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Papers by John Breckenridge
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a severe chronic pain condition that is not well underst... more Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a severe chronic pain condition that is not well understood and current treatment is suboptimal. In several other chronic pain conditions motor imagery and tactile acuity deficits are present, which are thought to represent associated neuroplastic changes. The aims of this study were to determine if motor imagery performance assessed by the left/right judgement task, and tactile acuity assessed by two-point discrimination, are altered in people with unilateral frozen shoulder. In this cross-sectional, prospective study eighteen adults diagnosed with frozen shoulder in a physiotherapy clinic setting completed a left/right judgement task, response times (RT) and accuracy for the left/right judgement task were determined. Next, tactile acuity over both shoulders was assessed with a novel, force-standardised two-point discrimination test. Results corresponding to the affected side were compared to the pain free shoulder; Left/right judgement task...
![Research paper thumbnail of Erratum to “Is implicit motor imagery altered in people with shoulder pain? The shoulder left/right judgement task” [Musculoskel. Sci. Pract. 48 (2020) 102159]](https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg)
](Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2020
The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society, Jan 8, 2018
The left/right judgement task (LRJT) is the most commonly used method of assessing motor imagery ... more The left/right judgement task (LRJT) is the most commonly used method of assessing motor imagery performance. Abnormally long response times are thought to reflect delayed processing of body/spatial representations and poor accuracy is thought to reflect disrupted cortical proprioceptive representations or body schema. Slower and less accurate responses on the LRJT have been reported in a variety of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. To date no systematic review of the literature has been conducted to assess if altered motor imagery performance as measured by the LRJT is characteristic of all chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to answer the question - Do people with chronic musculoskeletal pain have impaired left/right body part judgement? Twenty-five studies (2266 participants) including a range of chronic pain populations who undertook a LRJT were ident...
Musculoskeletal science & practice, Aug 1, 2017
Musculoskeletal science & practice, Apr 27, 2017
Disruption of cortically-held working body schema has been associated with a variety of pain cond... more Disruption of cortically-held working body schema has been associated with a variety of pain conditions. A motor imagery technique - the left right judgement task (LRJT) - has been used as an indirect assessment of the integrity of the working body schema. To date there is no LRJT specifically designed to investigate the body schema of persons with shoulder pain. To develop a shoulder specific LRJT and assess its validity and reliability. Cross-sectional repeated measures. Shoulder images were developed representing the shoulder in a variety of postures of graded complexity/awkwardness and degree of rotation. These images were digitally mirrored to represent both left and right shoulders. Participants viewed the images on a computer and determined whether images were of a left or right shoulder. 1413 participants were recruited worldwide and performed the shoulder LRJT (laterality judgement). Mean response time (SD) for the task was 1738(741) ms. Mean accuracy (SD) was 93.5(9.2)%. C...
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2015
Background: We undertook the current study to assess whether an accelerometer-based physical acti... more Background: We undertook the current study to assess whether an accelerometer-based physical activity monitor, the SenseWear Mini Armband (SMA), could be used to provide data on static arm elevation, and to assess the agreement between static arm elevation measures obtained using SMA-derived data and those obtained with a universal goniometer. Methods: Using a universal goniometer, healthy adult subjects (n = 25, age 30 ± 9 years) had each of right and left arms positioned in a series of set positions between arm-by-side and maximal active arm flexion (anteversion), and arm-by-side and maximal active arm abduction. Subjects wore the SMA throughout positioning, and SMA accelerometer data was used to retrospectively calculate/derive arm elevation angle using a manufacturer-provided algorithm. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between goniometer-set and SMA-derived arm elevation angles. Results: There were significant differences between goniometer-set and SMA-derived arm elevation angles for elevation angles ≤ 30 degrees and ≥ 90 degrees (p < 0.05). Bland-Altman plots showed that the greater the angle of elevation, the greater the mean difference between goniometer-set and SMA-derived elevation angles. Adjustment of the manufacturer-provided algorithm for deriving arm elevation angle corrected for this systematic difference, and resulted in 95% limits of agreement ± 12 degrees (flexion) and ± 13 degrees (abduction) across the full range of arm elevation. Conclusions: The SMA can be used to record data allowing derivation of static arm elevation angle in the upright position, 95% limits of agreement with the universal goniometer being similar to those reported for digital inclinometers and gyroscopes. Physiotherapists looking for innovative methods of recording upper limb range of motion should consider the potential of accelerometer-based physical activity monitors such as the SMA.
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 2006
Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) 2. What it is designed to assess (specific anatomic ar... more Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) 2. What it is designed to assess (specific anatomic area) Pain and disability in shoulder 3. Method of administration (patient, clinician, or combined) Patient 4. How to obtain the instrument Roach KE, Budiman-Mak E, Songsiridej N, et al. Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. Arth Care & Res. 1991;4:143-149. 5. Cost involved in obtaining instrument None 6. Method of design Consensus panel 7. Statistical validation Reliability, Validity, Responsiveness 8. Normative data available None 9. Disease-specific data available None 10. References for scientific basis and reference data Paul A, Lewis M, Shadforth MF, et al. A comparison of four shoulder-specific questionnaires in primary care.
Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2020
Background: Implicit motor imagery performance is altered in a variety of chronic pain conditions... more Background: Implicit motor imagery performance is altered in a variety of chronic pain conditions, but it is not known whether this is the case in shoulder pain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess implicit motor imagery performance, using a valid and reliable shoulder left/right judgement task in people with shoulder pain. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Participants with (n ¼ 369) and without (n ¼ 747) shoulder pain completed the shoulder left/right judgement task (LRJT). Response times (RT), accuracy were determined. Age, gender, hand dominance, current pain intensity, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and pain duration recorded. Planned analysis included ANOVAs for current pain, RT and accuracy. Results: Gender and hand dominance distribution were similar between groups (p > 0.5). The shoulder pain participants were older, mean age (SD); 47(14)years, than the control group; 41(14)years, p < 0.01. Participants with shoulder pain were slower, mean RT(SD); 1809(746)ms than the controls; 1701(749)ms; p ¼ 0.02, but no different in accuracy, mean % (SD); 93.2(8.5)% to controls; 94.1(9.4)%; p ¼ 0.13. The differences in RT were resolved when age was entered as a covariate (p ¼ 0.83). Regression of the data from the shoulder pain group only found that current pain was positively related to RT (B ¼ 43.97) and negatively to accuracy (B ¼-0.70). Conclusions: Participants with shoulder pain do not demonstrate poorer implicit motor imagery performance than people who are pain-free. However, more intense shoulder pain is associated with poorer implicit motor imagery performance. We recommend further research utilising the LRJT in well-defined clinically homogenous groups, with verified pain severity, functional disability, and chronicity.
HAND, 2016
Objective: An emerging body of evidence suggests an association between pain and altered neural r... more Objective: An emerging body of evidence suggests an association between pain and altered neural representations of the body. The integrity of these neural representations can be assessed with a timed motor imagery task such as the left/right judgment task (LRJT). The purpose of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the literature and use meta-analytical methods to establish whether performance of the LRJT is impaired in people with upper limb pain. Materials and Methods: The literature was systematically searched across 8 databases for studies that reported use of the LRJT and also reported upper limb pain. Fifteen studies were found that included 6 upper limb pain conditions and 749 participants. Studies were grouped into 2 categories: (1) studies that compared response time and accuracy with healthy controls (between group comparison) and (2) studies that compared response time and accuracy for affected limb with the subject’s healthy limb (within group comparison). Da...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a severe chronic pain condition that is not well underst... more Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a severe chronic pain condition that is not well understood and current treatment is suboptimal. In several other chronic pain conditions motor imagery and tactile acuity deficits are present, which are thought to represent associated neuroplastic changes. The aims of this study were to determine if motor imagery performance assessed by the left/right judgement task, and tactile acuity assessed by two-point discrimination, are altered in people with unilateral frozen shoulder. In this cross-sectional, prospective study eighteen adults diagnosed with frozen shoulder in a physiotherapy clinic setting completed a left/right judgement task, response times (RT) and accuracy for the left/right judgement task were determined. Next, tactile acuity over both shoulders was assessed with a novel, force-standardised two-point discrimination test. Results corresponding to the affected side were compared to the pain free shoulder; Left/right judgement task...
Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2020
The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society, Jan 8, 2018
The left/right judgement task (LRJT) is the most commonly used method of assessing motor imagery ... more The left/right judgement task (LRJT) is the most commonly used method of assessing motor imagery performance. Abnormally long response times are thought to reflect delayed processing of body/spatial representations and poor accuracy is thought to reflect disrupted cortical proprioceptive representations or body schema. Slower and less accurate responses on the LRJT have been reported in a variety of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. To date no systematic review of the literature has been conducted to assess if altered motor imagery performance as measured by the LRJT is characteristic of all chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to answer the question - Do people with chronic musculoskeletal pain have impaired left/right body part judgement? Twenty-five studies (2266 participants) including a range of chronic pain populations who undertook a LRJT were ident...
Musculoskeletal science & practice, Aug 1, 2017
Musculoskeletal science & practice, Apr 27, 2017
Disruption of cortically-held working body schema has been associated with a variety of pain cond... more Disruption of cortically-held working body schema has been associated with a variety of pain conditions. A motor imagery technique - the left right judgement task (LRJT) - has been used as an indirect assessment of the integrity of the working body schema. To date there is no LRJT specifically designed to investigate the body schema of persons with shoulder pain. To develop a shoulder specific LRJT and assess its validity and reliability. Cross-sectional repeated measures. Shoulder images were developed representing the shoulder in a variety of postures of graded complexity/awkwardness and degree of rotation. These images were digitally mirrored to represent both left and right shoulders. Participants viewed the images on a computer and determined whether images were of a left or right shoulder. 1413 participants were recruited worldwide and performed the shoulder LRJT (laterality judgement). Mean response time (SD) for the task was 1738(741) ms. Mean accuracy (SD) was 93.5(9.2)%. C...
