suggest that VCO could ameliorate the adverse effect of consumption of spent oil on liver and kidney indices in rats.
Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health
Archives of Nephrology and Urology
Background: There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected ... more Background: There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoholics. Water quality assessment in the area, indicated that it is contaminated with cadmium and had high magnesium content. The aim of this work, therefore, was to mimic the co-administration of cadmium and magnesium with graded concentrations of alcohol using a rat model to assess the effect on the liver, kidney and redox status, in order to give a plausible explanation on the cause(s) of this health challenge. Methods and Results: Rats were randomly divided into eight groups of 4 rats per group in metabolic cages. Group 1 served as normal control and fed with animal Feed and Water only. Group 2 was treated with feed and 6% Alcohol only (Test control). Group 3 to 8 were treated with the combination of cadmium, magnesium and graded concentrations of alcohol (aq). Treatments were done for a period of 21 days, after which the rats were sacrificed, serum was obtained for biochemical analysis; the liver and kidney were harvested for histopathological examinations and redox status assessment. The results revealed that increasing alcohol concentration with a constant concentration of Cd and Mg induces increasing degrees of hepatic, renal and oxidative damages. Pronounced damages in the tissues are in the alcohol concentrations above 4% v/v. Conclusion: This suggest that alcoholics have higher risk of kidney, liver and oxidative stress diseases caused by cadmium toxicity in areas where the water source is polluted with cadmium as the case with our study area.
Brazilian Journal of Science
There was a report of health challenges in our study area due to the consumption of water from we... more There was a report of health challenges in our study area due to the consumption of water from wells sited in the community. The research was aimed at assessing the water quality parameters of the wells consumed by the villagers towards providing information on the possible health implication(s) of its consumption. Two sampling sites were selected, well 1 and well 2, which were hitherto the sole sources of water in the village. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters of samples were done in order to assess their conformance with the specification of Nigerian Standard for drinking water quality (NIS 554-2015). The results indicated that all physical water quality parameters have their mean concentration values below the maximum permissible limits, except colour which had total mean concentrations of 16.5 ± 0.65 TCU and 15.3 ± 0.65 TCU for well 1 and well 2 respectively, are relatively above the allowable unit range of 15 TCU (NIS-554-2015). The water quality assessment...
This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species va... more This study was designed to assess the effect of relative metals concentrations, pH and species variations on the uptake of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in water, fish and fish parts to monitor the toxicity potentials of consuming these fish. The water and fish samples were obtained from four locations (Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond) in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria, Water and six fish species samples were collected from the four locations, digested and analysed using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, model 210VGP. Results show that pH of the water sources from Farin gada stream, Lamingo Dam, Nasco pond and mining pond were 7.1, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.2 respectively. The concentrations of Cu in the water sources were 0.030±0.001, 0.010±0.003, 0.020±0.000, 0.027±0.000 in Farin Gada stream, Nasco pond, Lamingo Dam and mining pond respectively; Fe were 2.2±0.1, 0.0±0,000, 0.2±0.003 and 0.3±0.001; Ca were 305±3.0...
Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 2009
Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 2007
There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoh... more There was a health challenge in our study area with no known etiology which affected mostly alcoholics. Water quality assessment in the area, indicated that it is contaminated with cadmium and had high magnesium content. The aim of this work, therefore, was to mimic the co-administration of cadmium and magnesium with graded concentrations of alcohol using a rat model to assess the retention of cadmium in the liver, kidney and heart, in order to give a plausible explanation on the cause(s) of this health challenge. To achieve this aim, rats were randomly divided into eight groups of 4 rats per group in metabolic cages. Group 1 served as normal control and fed with animal Feed and Water only. Group 2 was treated with feed and 6% Alcohol only (Test control). Group 3 to 8 were treated with the combination of cadmium and magnesium and graded concentrations of alcohol (aq). Treatment was done for a period of 21 days, after which the rats were sacrificed, and the assessment of the accumula...
European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety
Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), M... more Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) contents in maize (Zea mays) flour and the consequent impact on the kidney of albino rats. Study Design: The rats were randomly divided into groups of five rats per group. Six of the groups were fed with maize flour milled with a hammer mill, while the other six groups were fed with maize flour milled with a disc mill, and the thirteenth group was fed with crushed flour in a mortar and pestle as a control. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia on the 14th and 28th days. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Histology laboratories of the University of Jos, Nigeria, between, January to June, 2021. Methodology: For six days, a portion of the maize grains was milled with a hammer mill, another with a disc mill, and a third fraction was crushed into flour with a wooden mortar. The inductive coupled plasma mass spectrop...
