John Sherlock - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by John Sherlock

Research paper thumbnail of A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance Outcomes

Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance, 2020

The concept of supply chain management (SCM) is receiving greater attention among academics and o... more The concept of supply chain management (SCM) is receiving greater attention among academics and organizations and is viewed as a potential source of bottom and top-line growth. Despite the potential for improving organizational performance through supply chain improvements, little scholarly evidence exists in management literature to establish an association between organizational factors and SCM performance outcomes. This paper focuses on an understanding of those factors by providing a systematic review of 21 empirical studies, whereby an evidence-based analysis of the findings from this research indicates that four organizational factors (people orientation, process orientation, information technology, and external environment) are associated with SCM performance outcomes. Although the paper initially sought to identify specific factors associated with successful supply chain outcomes, the evidence led to the importance of a fifth factor, supply chain integration, and its impact on supply chain performance. Moreover, the paper discusses the managerial implications of supply chain integration and identifies the need for improved competency among supply chain managers to further bring supply chain integration to life.

Research paper thumbnail of Pedagogical Tools to Develop Critical Thinking

Academic Exchange Quarterly, Dec 22, 2005

Abstract Faculties in college and university programs strive to graduate individuals who are expe... more Abstract Faculties in college and university programs strive to graduate individuals who are experienced and adept in critical thinking. This article discusses the value of three pedagogical tools for developing students' critical thinking skills. The authors suggest learning journals, book critiques, and persuasive essay assignments can provide students with opportunities to reflect upon and synthesize information, to adopt a position or view about an issue based on valid, carefully considered evidence, and to communicate clearly their position to others in a persuasive manner. Introduction College and university programs are continually striving to graduate individuals who are experienced and adept in critical thinking (Brown & Meuti, 1999; Halpern & Riggio, 1996). Barnes (2005) notes that most colleges in the country now feature critical thinking as an essential component of successful college experiences. Students must be able to think critically about an issue, communicate persuasively their point of view, synthesize information from divergent sources, and substantiate their recommendations and actions. With these goals in mind, college and university professors seek to design courses of study which will encourage students to think independently and which will develop students who are able to support empirically and experientially their conclusions, recommendations, and actions. A continuing challenge for many educators is translating the philosophical desire and the empirical support for critical thinking into pragmatic, pedagogical practice. Given this challenge, the purpose of this paper is to discuss three pedagogical tools which support the development of critical thinking skills. In this paper, a framework for critical thinking will first be presented. Following the discussion of the skills and dispositions of critical thinking, the authors will present three pedagogical tools currently used in higher education courses to promote critical thinking: Learning Journals, Book Critiques, and Persuasive Essays. Critical Thinking Defined There are several models and definitions for critical thinking; however, implicit in each is the need for students to skillfully analyze and assess the quality of their thinking based on careful consideration of personal beliefs, knowledge, and understandings (Dewey, 1909, 1997; Elder & Paul, 2002). The process of critical thinking encourages students to realize everything is not as it may seem to be on the surface; therefore, maintaining a healthy skepticism and suspending judgment is foundational (Burback, Matkin, Fritz, 2004; Dewey, 1997). Learners engaging in critical thinking must also provide explanations of the conceptual and methodological considerations upon which their judgment is based (Facione, 1998). For this article, the critical thinking elements developed by Richard Paul, director of the National Council on Excellence in Critical Thinking (NCECT), will be used as a framework in discussing the merits of learning journals, persuasive essays, and book reviews as sound pedagogical tools for developing critical thinking skills. The NCECT model was selected due to its strong historical and theoretical base, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions, and the emphasis on the ability for excellence in critical thinking to be systematically cultivated (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2004). According to NCECT, critical thinking focuses on a set of skills and attitudes that assist students in skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information that is generated through reflection, observation, experience, reasoning, or communication (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2004). Good critical thinkers clearly formulate vital questions and problems, gather and assess relevant information, come to well-reasoned conclusions, test their conclusions against relevant criteria and standards, think open-mindedly, communicate effectively, and are self-directed and self-disciplined (Browne & Freeman, 2000; Elder & Paul, 2002). …

