Joern Kasbohm - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Joern Kasbohm

Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management, 2015

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptanc... more Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptance and is considered a contribution to sustainable development. The governments of the vast majority of countries are in the process of implementing it or preparing to do so with the support of intergovernmental organizations and of numerous NGOs. However, the vision of what IWRM comprises and where it leads might not be clear to stakeholders and practitioners. This chapter reviews the concepts and evolution of IWRM; it points out that the historical and even the formal precursors go farther back than described in usual treatises on the matter. The chapter focuses on the related intergovernmental processes, primarily those in the UN system, as they have proved of fundamental importance in lending thrust to IWRM. It examines the principles and definitions of IWRM and points out that the IWRM platform is considered by many authors and practitioners not a blueprint, but more of a guide or philosophy that has to be adapted to the particular settings and needs – that is, IWRM could be a normative guide but not an implementation plan. The status of the adoption and application of IWRM at an international scale is examined, and the most common objections to IWRM are noted and discussed. The practical utility of IWRM as a provider of a common platform for discussing water resources management issues and sharing experiences is noted.

Water Supply, 2007

... The strength of the current economic development is one of the greatest pressures on water re... more ... The strength of the current economic development is one of the greatest pressures on water resources and the water sector in Việt Nam . In rural areas craft villages are promotingindustrialisation, generating incomes up to 5 times higher than in agriculture villages. ...

Journal of Geology …, 2009

Abstract: In the time period from 2002-2004 and 2006-2008, more than 1000 measurements of water q... more Abstract: In the time period from 2002-2004 and 2006-2008, more than 1000 measurements of water quality were carried out on the following parameters: COD, BOD, NH4, NO2, NO3, TDS and selected heavy metals. The results clearly revealed that the groundwater of the ...

Lake Baikal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the sett... more Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the settlements of the province Nam Dinh (Vietnam). The average life expectancy is reported with about 65 years for Vietnam, but the administrative authorities draw for the craft settlements in Nam Dinh province an average life expectancy of less than 55 years, accompanied by a high rate of cancerous, neurotic and pulmontic deseases. Geochemical investigations show hot pot-like high contents of heavy metals in soils (especially Cu, Pb, Zn), in sediments of watercourse (especially Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cd) and in sediments of ponds (Cu, Pb, Zn up to 17200 mg/kg, Cr up to 15400 mg/kg, Mn, Cd, Ni). Especially the melter are exposed to dust aggregates (iron bearing ash spheres with a remarkable amount of a diameter < 2 /lm; AI-grains with sharp edges, which could enhance inner injuries). The crucial dimension of pollution's feedback to the residents is reflected in plants (Cd, Pb, Zn), in hairs of employed inhabitants and in comparison to Hanoi residents (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). The high contents of various heavy metals in the hair of inhabitant and in plants indicate the toxic dimension of pollution on people and on vegetables in the study area. It is necessary to continue the investigation of pollution, especially in water, dust, plants and the hair of inhabitants, to determine the real toxic dimension of pollution, to recognize the most common path of pollutant and to design an in-situ system for the attenuation of pollution in this

Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions... more Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions of different ionic strength and pH occurring in repositories in granite, in clay and in salt formations are presented. Each solution reacted differently with the bentonite and affected differently the resulting mineralogy and swelling pressure (SWP). After 3 years of reaction SWP were highest in contact with water (over 4 MPa), significantly lower in contact with low ionic strength solutions (around 3 MPa) and lowest in contact with high saline brines (mostly under 1 MPa). Alteration and partial dissolution of montmorillonite was observed. The Mg, Al and Si contents in the solutions increased with reaction time. Concomitantly in the octahedral layers of montmorillonite Mg was substituted by Al and the interlayer charge decreased. The correlation between the alteration process, the charge reduction and SWP is presented. The key for the observed mineralogical alteration may be the acidity of water in the interlayer space. This may explain why the alteration in compacted bentonite is faster than in the non-compacted. All results can be explained by processes which lead to a kaolinitization/pyrophyllitization and Si-excess of the montmorillonite particles. These processes may lead in the long run to a significant or even total loss of swelling capacity of compacted bentonites, if high saline solutions and cement are involved.

Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the sett... more Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the settlements of the province Nam Dinh (Vietnam). The average life expectancy is reported with about 65 years for Vietnam, but the administrative authorities draw for the craft settlements in Nam Dinh province an average life expectancy of less than 55 years, accompanied by a high rate of cancerous, neurotic and pulmontic deseases. Geochemical investigations show hot pot-like high contents of heavy metals in soils (especially Cu, Pb, Zn), in sediments of watercourse (especially Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cd) and in sediments of ponds (Cu, Pb, Zn up to 17200 mg/kg, Cr up to 15400 mg/kg, Mn, Cd, Ni). Especially the melter are exposed to dust aggregates (iron bearing ash spheres with a remarkable amount of a diameter < 2 /lm; AI-grains with sharp edges, which could enhance inner injuries). The crucial dimension of pollution's feedback to the residents is reflected in plants (Cd, Pb, Zn), in hairs...

Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions... more Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions of different ionic strength and pH occurring in repositories in granite, in clay and in salt formations are presented. Each solution reacted differently with the bentonite and affected differently the resulting mineralogy and swelling pressure (SWP). After 3 years of reaction SWP were highest in contact with water (over 4 MPa), significantly lower in contact with low ionic strength solutions (around 3 MPa) and lowest in contact with high saline brines (mostly under 1 MPa). Alteration and partial dissolution of montmorillonite was observed. The Mg, Al and Si contents in the solutions increased with reaction time. Concomitantly in the octahedral layers of montmorillonite Mg was substituted by Al and the interlayer charge decreased. The correlation between the alteration process, the charge reduction and SWP is presented. The key for the observed mineralogical alteration may be the acidity...


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a very sensitive tool to recognize alteration processes... more Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a very sensitive tool to recognize alteration processes of montmorillonite or other clay mineral phases. This process is mirrored changing of chemical compositon of interlayer space, octahedral as well as tetrahedral layers of each TEM-EDX investigated particle. Two members mixed layers from EDX analysis was published by [2]. In this contribution, a methodology is offered to apply TEM-EDX-measurements for calculation of mineral formula also for mixed layer phases with 3 members which composed by kaolinite (%K), montmorillonite (%S) and vermiculite (%V). Friedland clay (Germany) will be calculated. The total charge (tc) of montmorillonite is 22 (OH) 2 O 10 and kaolinite is 28 (OH) 2 O 10 [1] will be used for calculation of mineral formula. Based on it, the measured values of Si in tetrahedral layer (IV Si), number atoms in octahedral layer (VI n) and charge of interlayer space (XII) will be approached with the comparable modelized values for ...

Bentonites are foreseen as buffer and sealing materials in final repositories for high level radi... more Bentonites are foreseen as buffer and sealing materials in final repositories for high level radioactive waste. Herbert et al. (2004, 2008) described the mineralogical alteration of MX80 bentonite in water and different high saline brines. They showed, that bentonites, especially the montmorillonites are not long term stable in brines. First alteration processes were recognized already after ten days. New short-term experiments shall show, if this alteration limited only to MX80 bentonite or if alteration of the montmorillonites is a general phenomenon in all bentonites. Cicel & Novak (1976) have assumed higher reactivity linked with higher Mg-and Fe-amounts in the octahedral sheets of the montmorillonites. Kaufhold & Dohrmann (2008) discussed a higher sensibility of Na-smectites in comparison to Ca-smectites. Own short-term experiments were performed in an overhead-shaking device with 20 rpm and 60 rpm. These experiments represent an open reaction system. Additionally, batch experi...

Lab-scale experiments with compacted saponite (a potential backfilling an d sealing material in t... more Lab-scale experiments with compacted saponite (a potential backfilling an d sealing material in the engineered barrier system (EBS) of repositories for high level radioactive wastes) performed by Pusch et al. (2007) have shown a surprisingly low permeability of this material. In the present work, we investigated a weathered section of the saponite-bearing serpentinized peridotite of the Nui Nuacomplex in Central Vietnam in order to understand the behavior of saponite and other Fe2+-rich sheet silicates. A tropical weathering section of the serpentinized peridotite was sampled and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including EDXanalyses of few hundred particles as well as Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mentioned section is part of Bai Ang area in Nui Nua-complex of Thanh Hoa province / Vietnam and was a former chromite deposition. The sample with the lowest degree of weathering was compos...

