John Hoag - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by John Hoag
The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 1995
The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Jul 1, 2002
This article provides empirical evidence that environmental legislation affecting coal mining emp... more This article provides empirical evidence that environmental legislation affecting coal mining employment passed in 1977 had different effects on Western Kentucky, where the coal is of higher sulfur content, compared to Eastern Kentucky, where coals are of lower sulfur content, while the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act had no statistically significant impact in either region. The 1977 law generated a statistically significant reduction in West Kentucky employment. In addition, it appears that coal employment in Kentucky is correlated with coal mining employment in the US.
NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, Aug 1, 1982
This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and devel... more This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The geological data used in the analysis came from A Study of the United States Coal Resources by John Ferm and Paul Nuthig of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In contrast to previous research, which focused on a particular resource type, this study made a comprehensive examination of both conventional and unconventional coals, with particular attention to exceptionally thin and thick seams, steeply dipping beds, and multiple seam geometry. The major thrust of the targeting analysis was forecasting which coals would be of clear commercial significance at the beginning of the 21st century under three widely different scenarios for coal demand. The primary measure of commercial importance was an estimate of the aggregate dollar savings realized by consumers if advanced technology were available to mine coal at prices at or below the price projected for conventional technology in the year 2000. Both deterministic and probabilistic savings estimates were prepared for each demand scenario. The results indicate that the resource of primary importance is flatlying bituminous coal of moderate thickness, under moderate cover, and located within the lower 48 states. Resources of secondary importance are the flatlying multiple seams and thin seams (especially those in Appalachia). The rather substantial deposits of bituminous coal in North Alaska and the deeply buried lignites of the Gulf Coast present transportation and ground control problems which appear to postpone their commer:ial importance well beyond 2000. Steeply dipping coals, abandoned pillars, and exceptionally thick western coals may be important in some regions or sub-regions, but the limited tonnage available places them in a position of tertiary importance. i i i FOREWORD This report identifies resource targets appropriate for research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The study reported here is one of a series of documents produced by a program to define, develop, and demonstrate coal mining systems with substantially improved production cost and safety performance, while complying with regulatory intent in the areas of miner health, environmental impact, and coal conservation. Earlier reports established systems performance goals and conceptual design requirements. A companion document by Ferm and Muthig (1982) describes the results of a geological study of generic resource types, including estimates of the tonnages associated with commonly occurring sets of mining conditions.
Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 2014
ABSTRACT We find evidence that procedural utility is a useful explanatory variable of self-employ... more ABSTRACT We find evidence that procedural utility is a useful explanatory variable of self-employment status among a sample of highly educated workers. We find no evidence indicating that procedural utility is useful in explaining the transition to self-employment. However, we do find that traditional employment attributes associated with outcome utility motivate the decision to move into paid-employment and are related to being in paid work generally. Our findings add to the literature examining the usefulness of procedural utility as an explanatory variable and motivate further examination of the relationship between procedural and outcome utility.
Social Science Research Network, 2007
... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? P... more ... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? Prepared by John Hoag Department of Economics Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43402 Phone: 419.372.8231 E-Mail: jhoag@bgsu.edu and ...
INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe a simple way of conveying to undergraduates the central me... more INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe a simple way of conveying to undergraduates the central message of Ball and Romer's paper "Sticky Prices as Coordination Failure." For the simple framework we use, we also find an asymmetry between adjustments to decreases versus increases in the money supply, with the former, as in Ball and Romer, creating a coordination game, while the latter gives rise, in our formulation, to a game of chicken. The model is simple. We have monopolistic competition with all of a large number of firms facing the same inverse demand curve of the form [P.sub.i]/P = M/P - [Q.sub.i] where [P.sub.i] is the ith firm's price, P is the average price, M is the money supply, and Qi is the ith firm's quantity (1). Firm i's sales depend negatively on its relative price and positively on the real money supply. The latter dependence can be rationalized as a real balance effect, on the basis of money in the utility function, or indirectly through th...