Research paper thumbnail of How Power Dynamics Impact the Content and Process of Nonprofit CEO Learning

Management Learning, 2008

Demands and challenges facing the nonprofit chief executive officer (CEO) are at least as substan... more Demands and challenges facing the nonprofit chief executive officer (CEO) are at least as substantial as their compensation and perquisites. Although it is assumed that the CEO must engage in extensive and continued learning in order to meet these demands and challenges, we know little about their actual learning experiences. Thus, a qualitative research study of the learning experiences of 12 CEOs of nonprofit organizations was conducted, using Mezirow's theory of adult learning as an analytical frame. A dominant theme in the CEOs' learning experiences concerned learning about the power dynamics which they perceived as pervasive in the CEO context. The CEOs also described how the power dynamics impacted the way they learned, making dialogue difficult and requiring greater reliance on private reflection.

Research paper thumbnail of Book Critique Assignments in Management Education

Academic Exchange Quarterly, 2005

... Book critique assignments in management education. by John J. Sherlock, Grant Morgan. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Key elements of building online community: Comparing faculty and student perceptions

MERLOT Journal of Online Learning …, 2007

This paper describes survey research of fourteen online courses where instructors and students we... more This paper describes survey research of fourteen online courses where instructors and students were asked their perceptions about the challenges and essential elements of community in online classes. Results show that both instructors and students believe building community is very important. The majority of both students and instructors perceived it to be harder to build community online than in traditional classes. Additionally, while the majority of students and instructors both identified the same elements for building online community, there were significant ranking differences. Most striking among the differences was that students ranked instructor modeling as the most important element in building online community, while instructors ranked it fourth. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations provided for how instructors can model community behaviors in their online classes.

Research paper thumbnail of Reyes Fitness Centers, Inc.: The Strategic HR Opportunity

Research paper thumbnail of The HR Transition to Strategic Partner

Research paper thumbnail of A Closer Look at Instructor-Student Feedback Online: A Case Study Analysis of the Types and Frequency

It is widely recognized that good teaching includes instructor-student feedback, and in online co... more It is widely recognized that good teaching includes instructor-student feedback, and in online courses, feedback takes a variety of forms, including both synchronous and asynchronous interactions. To understand better the types and frequency of instructorstudent feedback interactions, this case study used document analysis to examine feedback in an online course over a full semester. Feedback interactions were coded as either individual or team feedback and also then coded as either corrective, motivational, or technology-related. With 1,744 recorded instructor-student feedback interactions, corrective feedback accounted for nearly 70% of all feedback (given more often to teams than individuals); motivational feedback was 20% (given more often to individuals than teams); and technology feedback was 10% (given more often to individuals than teams). Additionally, feedback differed over the duration of the semester, with motivational feedback being the greatest at the beginning of the term. An examination of individual versus team differences revealed that teams tended to receive a greater amount of corrective feedback, whereas individuals required greater motivational feedback.

Research paper thumbnail of Portrait of the Judge as an Artist (with Apologies to James Joyce)

Research paper thumbnail of Scale Development Practices Within the MSR Domain: An Assessment of the Literature From 1996-2004

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Research paper thumbnail of Producing actionable knowledge: Applying Mezirow's theory to the managerial learning context

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Research paper thumbnail of Scale Development Practices in the Measurement of Spirituality

International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 2005

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Using Provocative Statement Assignments to Foster Critical Thinking in Leadership Education

Journal of Leadership Education, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Metal availability

Science of The Total Environment, 1988

Although concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the soil at Shipham are exceptionally high, ... more Although concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the soil at Shipham are exceptionally high, total metal content does not necessarily provide an accurate guide to the amount of metal which may be available to plants, and ultimately to man. Metal availability is governed by a wide range of soil and plant factors including pH, cation exchange capacity, plant species and time of year. Because it was essential to assess the extent to which metals were bioavailable, the speciation of cadmium and lead in the Shipham soil and the uptake of these metals by pasture plants and garden crops were investigated.