Economic Geology, 2000

The western provinces of El Salvador, which are covered almost exclusively by igneous rocks, offe... more The western provinces of El Salvador, which are covered almost exclusively by igneous rocks, offer favorable conditions to study the entire suite of volcanic-related, nonmetallic deposits involving accumulations of zeolite-feldspar, smectite, kaolinite, and diatomite. Formation of nonmetallic deposits, which is still going on in the active geothermal field near Ahuachapán, began during the late Pliocene. This age is based on micropaleontological data obtained during the study of lacustrine sediments laid down in volcanogenic depressions. Judging by their regional distribution and geological setting, the deposits may be subdivided into regional deposits (T <100°C) and structurally controlled deposits (T = 140°-250°C). Both types of volcanic deposits can be further subdivided into various stages:(1) zeolite-feldspar stage, (2) smectite stage, (3) quartzkaolinite stage, (4) kaolinite-cristobalite stage, and (5) kaolinite stage. Stages (4) and (5) are characterized by the presence of alunite-, woodhouseite-, and crandallite-group minerals and some minerals of the aluminite-alunogen group. Within the deposits, gradual changes (progressive vs. regressive trends) may be attributed to various alteration processes. The progressive trends are correlative with the differentiation of the mineralizing fluids throughout hydrothermal activity and supergene alteration. The regressive trends are caused by hot-spring diagenesis. Knowledge of the minerostratigraphy in a geothermal field and of the intracrystalline processes within minerals such as siliceous compounds and aluminum-phosphate-sulfate minerals may help to answer the question of whether hypogene or supergene processes have triggered nonmetallic mineralization. The major and trace element compositions (Ag,

Applied Clay Science, 2010

The potential of various clays including kaolin, smectite, mixed-layer series-dominated clay and ... more The potential of various clays including kaolin, smectite, mixed-layer series-dominated clay and micadominated clay to protect against ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the range 250-400 nm was examined. In order to understand the UV-protection abilities of the clays, properties of the clays were also characterized. The clays blocked UV radiation and bulk Fe 2 O 3 content played a key role in the UV-protection properties, whereby the higher the bulk Fe 2 O 3 content, the lower the UV-transmission level. However, UV-protection ability also depended on the expandability of the clay or the combination between clay mineral and mixed ointment.

Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management, 2015

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptanc... more Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is an approach enjoying wide international acceptance and is considered a contribution to sustainable development. The governments of the vast majority of countries are in the process of implementing it or preparing to do so with the support of intergovernmental organizations and of numerous NGOs. However, the vision of what IWRM comprises and where it leads might not be clear to stakeholders and practitioners. This chapter reviews the concepts and evolution of IWRM; it points out that the historical and even the formal precursors go farther back than described in usual treatises on the matter. The chapter focuses on the related intergovernmental processes, primarily those in the UN system, as they have proved of fundamental importance in lending thrust to IWRM. It examines the principles and definitions of IWRM and points out that the IWRM platform is considered by many authors and practitioners not a blueprint, but more of a guide or philosophy that has to be adapted to the particular settings and needs – that is, IWRM could be a normative guide but not an implementation plan. The status of the adoption and application of IWRM at an international scale is examined, and the most common objections to IWRM are noted and discussed. The practical utility of IWRM as a provider of a common platform for discussing water resources management issues and sharing experiences is noted.

Water Supply, 2007

... The strength of the current economic development is one of the greatest pressures on water re... more ... The strength of the current economic development is one of the greatest pressures on water resources and the water sector in Việt Nam . In rural areas craft villages are promotingindustrialisation, generating incomes up to 5 times higher than in agriculture villages. ...

Journal of Geology …, 2009

Abstract: In the time period from 2002-2004 and 2006-2008, more than 1000 measurements of water q... more Abstract: In the time period from 2002-2004 and 2006-2008, more than 1000 measurements of water quality were carried out on the following parameters: COD, BOD, NH4, NO2, NO3, TDS and selected heavy metals. The results clearly revealed that the groundwater of the ...