![Research paper thumbnail of Resource targets for advanced underground coal-extraction systems. [Identification of location and geology of deposit for which greatest savings can be realized by advanced mining systems in 2000]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107759887/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and devel... more This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The geological data used in the analysis came from A Study of the United States Coal Resources by John Ferm and Paul Nuthig of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In contrast to previous research, which focused on a particular resource type, this study made a comprehensive examination of both conventional and unconventional coals, with particular attention to exceptionally thin and thick seams, steeply dipping beds, and multiple seam geometry. The major thrust of the targeting analysis was forecasting which coals would be of clear commercial significance at the beginning of the 21st century under three widely different scenarios for coal demand. The primary measure of commercial importance was an estimate of the aggregate dollar savings realized by consumers if advanced technology were available to mine coal at prices at or below the price projected for conventional technology in the year 2000. Both deterministic and probabilistic savings estimates were prepared for each demand scenario. The results indicate that the resource of primary importance is flatlying bituminous coal of moderate thickness, under moderate cover, and located within the lower 48 states. Resources of secondary importance are the flatlying multiple seams and thin seams (especially those in Appalachia). The rather substantial deposits of bituminous coal in North Alaska and the deeply buried lignites of the Gulf Coast present transportation and ground control problems which appear to postpone their commer:ial importance well beyond 2000. Steeply dipping coals, abandoned pillars, and exceptionally thick western coals may be important in some regions or sub-regions, but the limited tonnage available places them in a position of tertiary importance. i i i FOREWORD This report identifies resource targets appropriate for research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The study reported here is one of a series of documents produced by a program to define, develop, and demonstrate coal mining systems with substantially improved production cost and safety performance, while complying with regulatory intent in the areas of miner health, environmental impact, and coal conservation. Earlier reports established systems performance goals and conceptual design requirements. A companion document by Ferm and Muthig (1982) describes the results of a geological study of generic resource types, including estimates of the tonnages associated with commonly occurring sets of mining conditions.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007
... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? P... more ... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? Prepared by John Hoag Department of Economics Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43402 Phone: 419.372.8231 E-Mail: jhoag@bgsu.edu and ...
The American Economist, 2013
We develop a graphical framework that allows students to easily see that a change in the growth r... more We develop a graphical framework that allows students to easily see that a change in the growth rate of population and the growth rate of efficiency of labor have different impacts on the time path of capital and output per unit of labor.
The American Economist, 2002
This paper investigates why students are apprehensive about their principles of economics classes... more This paper investigates why students are apprehensive about their principles of economics classes. Using data collected on 399 students from a large, midwestem public university in the 1998 academic year, the authors examine whether there are demographic differences in levels of apprehension and what are the reported reasons for apprehension. The study includes a descriptive analysis and a probit analysis and concludes that: (1) course reputation is the main reason reported by students as the reason for being apprehensive; (2) females tend to be more apprehensive than males; and (3) increased math ability reduces apprehension levels for males and females. The authors suggest that preparatory sessions for those students weak in mathematics and alternative teaching methodologies may reduce the level of apprehension in the introductory courses.