Research paper thumbnail of Biosolids Improvements Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (RRWRF) Pima County Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department (PCRWRD) Tucson, Arizona

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes of metal

Science of The Total Environment, 1988

Studies were carried out at Shipham to quantify all sources of metals to which the residents migh... more Studies were carried out at Shipham to quantify all sources of metals to which the residents might be exposed.

Research paper thumbnail of Nonprofit association CEOs how their context shapes what, how, and why they learn

Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2007

... The unique physical and social situation in which learning occurs, such as is created when se... more ... The unique physical and social situation in which learning occurs, such as is created when serving in a particular organizational position, has been found to be integral to the learning process (Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Jarvis, 1987; Tennant, 2000; Wilson, 1993). ...

Research paper thumbnail of Adapting surveys for nonprofit research

Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2009

Many useful survey instruments have been developed in the forprofit management arena, but they of... more Many useful survey instruments have been developed in the forprofit management arena, but they often require varying levels of adaptation for relevant application in the nonprofit context. This research note first explains key steps in the process for adapting and testing a survey instrument. It then illustrates how each step should be applied and reported using a case study adaptation of Hodgkinson' s (1992) strategic locus of control instrument for nonprofit use.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period

Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 1989

E. SPEAR. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period. NEU... more E. SPEAR. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 11(1) 57-63, 1989.--Offspring of Sprague-Dawley dams injected SC with 40 mg/kg/3 cc cocaine HC1 daily from gestational days 8-20, pair-fed dams injected with the vehicle alone and nontreated control dams were examined behaviorally during the early postnatal period. No significant differences were observed among the treatment conditions in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, duration of pregnancy, or number of live male and female pups/litter. Offspring body weights at birth and weaning, physical maturation and reflex development were not significantly affected by prenatal cocaine exposure. In contrast, neonates exposed prenatally to cocaine were observed to exhibit significant deficits in learning of an odor/milk association that nontreated offspring learned and retained for a 24 hr period. On postnatal day 12, cocaine offspring exhibited an increase in locomotor activity and attenuated wall climbing precipitated by footshock, in the absence of any alteration in sensitivity to footshock. Given that wall climbing has been previously shown to be strongly related to levels of catecholamine activity at this age, these data suggest the possibility that there may be some attenuation in catecholaminergic function in pups exposed gestationally to cocaine. The results of this study provide evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure may have an impact upon behavioral and cognitive function even during the early postnatal period. More work is needed to fully characterize the range of alterations observed and the neural mechanisms underlying these early exposure effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Intake of Fluoride in the United Kingdom and Fluoride Content of Some Foodstuffs

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983

Using samples from the Total Diet Study, the average dietary intake per person of fluoride in the... more Using samples from the Total Diet Study, the average dietary intake per person of fluoride in the United Kingdom is estimated to be 1.82 mg day-1. Beverages account for 71 % of the total dietary intake and tea contributes most to the intake from the beverages group. Above-average consumption of tea, as recorded in Great Britain, could result in fluoride intakes as high as 8.9 mg day-1. It is estimated that tap water containing 1 mg litre-1 of fluoride could increase normal dietary intakes by 54%. Individual foods have been analysed and the results show that tea infusions and foods containing skin or bone have higher fluoride concentrations than other foods. Concentrations as high as 44 mg kg-1 were found in the tail meat of krill, and a sample of mechanically deboned meat contained 2.8 mg kg-1 fluoride. Samples of flour, bread, vegetables, meat and fish products and infant foods generally contained less than 1 me kg-1 of fluoride. Soft drinks from an area with a fluoridated water supply had a higher fluoride concentration than samples taken from an area with unfluoridated water.

