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Papers by Jonathan Castillo

Scientific Reports

To investigate the association of the myelomeningocele (MMC) volume with prenatal and postnatal m... more To investigate the association of the myelomeningocele (MMC) volume with prenatal and postnatal motor function (MF) in cases who underwent a prenatal repair. Retrospective cohort study (11/2011 to 03/2019) of 63 patients who underwent a prenatal MMC repair (37 fetoscopic, 26 open-hysterotomy). At referral, measurements of the volume of MMC was performed based on ultrasound scans. A large MMC was defined as greater than the optimal volume threshold (ROC analysis) for the prediction of intact MF at referral (2.7 cc). Prenatal or postnatal intact motor function (S1) was defined as the observation of plantar flexion of the ankle based on ultrasound scan or postnatal examination. 23/63 participants presented a large MMC. Large MMC lesions was associated with an increased risk of having clubfeet by 9.5 times (CI%95[2.1–41.8], p < 0.01), and reduces the chances of having an intact MF at referral by 0.19 times (CI%95[0.1–0.6], p < 0.01). At birth, a large MMC reduces the chance of hav...

Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2020

While the neuropsychological profile for individuals with Spina Bifida (SB) can vary, often certa... more While the neuropsychological profile for individuals with Spina Bifida (SB) can vary, often certain patterns of strengths and weaknesses are evident across the lifespan. Understanding variability related to neural structure, genetics, ethnicity, and the environment is key to understanding individual differences in outcomes and can be vital in planning interventions and tracking progress. This article outlines the SB Guideline for the Neuropsychological Care of People with Spina Bifida from the 2018 Spina Bifida Association’s Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida and acknowledges that further research in SB neurocognitive profiles is warranted.

THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INVENTIVE MATERIAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS: ICIMA 2020, 2020

It summarizes strategic analyses regarding the future of copper concentrate exports, its problems... more It summarizes strategic analyses regarding the future of copper concentrate exports, its problems and Chile’s participation not only as a global copper producer, but as a refined copper producer. These analyses aim to develop a basis for modernization and possibly the construction of new foundries in Chile; are considered economic, competitive and strategic aspects. In Chile, an increase in the production of copper sulfide concentrates is projected, considering the depletion of oxidized minerals. This increase also includes complex or dirty concentrates with a high presence of impurities, mainly arsenic. Currently in an environmental context, Chilean smelters on average do not meet the emissions standard for copper smelters due to the age of these smelters and the high investment required to modify their infrastructure. Strategically, the increase in high impurities in concentrates results in higher treatment costs, penalties and difficulty of acceptance in the international market. With regard to the economic context of these smelters in Chile, these are among the most cost of operation worldwide. A globalized strategy for the modernization of foundries in Chile is therefore needed. High-capacity foundries are recommended, which will have state-of-the-art technology to eliminate arsenic and capture emissions and are also fed by mixtures of concentrates from different mines, with the participation of Codelco and private miners.

The effects of sulfuric acid, chlorine concentration and time in the extraction of copper from su... more The effects of sulfuric acid, chlorine concentration and time in the extraction of copper from sulphured minerals (chalcocite) were studied, considering the methodology of surface optimization and the adjustment of a quadratic model for the representation of the experimental design. The experimental data were adjusted by multiple regression analysis to a quadratic equation and analyzed statistically. A model was developed to predict the copper extraction of the Cu2S mineral with the variables chlorine concentration and time, the only statistically significant variables that contribute to explain the variability of the model under the set of parameters considered in the sample.

Metals, 2020

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2020

Oral communication abstracts Conclusions: Both IVF groups showed signs of fetal cardiac remodelli... more Oral communication abstracts Conclusions: Both IVF groups showed signs of fetal cardiac remodelling and dysfunction, with milder changes in the frozen ET population.These results underscore the importance of future studies for assessing the long-term cardiovascular health associated with IVF.

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2020

Objectives: (1) To compare brain findings between large and non-large neural tube defect (NTD); (... more Objectives: (1) To compare brain findings between large and non-large neural tube defect (NTD); (2) To evaluate the impact of large lesion on the surgical parameters; (3) To study any associations between the size of the lesions and brain findings six weeks postoperatively, and neurological shortterm outcomes.

Minerals, 2020

A less harmful approach for the environment regarding chalcopyrite concentrate leaching, using se... more A less harmful approach for the environment regarding chalcopyrite concentrate leaching, using seawater/brine and caliche’s salts as a source of chloride and nitrate ions, was investigated. Different variables were evaluated: sulfuric acid concentration, sodium nitrate concentration, chloride concentration, source of water (distilled water, seawater, and brine), temperature, concentrate sample type, nitrate source (analytical grade and industrial salt), and pre-treatment methods in order to obtain maximum copper extraction. All tests were performed at moderate temperatures (≤45 °C) and atmospheric pressure. The leaching system using distilled water, seawater, and brine base media resulted in copper extraction of 70.9%, 90.6%, and 86.6% respectively. The leaching media, with a concentration of 20 g/L Cl−, obtained a maximum Cu extraction of 93.5%. An increase in the concentration of H2SO4 and NaNO3 from 0.5 to 0.7 M, led to an increase in the copper extraction. The use of an industri...