Journal of Economic Issues, 1999
This paper will assess institutional change and performance for the Estonian economy during the t... more This paper will assess institutional change and performance for the Estonian economy during the transition period, with a focus on the monetary aspects. Estonia was the first of the former Soviet republics to issue its own fully convertible currency backed by a currency board. The issuing of the new currency occurred in the context of a "shock therapy" transition, and the Estonian experience is characteristic of the shock therapy approach. Culture and history also affect the path of transition. An understanding of the Estonian experience can shed light on why economic transition has been less successful in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. The process of transition from a planned socialist economy to a capitalist market economy involves the privatization of state-owned enterprises and land. Prices, freed of administrative constraint, move to equilibrium market levels. The introduction of markets provides the basis for resource allocation and drastically changes the role of government. Government production of goods and services is reduced in favor of laying the ground rules for the evolution of a market system. Banking and financial market reforms require a revamping of the monetary system [Koslowski 1992, 673-705]. Once shock therapy is implemented, economic theory predicts a pattern where the level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and personal income falls, measured unemployment rises, and measurable inflation accelerates. Prices adjust to pressures from domestic and world markets, and downsizing by state-owned enterprises or
Te examine whether a professor's reputation affects course selection, a survey was conducted of a... more Te examine whether a professor's reputation affects course selection, a survey was conducted of about 280 students in a junior level marketing class required of all business students at Bowling Green State University (Ohio). The questionnaire listed 25 economics professors and asked what the students had heard about the professors in five dimensions: hard to get an A or B from; easy to get a D or F from; requires hard work; intimidates students in class; and seems to care about students. Students were also asked which professor they would like to have, which they would least like to have, and which they would select assuming they wanted to work hard and learn a lot. Finally, they were asked which professor they had for which class, and whether they would recommend him/her to a friend. Results included the following: (1) the reputation of some professors is not the same for all students; (2) one-fourth of the professors are expected to be easier by students who choose them; (3) most students do not express an opinion about the professor they would choose; and (4) most students who had not had a given professor had as much information about that professor as students who had taken a course with him/her. The questionnaire is appended. 8 references. (KM) xxxx3000000(xmo0009090090990mExxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document.
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2010
Using data from a Midwestern university, the authors examine whether math preparation, as measure... more Using data from a Midwestern university, the authors examine whether math preparation, as measured by the ACT special mathematics score and the math placement from a preparation entrance exam for freshmen students, is associated with performance in one's first economics course. The results indicate that the level of math skills one brings to college has a statistically and economically significant effect on the performance in the economics course. This result is persistent, even when controlling for college math courses taken prior to the economics course. The authors conclude that mathematical maturity may be the relevant causal factor in one's first economic course performance, since higher level math placements tend to result in higher probabilities of As and Bs in one's economic class. In addition, it appears as though the first college algebra course, the business calculus course, and the mathematics courses for math majors or those planning to teach mathematics are the classes associated with higher economics grades. On the other hand, the elementary and intermediate algebra course are not helpful, and in fact, those students who did not take a math class prior to their economics courses performed better on average than those who took the basic algebra classes. These results suggest that at the least, some college algebra would benefit a student in the first economics course.
In this paper we propose a series of homework problems that extend the international coverage in ... more In this paper we propose a series of homework problems that extend the international coverage in economics courses. The homeworks require students to decide which former Soviet Bloc countries should join the European Monetary Union. We argue that while there are some class time costs associated with these homeworks, they extend the international understanding of the students and at the same time build on core economic concepts.
International Handbook on Teaching and Learning Economics
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2005
Abstract: In this paper, we present a simplified macroeconomic model where money demand does not ... more Abstract: In this paper, we present a simplified macroeconomic model where money demand does not depend on the level of income. We then derive aggregate demand in a simple four quadrant diagram similar to a standard IS-LM. The analysis is extended to a model ...
Calculus and Techniques of Optimization with Microeconomic Applications, 2007
Journal of Economic Theory, 1988
It has recently been shown that in neoclassical optimal growth models the set of policy function ... more It has recently been shown that in neoclassical optimal growth models the set of policy function contains all twice differentiable functions. The question has been raised as to whether this restriction to twice differentiable functions is essential. In this paper we show that all C' functions with derivative satisfying a Lipschitz condition can serve as policy functions and we also show by examples that differentiability is not a required property of a policy function.
Energy Economics, 1996
Economic theory suggests that oil price shocks will have an impact on employment in local coal ma... more Economic theory suggests that oil price shocks will have an impact on employment in local coal markets. However, theory is silent on both the absolute and relative magnitudes. Based on vector autoregressive models, we find that oil price shocks, and therefore OPEC ...