Research paper thumbnail of A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance Outcomes

Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Economics and Finance, 2020

The concept of supply chain management (SCM) is receiving greater attention among academics and o... more The concept of supply chain management (SCM) is receiving greater attention among academics and organizations and is viewed as a potential source of bottom and top-line growth. Despite the potential for improving organizational performance through supply chain improvements, little scholarly evidence exists in management literature to establish an association between organizational factors and SCM performance outcomes. This paper focuses on an understanding of those factors by providing a systematic review of 21 empirical studies, whereby an evidence-based analysis of the findings from this research indicates that four organizational factors (people orientation, process orientation, information technology, and external environment) are associated with SCM performance outcomes. Although the paper initially sought to identify specific factors associated with successful supply chain outcomes, the evidence led to the importance of a fifth factor, supply chain integration, and its impact on supply chain performance. Moreover, the paper discusses the managerial implications of supply chain integration and identifies the need for improved competency among supply chain managers to further bring supply chain integration to life.

Research paper thumbnail of Pedagogical Tools to Develop Critical Thinking

Academic Exchange Quarterly, Dec 22, 2005

Abstract Faculties in college and university programs strive to graduate individuals who are expe... more Abstract Faculties in college and university programs strive to graduate individuals who are experienced and adept in critical thinking. This article discusses the value of three pedagogical tools for developing students' critical thinking skills. The authors suggest learning journals, book critiques, and persuasive essay assignments can provide students with opportunities to reflect upon and synthesize information, to adopt a position or view about an issue based on valid, carefully considered evidence, and to communicate clearly their position to others in a persuasive manner. Introduction College and university programs are continually striving to graduate individuals who are experienced and adept in critical thinking (Brown & Meuti, 1999; Halpern & Riggio, 1996). Barnes (2005) notes that most colleges in the country now feature critical thinking as an essential component of successful college experiences. Students must be able to think critically about an issue, communicate persuasively their point of view, synthesize information from divergent sources, and substantiate their recommendations and actions. With these goals in mind, college and university professors seek to design courses of study which will encourage students to think independently and which will develop students who are able to support empirically and experientially their conclusions, recommendations, and actions. A continuing challenge for many educators is translating the philosophical desire and the empirical support for critical thinking into pragmatic, pedagogical practice. Given this challenge, the purpose of this paper is to discuss three pedagogical tools which support the development of critical thinking skills. In this paper, a framework for critical thinking will first be presented. Following the discussion of the skills and dispositions of critical thinking, the authors will present three pedagogical tools currently used in higher education courses to promote critical thinking: Learning Journals, Book Critiques, and Persuasive Essays. Critical Thinking Defined There are several models and definitions for critical thinking; however, implicit in each is the need for students to skillfully analyze and assess the quality of their thinking based on careful consideration of personal beliefs, knowledge, and understandings (Dewey, 1909, 1997; Elder & Paul, 2002). The process of critical thinking encourages students to realize everything is not as it may seem to be on the surface; therefore, maintaining a healthy skepticism and suspending judgment is foundational (Burback, Matkin, Fritz, 2004; Dewey, 1997). Learners engaging in critical thinking must also provide explanations of the conceptual and methodological considerations upon which their judgment is based (Facione, 1998). For this article, the critical thinking elements developed by Richard Paul, director of the National Council on Excellence in Critical Thinking (NCECT), will be used as a framework in discussing the merits of learning journals, persuasive essays, and book reviews as sound pedagogical tools for developing critical thinking skills. The NCECT model was selected due to its strong historical and theoretical base, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions, and the emphasis on the ability for excellence in critical thinking to be systematically cultivated (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2004). According to NCECT, critical thinking focuses on a set of skills and attitudes that assist students in skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information that is generated through reflection, observation, experience, reasoning, or communication (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2004). Good critical thinkers clearly formulate vital questions and problems, gather and assess relevant information, come to well-reasoned conclusions, test their conclusions against relevant criteria and standards, think open-mindedly, communicate effectively, and are self-directed and self-disciplined (Browne & Freeman, 2000; Elder & Paul, 2002). …