Lake Baikal, 2000

ABSTRACT

Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the sett... more Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the settlements of the province Nam Dinh (Vietnam). The average life expectancy is reported with about 65 years for Vietnam, but the administrative authorities draw for the craft settlements in Nam Dinh province an average life expectancy of less than 55 years, accompanied by a high rate of cancerous, neurotic and pulmontic deseases. Geochemical investigations show hot pot-like high contents of heavy metals in soils (especially Cu, Pb, Zn), in sediments of watercourse (especially Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cd) and in sediments of ponds (Cu, Pb, Zn up to 17200 mg/kg, Cr up to 15400 mg/kg, Mn, Cd, Ni). Especially the melter are exposed to dust aggregates (iron bearing ash spheres with a remarkable amount of a diameter < 2 /lm; AI-grains with sharp edges, which could enhance inner injuries). The crucial dimension of pollution's feedback to the residents is reflected in plants (Cd, Pb, Zn), in hairs of employed inhabitants and in comparison to Hanoi residents (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn). The high contents of various heavy metals in the hair of inhabitant and in plants indicate the toxic dimension of pollution on people and on vegetables in the study area. It is necessary to continue the investigation of pollution, especially in water, dust, plants and the hair of inhabitants, to determine the real toxic dimension of pollution, to recognize the most common path of pollutant and to design an in-situ system for the attenuation of pollution in this

Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions... more Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions of different ionic strength and pH occurring in repositories in granite, in clay and in salt formations are presented. Each solution reacted differently with the bentonite and affected differently the resulting mineralogy and swelling pressure (SWP). After 3 years of reaction SWP were highest in contact with water (over 4 MPa), significantly lower in contact with low ionic strength solutions (around 3 MPa) and lowest in contact with high saline brines (mostly under 1 MPa). Alteration and partial dissolution of montmorillonite was observed. The Mg, Al and Si contents in the solutions increased with reaction time. Concomitantly in the octahedral layers of montmorillonite Mg was substituted by Al and the interlayer charge decreased. The correlation between the alteration process, the charge reduction and SWP is presented. The key for the observed mineralogical alteration may be the acidity of water in the interlayer space. This may explain why the alteration in compacted bentonite is faster than in the non-compacted. All results can be explained by processes which lead to a kaolinitization/pyrophyllitization and Si-excess of the montmorillonite particles. These processes may lead in the long run to a significant or even total loss of swelling capacity of compacted bentonites, if high saline solutions and cement are involved.

Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the sett... more Family manufactures and other small companies are the typical metal trading producers in the settlements of the province Nam Dinh (Vietnam). The average life expectancy is reported with about 65 years for Vietnam, but the administrative authorities draw for the craft settlements in Nam Dinh province an average life expectancy of less than 55 years, accompanied by a high rate of cancerous, neurotic and pulmontic deseases. Geochemical investigations show hot pot-like high contents of heavy metals in soils (especially Cu, Pb, Zn), in sediments of watercourse (especially Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cd) and in sediments of ponds (Cu, Pb, Zn up to 17200 mg/kg, Cr up to 15400 mg/kg, Mn, Cd, Ni). Especially the melter are exposed to dust aggregates (iron bearing ash spheres with a remarkable amount of a diameter < 2 /lm; AI-grains with sharp edges, which could enhance inner injuries). The crucial dimension of pollution's feedback to the residents is reflected in plants (Cd, Pb, Zn), in hairs...

Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions... more Results of a 3 years study regarding the changes of MX-80 bentonite after reaction with solutions of different ionic strength and pH occurring in repositories in granite, in clay and in salt formations are presented. Each solution reacted differently with the bentonite and affected differently the resulting mineralogy and swelling pressure (SWP). After 3 years of reaction SWP were highest in contact with water (over 4 MPa), significantly lower in contact with low ionic strength solutions (around 3 MPa) and lowest in contact with high saline brines (mostly under 1 MPa). Alteration and partial dissolution of montmorillonite was observed. The Mg, Al and Si contents in the solutions increased with reaction time. Concomitantly in the octahedral layers of montmorillonite Mg was substituted by Al and the interlayer charge decreased. The correlation between the alteration process, the charge reduction and SWP is presented. The key for the observed mineralogical alteration may be the acidity...


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a very sensitive tool to recognize alteration processes... more Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a very sensitive tool to recognize alteration processes of montmorillonite or other clay mineral phases. This process is mirrored changing of chemical compositon of interlayer space, octahedral as well as tetrahedral layers of each TEM-EDX investigated particle. Two members mixed layers from EDX analysis was published by [2]. In this contribution, a methodology is offered to apply TEM-EDX-measurements for calculation of mineral formula also for mixed layer phases with 3 members which composed by kaolinite (%K), montmorillonite (%S) and vermiculite (%V). Friedland clay (Germany) will be calculated. The total charge (tc) of montmorillonite is 22 (OH) 2 O 10 and kaolinite is 28 (OH) 2 O 10 [1] will be used for calculation of mineral formula. Based on it, the measured values of Si in tetrahedral layer (IV Si), number atoms in octahedral layer (VI n) and charge of interlayer space (XII) will be approached with the comparable modelized values for ...