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2015
Background: We undertook the current study to assess whether an accelerometer-based physical acti... more Background: We undertook the current study to assess whether an accelerometer-based physical activity monitor, the SenseWear Mini Armband (SMA), could be used to provide data on static arm elevation, and to assess the agreement between static arm elevation measures obtained using SMA-derived data and those obtained with a universal goniometer. Methods: Using a universal goniometer, healthy adult subjects (n = 25, age 30 ± 9 years) had each of right and left arms positioned in a series of set positions between arm-by-side and maximal active arm flexion (anteversion), and arm-by-side and maximal active arm abduction. Subjects wore the SMA throughout positioning, and SMA accelerometer data was used to retrospectively calculate/derive arm elevation angle using a manufacturer-provided algorithm. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between goniometer-set and SMA-derived arm elevation angles. Results: There were significant differences between goniometer-set and SMA-derived arm elevation angles for elevation angles ≤ 30 degrees and ≥ 90 degrees (p < 0.05). Bland-Altman plots showed that the greater the angle of elevation, the greater the mean difference between goniometer-set and SMA-derived elevation angles. Adjustment of the manufacturer-provided algorithm for deriving arm elevation angle corrected for this systematic difference, and resulted in 95% limits of agreement ± 12 degrees (flexion) and ± 13 degrees (abduction) across the full range of arm elevation. Conclusions: The SMA can be used to record data allowing derivation of static arm elevation angle in the upright position, 95% limits of agreement with the universal goniometer being similar to those reported for digital inclinometers and gyroscopes. Physiotherapists looking for innovative methods of recording upper limb range of motion should consider the potential of accelerometer-based physical activity monitors such as the SMA.
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 2006
Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) 2. What it is designed to assess (specific anatomic ar... more Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) 2. What it is designed to assess (specific anatomic area) Pain and disability in shoulder 3. Method of administration (patient, clinician, or combined) Patient 4. How to obtain the instrument Roach KE, Budiman-Mak E, Songsiridej N, et al. Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. Arth Care & Res. 1991;4:143-149. 5. Cost involved in obtaining instrument None 6. Method of design Consensus panel 7. Statistical validation Reliability, Validity, Responsiveness 8. Normative data available None 9. Disease-specific data available None 10. References for scientific basis and reference data Paul A, Lewis M, Shadforth MF, et al. A comparison of four shoulder-specific questionnaires in primary care.
Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 2020
Background: Implicit motor imagery performance is altered in a variety of chronic pain conditions... more Background: Implicit motor imagery performance is altered in a variety of chronic pain conditions, but it is not known whether this is the case in shoulder pain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess implicit motor imagery performance, using a valid and reliable shoulder left/right judgement task in people with shoulder pain. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Participants with (n ¼ 369) and without (n ¼ 747) shoulder pain completed the shoulder left/right judgement task (LRJT). Response times (RT), accuracy were determined. Age, gender, hand dominance, current pain intensity, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and pain duration recorded. Planned analysis included ANOVAs for current pain, RT and accuracy. Results: Gender and hand dominance distribution were similar between groups (p > 0.5). The shoulder pain participants were older, mean age (SD); 47(14)years, than the control group; 41(14)years, p < 0.01. Participants with shoulder pain were slower, mean RT(SD); 1809(746)ms than the controls; 1701(749)ms; p ¼ 0.02, but no different in accuracy, mean % (SD); 93.2(8.5)% to controls; 94.1(9.4)%; p ¼ 0.13. The differences in RT were resolved when age was entered as a covariate (p ¼ 0.83). Regression of the data from the shoulder pain group only found that current pain was positively related to RT (B ¼ 43.97) and negatively to accuracy (B ¼-0.70). Conclusions: Participants with shoulder pain do not demonstrate poorer implicit motor imagery performance than people who are pain-free. However, more intense shoulder pain is associated with poorer implicit motor imagery performance. We recommend further research utilising the LRJT in well-defined clinically homogenous groups, with verified pain severity, functional disability, and chronicity.
HAND, 2016
Objective: An emerging body of evidence suggests an association between pain and altered neural r... more Objective: An emerging body of evidence suggests an association between pain and altered neural representations of the body. The integrity of these neural representations can be assessed with a timed motor imagery task such as the left/right judgment task (LRJT). The purpose of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the literature and use meta-analytical methods to establish whether performance of the LRJT is impaired in people with upper limb pain. Materials and Methods: The literature was systematically searched across 8 databases for studies that reported use of the LRJT and also reported upper limb pain. Fifteen studies were found that included 6 upper limb pain conditions and 749 participants. Studies were grouped into 2 categories: (1) studies that compared response time and accuracy with healthy controls (between group comparison) and (2) studies that compared response time and accuracy for affected limb with the subject’s healthy limb (within group comparison). Da...