Research paper thumbnail of How Power Dynamics Impact the Content and Process of Nonprofit CEO Learning

Management Learning, 2008

Demands and challenges facing the nonprofit chief executive officer (CEO) are at least as substan... more Demands and challenges facing the nonprofit chief executive officer (CEO) are at least as substantial as their compensation and perquisites. Although it is assumed that the CEO must engage in extensive and continued learning in order to meet these demands and challenges, we know little about their actual learning experiences. Thus, a qualitative research study of the learning experiences of 12 CEOs of nonprofit organizations was conducted, using Mezirow's theory of adult learning as an analytical frame. A dominant theme in the CEOs' learning experiences concerned learning about the power dynamics which they perceived as pervasive in the CEO context. The CEOs also described how the power dynamics impacted the way they learned, making dialogue difficult and requiring greater reliance on private reflection.

Research paper thumbnail of Book Critique Assignments in Management Education

Academic Exchange Quarterly, 2005

... Book critique assignments in management education. by John J. Sherlock, Grant Morgan. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Key elements of building online community: Comparing faculty and student perceptions

MERLOT Journal of Online Learning …, 2007

This paper describes survey research of fourteen online courses where instructors and students we... more This paper describes survey research of fourteen online courses where instructors and students were asked their perceptions about the challenges and essential elements of community in online classes. Results show that both instructors and students believe building community is very important. The majority of both students and instructors perceived it to be harder to build community online than in traditional classes. Additionally, while the majority of students and instructors both identified the same elements for building online community, there were significant ranking differences. Most striking among the differences was that students ranked instructor modeling as the most important element in building online community, while instructors ranked it fourth. Implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations provided for how instructors can model community behaviors in their online classes.

Research paper thumbnail of Reyes Fitness Centers, Inc.: The Strategic HR Opportunity

Research paper thumbnail of The HR Transition to Strategic Partner

Research paper thumbnail of A Closer Look at Instructor-Student Feedback Online: A Case Study Analysis of the Types and Frequency

It is widely recognized that good teaching includes instructor-student feedback, and in online co... more It is widely recognized that good teaching includes instructor-student feedback, and in online courses, feedback takes a variety of forms, including both synchronous and asynchronous interactions. To understand better the types and frequency of instructorstudent feedback interactions, this case study used document analysis to examine feedback in an online course over a full semester. Feedback interactions were coded as either individual or team feedback and also then coded as either corrective, motivational, or technology-related. With 1,744 recorded instructor-student feedback interactions, corrective feedback accounted for nearly 70% of all feedback (given more often to teams than individuals); motivational feedback was 20% (given more often to individuals than teams); and technology feedback was 10% (given more often to individuals than teams). Additionally, feedback differed over the duration of the semester, with motivational feedback being the greatest at the beginning of the term. An examination of individual versus team differences revealed that teams tended to receive a greater amount of corrective feedback, whereas individuals required greater motivational feedback.

Research paper thumbnail of Portrait of the Judge as an Artist (with Apologies to James Joyce)

Research paper thumbnail of Scale Development Practices Within the MSR Domain: An Assessment of the Literature From 1996-2004

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Research paper thumbnail of Producing actionable knowledge: Applying Mezirow's theory to the managerial learning context

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings

Research paper thumbnail of Scale Development Practices in the Measurement of Spirituality

International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 2005

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Using Provocative Statement Assignments to Foster Critical Thinking in Leadership Education

Journal of Leadership Education, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Metal availability

Science of The Total Environment, 1988

Although concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the soil at Shipham are exceptionally high, ... more Although concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the soil at Shipham are exceptionally high, total metal content does not necessarily provide an accurate guide to the amount of metal which may be available to plants, and ultimately to man. Metal availability is governed by a wide range of soil and plant factors including pH, cation exchange capacity, plant species and time of year. Because it was essential to assess the extent to which metals were bioavailable, the speciation of cadmium and lead in the Shipham soil and the uptake of these metals by pasture plants and garden crops were investigated.