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, March 2016, Mar 1, 2016
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2021
Oxidative stress overwhelms the antioxidant mechanisms of living systems, with active involvement... more Oxidative stress overwhelms the antioxidant mechanisms of living systems, with active involvement in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Natives of Gangnim in the Plateau State of Nigeria may be unknowingly endowed with some protective advantages against oxidative stress for their habitual consumption of Artemisia annua tea. The antioxidant activities of A. annua extracts were determined using in vitro methods and the inhibitory potentials of twenty-nine (29) bioactive compounds of the plant against oxidative stress target proteins were assessed through molecular docking analysis. These extracts showed significantly high activities in scavenging nitric oxide, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing ferric (Fe3+) to ferrous (Fe2+) iron. Virtually, none of the bioactive compounds binds to the active site of the antioxidant protein targets. Rather, 72.41, 93.10 and 75.86% of these compounds bind with high binding affinity to the activator binding sites of superoxide dismuta...
chayamansa is one of the plants which is commonly used as a source of nutrients and for medicinal... more chayamansa is one of the plants which is commonly used as a source of nutrients and for medicinal benefits especially among rural kuchigoro community in Nigeria, where pregnant women and diabetic patients use the aqueous leaf extract of the plant to boost their haematological parameters and to lower blood glucose. The benefits they claim to have from this leaf extract may come along with some levels of injury to the liver. Therefore, a rat model was used to verify this claim and to assess the possible hepatotoxicity that could come along with the ingestion of the plant extract. Diabetics was induced in rats and then treated with a low and a high dose of the aqueous leaf extract and also with a standard drug. Results show that the diabetic rats treated with the aqueous leaf extract with the low, and high dose of the leaf extract and the standard drug decreased blood glucose at day 7 and a further decrease at day 14, which was significantly (p<0.05) different from the test control;...
This work aimed at determining the effect of co-administration of graded concentrations of Ca on ... more This work aimed at determining the effect of co-administration of graded concentrations of Ca on Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions urinary excretion and kidney histochemistry of Cd and Pb co-intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic cages. Group one was fed with tap water only, group two was fed with the combination of 0.327mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd, while group three to five were fed with the combination of 0.327mg/L Pb and 0.079 mg/L Cd concurrently with graded concentrations of Ca. A twenty-four hour (24h) urine sample from the rats in their respective groups, in the urine collector of the metabolic cages, were collected daily for fourteen days and kept frozen. After the termination of the experiments, the rats were humanely sacrificed under anaesthesia, the kidney was identified and fixed in 10% formal saline for histopathological studies. Results show that urinary excretion of Cd and Pb increased as the concentrations of Ca was ...
Adverse environmental impacts from excessive heavy metals dispersed from mines and smelter sites ... more Adverse environmental impacts from excessive heavy metals dispersed from mines and smelter sites include contamination of water, soil and phytotoxicity leading to potential risks to human health. One of the organs that are exposed to heavy metal toxicity is the kidney. In this study, concurrent administration of different combinations of Cd, Pb, Ca and Mg were carried out using a rat model to determine the nephrotoxicity of Cd and Pb, and also the nephroprotective potential of Ca and Mg against Cd and Pb. Studies indicate that the urinary excretion of Cd and Pb ions were increased as the concentrations of the combination of Ca and Mg were elevated thus: 0.0302±0.002, 0.0665±0.001, 0.0911±0.002, 0.2284±0.005, 0.0808±0.000 and 0.0246±0.001, 0.0095±0.002, 0.0881±0.0.003, 0.1037±0.003, 0.0940±0.000 respectively. The addition of either Cd or Pb salt alone without the addition of Ca and Mg salts show that the urinary excretion of Cd ions decreased as compared to control irrespective of th...
British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2015
International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 2015
Aims: To concurrently administer constant toxic concentrations of Cd and Pb with graded concentra... more Aims: To concurrently administer constant toxic concentrations of Cd and Pb with graded concentrations of Ca and Mg using a rat model to determine their nephroprotective effects against Cd and Pb nephrotixicities. Study Design: Wistar rats were divided into five groups of four rats per group in metabolic cages. Group one was placed on tap water only, while group two to five were placed on a constant Original Research Article
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 2013
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2009
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014
Effects of alcoholic solution of binary mixtures of salts of metals on some hepatic and nephrotic... more Effects of alcoholic solution of binary mixtures of salts of metals on some hepatic and nephrotic parameters in animal model was monitored using spectrophotometric technique. The serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP and concentrations of ALB, TP, UR, CR were assayed. Animals were orally exposed to the solutions continually for seven, fourteen and twenty one consecutive days respectively. Results obtained showed increased activities of ALT particularly for groups fed Fe+Zn and Pb+Fe relative control (P<0.01) whereas Fe+Cd was least; for AST activity, Pb+Cd caused highest increase in activity with Fe+Zn being the least; trend for ALP activity was Pb+Cd highest while Fe+Zn caused the least effect. In the case of albumin, Fe+Cd highest whereas Fe+Zn and Pb+Cd had values lower than the control group values. In the case of urea, Pb+Cd caused the highest increase whereas Fe+Zn was the least. As for creatinine, Fe+Cd caused the highest increase whereas Fe+Zn had the least (p<0.01). Alcoholic solution of Fe+Zn generally caused marginal increase of the parameters monitored whereas other metals combinations synergistically caused duration of administrationdependent increase levels of the parameters relative control groups and therefore the integrity and functions of the organs could be compromised. InStat3 Statistical Software was used and ANOVA was chosen to analyse the data; P value 0.01 was considered significant.
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012