The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 1995
The Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Jul 1, 2002
This article provides empirical evidence that environmental legislation affecting coal mining emp... more This article provides empirical evidence that environmental legislation affecting coal mining employment passed in 1977 had different effects on Western Kentucky, where the coal is of higher sulfur content, compared to Eastern Kentucky, where coals are of lower sulfur content, while the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act had no statistically significant impact in either region. The 1977 law generated a statistically significant reduction in West Kentucky employment. In addition, it appears that coal employment in Kentucky is correlated with coal mining employment in the US.
NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, Aug 1, 1982
This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and devel... more This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The geological data used in the analysis came from A Study of the United States Coal Resources by John Ferm and Paul Nuthig of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In contrast to previous research, which focused on a particular resource type, this study made a comprehensive examination of both conventional and unconventional coals, with particular attention to exceptionally thin and thick seams, steeply dipping beds, and multiple seam geometry. The major thrust of the targeting analysis was forecasting which coals would be of clear commercial significance at the beginning of the 21st century under three widely different scenarios for coal demand. The primary measure of commercial importance was an estimate of the aggregate dollar savings realized by consumers if advanced technology were available to mine coal at prices at or below the price projected for conventional technology in the year 2000. Both deterministic and probabilistic savings estimates were prepared for each demand scenario. The results indicate that the resource of primary importance is flatlying bituminous coal of moderate thickness, under moderate cover, and located within the lower 48 states. Resources of secondary importance are the flatlying multiple seams and thin seams (especially those in Appalachia). The rather substantial deposits of bituminous coal in North Alaska and the deeply buried lignites of the Gulf Coast present transportation and ground control problems which appear to postpone their commer:ial importance well beyond 2000. Steeply dipping coals, abandoned pillars, and exceptionally thick western coals may be important in some regions or sub-regions, but the limited tonnage available places them in a position of tertiary importance. i i i FOREWORD This report identifies resource targets appropriate for research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The study reported here is one of a series of documents produced by a program to define, develop, and demonstrate coal mining systems with substantially improved production cost and safety performance, while complying with regulatory intent in the areas of miner health, environmental impact, and coal conservation. Earlier reports established systems performance goals and conceptual design requirements. A companion document by Ferm and Muthig (1982) describes the results of a geological study of generic resource types, including estimates of the tonnages associated with commonly occurring sets of mining conditions.
Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 2014
ABSTRACT We find evidence that procedural utility is a useful explanatory variable of self-employ... more ABSTRACT We find evidence that procedural utility is a useful explanatory variable of self-employment status among a sample of highly educated workers. We find no evidence indicating that procedural utility is useful in explaining the transition to self-employment. However, we do find that traditional employment attributes associated with outcome utility motivate the decision to move into paid-employment and are related to being in paid work generally. Our findings add to the literature examining the usefulness of procedural utility as an explanatory variable and motivate further examination of the relationship between procedural and outcome utility.
Social Science Research Network, 2007
... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? P... more ... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? Prepared by John Hoag Department of Economics Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43402 Phone: 419.372.8231 E-Mail: jhoag@bgsu.edu and ...
INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe a simple way of conveying to undergraduates the central me... more INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe a simple way of conveying to undergraduates the central message of Ball and Romer's paper "Sticky Prices as Coordination Failure." For the simple framework we use, we also find an asymmetry between adjustments to decreases versus increases in the money supply, with the former, as in Ball and Romer, creating a coordination game, while the latter gives rise, in our formulation, to a game of chicken. The model is simple. We have monopolistic competition with all of a large number of firms facing the same inverse demand curve of the form [P.sub.i]/P = M/P - [Q.sub.i] where [P.sub.i] is the ith firm's price, P is the average price, M is the money supply, and Qi is the ith firm's quantity (1). Firm i's sales depend negatively on its relative price and positively on the real money supply. The latter dependence can be rationalized as a real balance effect, on the basis of money in the utility function, or indirectly through th...