Bentonites are foreseen as buffer and sealing materials in final repositories for high level radi... more Bentonites are foreseen as buffer and sealing materials in final repositories for high level radioactive waste. Herbert et al. (2004, 2008) described the mineralogical alteration of MX80 bentonite in water and different high saline brines. They showed, that bentonites, especially the montmorillonites are not long term stable in brines. First alteration processes were recognized already after ten days. New short-term experiments shall show, if this alteration limited only to MX80 bentonite or if alteration of the montmorillonites is a general phenomenon in all bentonites. Cicel & Novak (1976) have assumed higher reactivity linked with higher Mg-and Fe-amounts in the octahedral sheets of the montmorillonites. Kaufhold & Dohrmann (2008) discussed a higher sensibility of Na-smectites in comparison to Ca-smectites. Own short-term experiments were performed in an overhead-shaking device with 20 rpm and 60 rpm. These experiments represent an open reaction system. Additionally, batch experi...

Lab-scale experiments with compacted saponite (a potential backfilling an d sealing material in t... more Lab-scale experiments with compacted saponite (a potential backfilling an d sealing material in the engineered barrier system (EBS) of repositories for high level radioactive wastes) performed by Pusch et al. (2007) have shown a surprisingly low permeability of this material. In the present work, we investigated a weathered section of the saponite-bearing serpentinized peridotite of the Nui Nuacomplex in Central Vietnam in order to understand the behavior of saponite and other Fe2+-rich sheet silicates. A tropical weathering section of the serpentinized peridotite was sampled and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including EDXanalyses of few hundred particles as well as Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mentioned section is part of Bai Ang area in Nui Nua-complex of Thanh Hoa province / Vietnam and was a former chromite deposition. The sample with the lowest degree of weathering was compos...

Economic Geology, 2000

The western provinces of El Salvador, which are covered almost exclusively by igneous rocks, offe... more The western provinces of El Salvador, which are covered almost exclusively by igneous rocks, offer favorable conditions to study the entire suite of volcanic-related, nonmetallic deposits involving accumulations of zeolite-feldspar, smectite, kaolinite, and diatomite. Formation of nonmetallic deposits, which is still going on in the active geothermal field near Ahuachapán, began during the late Pliocene. This age is based on micropaleontological data obtained during the study of lacustrine sediments laid down in volcanogenic depressions. Judging by their regional distribution and geological setting, the deposits may be subdivided into regional deposits (T <100°C) and structurally controlled deposits (T = 140°-250°C). Both types of volcanic deposits can be further subdivided into various stages:(1) zeolite-feldspar stage, (2) smectite stage, (3) quartzkaolinite stage, (4) kaolinite-cristobalite stage, and (5) kaolinite stage. Stages (4) and (5) are characterized by the presence of alunite-, woodhouseite-, and crandallite-group minerals and some minerals of the aluminite-alunogen group. Within the deposits, gradual changes (progressive vs. regressive trends) may be attributed to various alteration processes. The progressive trends are correlative with the differentiation of the mineralizing fluids throughout hydrothermal activity and supergene alteration. The regressive trends are caused by hot-spring diagenesis. Knowledge of the minerostratigraphy in a geothermal field and of the intracrystalline processes within minerals such as siliceous compounds and aluminum-phosphate-sulfate minerals may help to answer the question of whether hypogene or supergene processes have triggered nonmetallic mineralization. The major and trace element compositions (Ag,

Applied Clay Science, 2010

The potential of various clays including kaolin, smectite, mixed-layer series-dominated clay and ... more The potential of various clays including kaolin, smectite, mixed-layer series-dominated clay and micadominated clay to protect against ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the range 250-400 nm was examined. In order to understand the UV-protection abilities of the clays, properties of the clays were also characterized. The clays blocked UV radiation and bulk Fe 2 O 3 content played a key role in the UV-protection properties, whereby the higher the bulk Fe 2 O 3 content, the lower the UV-transmission level. However, UV-protection ability also depended on the expandability of the clay or the combination between clay mineral and mixed ointment.