Research paper thumbnail of Biosolids Improvements Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (RRWRF) Pima County Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department (PCRWRD) Tucson, Arizona

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2009

Research paper thumbnail of Intakes of metal

Science of The Total Environment, 1988

Studies were carried out at Shipham to quantify all sources of metals to which the residents migh... more Studies were carried out at Shipham to quantify all sources of metals to which the residents might be exposed.

Research paper thumbnail of Nonprofit association CEOs how their context shapes what, how, and why they learn

Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2007

... The unique physical and social situation in which learning occurs, such as is created when se... more ... The unique physical and social situation in which learning occurs, such as is created when serving in a particular organizational position, has been found to be integral to the learning process (Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989; Jarvis, 1987; Tennant, 2000; Wilson, 1993). ...

Research paper thumbnail of Adapting surveys for nonprofit research

Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 2009

Many useful survey instruments have been developed in the forprofit management arena, but they of... more Many useful survey instruments have been developed in the forprofit management arena, but they often require varying levels of adaptation for relevant application in the nonprofit context. This research note first explains key steps in the process for adapting and testing a survey instrument. It then illustrates how each step should be applied and reported using a case study adaptation of Hodgkinson' s (1992) strategic locus of control instrument for nonprofit use.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period

Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 1989

E. SPEAR. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period. NEU... more E. SPEAR. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on behavior during the early postnatal period. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 11(1) 57-63, 1989.--Offspring of Sprague-Dawley dams injected SC with 40 mg/kg/3 cc cocaine HC1 daily from gestational days 8-20, pair-fed dams injected with the vehicle alone and nontreated control dams were examined behaviorally during the early postnatal period. No significant differences were observed among the treatment conditions in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, duration of pregnancy, or number of live male and female pups/litter. Offspring body weights at birth and weaning, physical maturation and reflex development were not significantly affected by prenatal cocaine exposure. In contrast, neonates exposed prenatally to cocaine were observed to exhibit significant deficits in learning of an odor/milk association that nontreated offspring learned and retained for a 24 hr period. On postnatal day 12, cocaine offspring exhibited an increase in locomotor activity and attenuated wall climbing precipitated by footshock, in the absence of any alteration in sensitivity to footshock. Given that wall climbing has been previously shown to be strongly related to levels of catecholamine activity at this age, these data suggest the possibility that there may be some attenuation in catecholaminergic function in pups exposed gestationally to cocaine. The results of this study provide evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure may have an impact upon behavioral and cognitive function even during the early postnatal period. More work is needed to fully characterize the range of alterations observed and the neural mechanisms underlying these early exposure effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Intake of Fluoride in the United Kingdom and Fluoride Content of Some Foodstuffs

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983

Using samples from the Total Diet Study, the average dietary intake per person of fluoride in the... more Using samples from the Total Diet Study, the average dietary intake per person of fluoride in the United Kingdom is estimated to be 1.82 mg day-1. Beverages account for 71 % of the total dietary intake and tea contributes most to the intake from the beverages group. Above-average consumption of tea, as recorded in Great Britain, could result in fluoride intakes as high as 8.9 mg day-1. It is estimated that tap water containing 1 mg litre-1 of fluoride could increase normal dietary intakes by 54%. Individual foods have been analysed and the results show that tea infusions and foods containing skin or bone have higher fluoride concentrations than other foods. Concentrations as high as 44 mg kg-1 were found in the tail meat of krill, and a sample of mechanically deboned meat contained 2.8 mg kg-1 fluoride. Samples of flour, bread, vegetables, meat and fish products and infant foods generally contained less than 1 me kg-1 of fluoride. Soft drinks from an area with a fluoridated water supply had a higher fluoride concentration than samples taken from an area with unfluoridated water.