This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and devel... more This report identifies resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The geological data used in the analysis came from A Study of the United States Coal Resources by John Ferm and Paul Nuthig of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. In contrast to previous research, which focused on a particular resource type, this study made a comprehensive examination of both conventional and unconventional coals, with particular attention to exceptionally thin and thick seams, steeply dipping beds, and multiple seam geometry. The major thrust of the targeting analysis was forecasting which coals would be of clear commercial significance at the beginning of the 21st century under three widely different scenarios for coal demand. The primary measure of commercial importance was an estimate of the aggregate dollar savings realized by consumers if advanced technology were available to mine coal at prices at or below the price projected for conventional technology in the year 2000. Both deterministic and probabilistic savings estimates were prepared for each demand scenario. The results indicate that the resource of primary importance is flatlying bituminous coal of moderate thickness, under moderate cover, and located within the lower 48 states. Resources of secondary importance are the flatlying multiple seams and thin seams (especially those in Appalachia). The rather substantial deposits of bituminous coal in North Alaska and the deeply buried lignites of the Gulf Coast present transportation and ground control problems which appear to postpone their commer:ial importance well beyond 2000. Steeply dipping coals, abandoned pillars, and exceptionally thick western coals may be important in some regions or sub-regions, but the limited tonnage available places them in a position of tertiary importance. i i i FOREWORD This report identifies resource targets appropriate for research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems. The study reported here is one of a series of documents produced by a program to define, develop, and demonstrate coal mining systems with substantially improved production cost and safety performance, while complying with regulatory intent in the areas of miner health, environmental impact, and coal conservation. Earlier reports established systems performance goals and conceptual design requirements. A companion document by Ferm and Muthig (1982) describes the results of a geological study of generic resource types, including estimates of the tonnages associated with commonly occurring sets of mining conditions.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007
... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? P... more ... What Influence Does Mathematics Preparation Have On Performance in First Economics Classes? Prepared by John Hoag Department of Economics Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43402 Phone: 419.372.8231 E-Mail: jhoag@bgsu.edu and ...
The American Economist, 2013
We develop a graphical framework that allows students to easily see that a change in the growth r... more We develop a graphical framework that allows students to easily see that a change in the growth rate of population and the growth rate of efficiency of labor have different impacts on the time path of capital and output per unit of labor.
The American Economist, 2002
This paper investigates why students are apprehensive about their principles of economics classes... more This paper investigates why students are apprehensive about their principles of economics classes. Using data collected on 399 students from a large, midwestem public university in the 1998 academic year, the authors examine whether there are demographic differences in levels of apprehension and what are the reported reasons for apprehension. The study includes a descriptive analysis and a probit analysis and concludes that: (1) course reputation is the main reason reported by students as the reason for being apprehensive; (2) females tend to be more apprehensive than males; and (3) increased math ability reduces apprehension levels for males and females. The authors suggest that preparatory sessions for those students weak in mathematics and alternative teaching methodologies may reduce the level of apprehension in the introductory courses.