Minerals Engineering, 2020

Mixed copper ores are challenging to process, where the treatments are expensive, resulting in lo... more Mixed copper ores are challenging to process, where the treatments are expensive, resulting in low recoveries, with products that are not commercially viable. The proposed research aims a sustainable method to recover copper from a mixture of oxides and sulfides minerals. The procedure involves three stages: (i) leaching with aqueous ammonia solutions at room temperature and varied pH, ammonia concentration, solid concentration, and particle size; (ii) PLS precipitation in copper sulfides by the addition of sulfur (or other copper sulfates) and SO 2 (or additional sulfites or bisulfites); (iii) froth flotation to recover the value sulfide, considering a set of collectors and frothers. The outcomes obtained in this work were promising, achieving copper extraction of 70% in the leaching stage, precipitation of copper sulfides that surrounds 90%, and 75% of recovery by flotation.

Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2019

BACKGROUND: Ethnic disparities in continence rates in spina bifida (SB) have been studied regiona... more BACKGROUND: Ethnic disparities in continence rates in spina bifida (SB) have been studied regionally but not nationally. National SB Patient Registry (NSBPR) data were analyzed to explore differences in prevalence of bowel and bladder continence and interventions between Hispanics/ Latinos and others. METHODS: Participants 5 to 21 years were categorized into Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic/ non-Latino. Bladder/bowel continence was defined as dry/no involuntary stool leakage during the *

Minerals, 2019

The effect of NaCl on the leaching of white metal from a Teniente Converter was investigated in N... more The effect of NaCl on the leaching of white metal from a Teniente Converter was investigated in NaCl-H2SO4 media under environmental conditions. The copper dissolution from white metal was studied using ferric ions in the range of 1–10 g/L, NaCl in the range of 30–210 g/L, and sulfuric acid in the range of 10–50 g/L. The test without NaCl produced a dissolution of 55%; through the addition of NaCl, the dissolution increased to nearly 90%. The effect of sulfuric acid on the copper dissolution was not significant in the studied range, as the excess sulfuric acid simply increased the iron precipitation. The positive effect of NaCl seems to be related to the action of chloro-complex oxidizing agents in relation to the Cu+2/Cu+ couple. A simplified two-stage mechanism is proposed for the leaching of white metal. In the first stage, the white metal produces covellite and Cu2+, and in the second stage it produces elemental sulfur and Cu2+. The first stage is very rapidly compared to the se...

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018

there was no gross evidence of impact of exposure to CO 2 (employed for insufflation) and capacit... more there was no gross evidence of impact of exposure to CO 2 (employed for insufflation) and capacity for cell recovery, viability in culture, nor NPC propagation in vitro. CONCLUSION: Neuroprogenitor cells can be successfully recovered at the time of fetoscopic myelomeningocele repair. Their propagation in culture allows for a novel renewable source of obtaining autologous NPCs. Future utilization of preserved specimens will include continual propagation with subsequent opportunities for analysis of cellular mechanisms involved in embryonic development, neural disease pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic interventions.

Birth Defects Research, 2018

Background: The National Spina Bifida Patient Registry (NSBPR) was established in 2008, as a part... more Background: The National Spina Bifida Patient Registry (NSBPR) was established in 2008, as a partnership between the CDC and spina bifida (SB) clinics throughout the United States. The purpose of this study is to explore the initial work of this project through a literature review of published studies from the NSBPR and provide a description of how this body of literature has developed overtime. Methods: We included studies indexed in MEDLINE by means of PubMed from January 2009 through April 2018. Included articles were appraised to identify key themes relevant to SB demographics, interventions, and outcomes. Additionally, information regarding objectives, hypotheses, and results of each study was summarized. Results: We identified 13 articles meeting inclusion criteria. These publications described findings or explored associations using NSBPR variables. They were grouped into four categories: general characteristics (4 studies), mobility and skin injury (2 studies), bowel continence (3 studies), and bladder continence (5 studies). Conclusions: The NSBPR represents one of the largest described clinical samples of individuals living with SB. The first decade of studies have focused primarily on descriptive analyses and on identifying predictors of clinical outcomes. These initial results may help develop interventions (including culturally appropriate initiatives), be a resource for developing international evidence-based standards of care and best-practices, and lead to improved outcomes for individuals living with SB globally. Additionally, the results underscore the strengths of the NSBPR's design and highlight the potential breadth of research topics that could be addressed in the future. K E Y W O R D S myelomeningocele, review, social determinants of health, spina bifida, three-hit model 1 | INTRODUCTION Neural tube defects (NTDs), frequently understood as anencephaly and spina bifida (SB), have a birth prevalence of nearly six per 10,000 live births in the United States (US) (Williams et al., 2015). Along the dorsal spine, the failure of the neural tube to close is commonly known as open SB. The most common form of open SB is myelomeningocele (MMC), which has long been associated with numerous comorbidities (Kaufman et al., 1994). The majority of cases are non-syndromic and likely are etiologically complex, arising from a combination of genetic, and environmental factors, that are poorly understood (Parker et al., 2010; Ross, Mason, & Finnell, 2016). One of the most notable epidemiologic findings related to NTDs is the protective effect of maternal supplementation of periconceptional folic acid. However, despite folic acid fortification programs globally, approximately 1,500 neonates are estimated to be born yearly in the United States with SB (Parker et al., 2010). Prevalence rates of SB are also significantly influenced by

Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine, Jan 31, 2017

Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine, Dec 20, 2017

It has been estimated that 60-70% of neural tube defects (NTDs) have a genetic component, but few... more It has been estimated that 60-70% of neural tube defects (NTDs) have a genetic component, but few causative genes have been identified. The lack of information on genes associated with non-syndromic NTDs in humans is especially notable as the "genomic revolution" has led to new tools (e.g., genome-wide genotyping arrays, next-generation sequencing) that are helping to elucidate the full spectrum of genetic variation (from common to rare) contributing to complex traits, including structural birth defects. However, the application of modern genomic approaches to the study of NTDs has lagged behind that of some other common structural birth defects. This may be due to the difficulty of assembling large study cohorts for anencephaly or spina bifida. The purpose of this review is to outline the evolution of genetic studies of NTDs, from studies of familial aggregation to candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, through whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing. Strateg...

Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine, Jan 20, 2017

Prenatal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) via hysterotomy has demonstrated neurosurgical and moto... more Prenatal repair of myelomeningocele (MMC) via hysterotomy has demonstrated neurosurgical and motor benefits, when compared to postnatal repairs. Urologic benefits, however, remain to be seen. The purpose of this study was to review early postnatal bladder function in patients undergoing a novel endoscopic approach for MMC repair using an exteriorized uterus. A prospective urologic assessment of patients undergoing fetoscopic MMC repair and receiving subsequent care at our facility, was performed. Patients were managed and urodynamic studies risk-stratified according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Urologic and Renal Protocol for the Newborn and Young Child with Spina Bifida. Fetoscopic MMC repair was performed in 14 patients. No patients had hydronephrosis or bladder thickening at birth. Detrusor overactivity was observed in nine (64.3%) patients. Impaired compliance was seen in eight (57.1%) patients. No patients had a detrusor leak point pressure of > 40 cm H2...

MedEdPublish, 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: The globalization o... more This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: The globalization of healthcare has contributed to a rapid increase in global health education (GHE) among residency programs. However the impact of GHE on pediatric residency selection and potential barriers to GHE have not been reported. Objective: Our objective was to identify associations between resident ranking preferences and, 1) past GHE experience, and 2) interest in GHE participation in future. Methods: Residents entering a large urban academic pediatric residency program from 2009 to 2014 were surveyed, to identify factors influencing pediatric residency program selection and the role of GHE in ranking and career decisions. Results: 86.5% (n=294) of the 340 entering residents responded (67.2% female; 74.6% white; mean age [SD] of 27 years [2.3]). About 50% (n=147) had prior GHE experience, and 90.4% endorsed interest in participating in GHE rotations. Availability of faculty mentorship, financia...

International Journal of Morphology, 2015

Overexpression of Short and Raji variants of Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is c... more Overexpression of Short and Raji variants of Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is capable of inhibiting apoptosis, while the function of the Long isoform depends of c-FLIPL concentration in cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of c-FLIPL knockdown in cervical cell lines. SiHa, C-4I and C-33A cervical cancer cell lines were analyzed. c-FLIPL level expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. c-FLIPL was transiently downregulated by siRNA. The effects of knockdown of c-FLIPL on cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by comparing with scrambled siRNAtransfected cells. SiHa and C-4I c-FLIPL knockdown cells showed increased viability compared with scrambled siRNA-transfected cells (P<0.05), while C-33A cells did not show significant differences. Ki-67 and PCNA immunocytochemistry was performed to evaluate proliferation on these cervical cancer cell lines. SiHa cells with c-FLIPL knockdown showed elevated expression of Ki-67 protein compared with their scrambled counterparts (P<0.0001), while C-33A c-FLIPL knockdown cells showed a significantly lower in PCNA expression (P<0.01) compared with control. All three c-FLIP-transfected cell lines showed a higher level of apoptosis compared with their scrambled controls. Our results suggest that c-FLIPL could have effects in proliferation and apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines.

Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 2010

Background Resident interest in global health care training is growing and has been shown to have... more Background Resident interest in global health care training is growing and has been shown to have a positive effect on participants' clinical skills and cultural competency. In addition, it is associated with career choices in primary care, public health, and in the service of underserved populations. The purpose of this study was to explore, through reflective practice, how participation in a formal global health training program influences pediatric residents' perspectives when caring for diverse patient populations. Methods Thirteen pediatric and combined-program residents enrolled in a year-long Global Health Scholars Program at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center during the 2007–2008 academic year. Educational interventions included a written curriculum, a lecture series, one-on-one mentoring sessions, an experience abroad, and reflective journaling assignments. The American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene global health competencies were used as ...