Journal of Economic Issues, 1999
This paper will assess institutional change and performance for the Estonian economy during the t... more This paper will assess institutional change and performance for the Estonian economy during the transition period, with a focus on the monetary aspects. Estonia was the first of the former Soviet republics to issue its own fully convertible currency backed by a currency board. The issuing of the new currency occurred in the context of a "shock therapy" transition, and the Estonian experience is characteristic of the shock therapy approach. Culture and history also affect the path of transition. An understanding of the Estonian experience can shed light on why economic transition has been less successful in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. The process of transition from a planned socialist economy to a capitalist market economy involves the privatization of state-owned enterprises and land. Prices, freed of administrative constraint, move to equilibrium market levels. The introduction of markets provides the basis for resource allocation and drastically changes the role of government. Government production of goods and services is reduced in favor of laying the ground rules for the evolution of a market system. Banking and financial market reforms require a revamping of the monetary system [Koslowski 1992, 673-705]. Once shock therapy is implemented, economic theory predicts a pattern where the level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and personal income falls, measured unemployment rises, and measurable inflation accelerates. Prices adjust to pressures from domestic and world markets, and downsizing by state-owned enterprises or
Te examine whether a professor's reputation affects course selection, a survey was conducted of a... more Te examine whether a professor's reputation affects course selection, a survey was conducted of about 280 students in a junior level marketing class required of all business students at Bowling Green State University (Ohio). The questionnaire listed 25 economics professors and asked what the students had heard about the professors in five dimensions: hard to get an A or B from; easy to get a D or F from; requires hard work; intimidates students in class; and seems to care about students. Students were also asked which professor they would like to have, which they would least like to have, and which they would select assuming they wanted to work hard and learn a lot. Finally, they were asked which professor they had for which class, and whether they would recommend him/her to a friend. Results included the following: (1) the reputation of some professors is not the same for all students; (2) one-fourth of the professors are expected to be easier by students who choose them; (3) most students do not express an opinion about the professor they would choose; and (4) most students who had not had a given professor had as much information about that professor as students who had taken a course with him/her. The questionnaire is appended. 8 references. (KM) xxxx3000000(xmo0009090090990mExxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document.
Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 2010
Using data from a Midwestern university, the authors examine whether math preparation, as measure... more Using data from a Midwestern university, the authors examine whether math preparation, as measured by the ACT special mathematics score and the math placement from a preparation entrance exam for freshmen students, is associated with performance in one's first economics course. The results indicate that the level of math skills one brings to college has a statistically and economically significant effect on the performance in the economics course. This result is persistent, even when controlling for college math courses taken prior to the economics course. The authors conclude that mathematical maturity may be the relevant causal factor in one's first economic course performance, since higher level math placements tend to result in higher probabilities of As and Bs in one's economic class. In addition, it appears as though the first college algebra course, the business calculus course, and the mathematics courses for math majors or those planning to teach mathematics are the classes associated with higher economics grades. On the other hand, the elementary and intermediate algebra course are not helpful, and in fact, those students who did not take a math class prior to their economics courses performed better on average than those who took the basic algebra classes. These results suggest that at the least, some college algebra would benefit a student in the first economics course.
In this paper we propose a series of homework problems that extend the international coverage in ... more In this paper we propose a series of homework problems that extend the international coverage in economics courses. The homeworks require students to decide which former Soviet Bloc countries should join the European Monetary Union. We argue that while there are some class time costs associated with these homeworks, they extend the international understanding of the students and at the same time build on core economic concepts.
International Handbook on Teaching and Learning Economics
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2005
Abstract: In this paper, we present a simplified macroeconomic model where money demand does not ... more Abstract: In this paper, we present a simplified macroeconomic model where money demand does not depend on the level of income. We then derive aggregate demand in a simple four quadrant diagram similar to a standard IS-LM. The analysis is extended to a model ...
Calculus and Techniques of Optimization with Microeconomic Applications, 2007
Journal of Economic Theory, 1988
It has recently been shown that in neoclassical optimal growth models the set of policy function ... more It has recently been shown that in neoclassical optimal growth models the set of policy function contains all twice differentiable functions. The question has been raised as to whether this restriction to twice differentiable functions is essential. In this paper we show that all C' functions with derivative satisfying a Lipschitz condition can serve as policy functions and we also show by examples that differentiability is not a required property of a policy function.
Energy Economics, 1996
Economic theory suggests that oil price shocks will have an impact on employment in local coal ma... more Economic theory suggests that oil price shocks will have an impact on employment in local coal markets. However, theory is silent on both the absolute and relative magnitudes. Based on vector autoregressive models, we find that oil price shocks, and therefore OPEC ...