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Papers by Jonathan Huntington

Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their us... more Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well established. The launch of NASA's EO-1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion is a satellite hyperspectral sensor covering the 0.4 to 2.5 micrometer spectral range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10 nm spectral resolution and 30 m spatial resolution from a 705 km orbit. AIG and CSIRO, as members of the NASA EO-1 science validation team, have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperion's utility for geologic applications. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides the ability to remotely map surface mineralogy, with the principal limitations being reduced spatial distinctions caused by the Hyperion 30 m spatial resolution (versus 2-20 m spatial resolution for the airborne sensors) and limited mapping of fine spectral detail based on lower signal-to-noise ratios (approximately 50:1 in the SWIR for Hyperion versus >500:1 for the airborne sensors). Initial results at selected Hyperion validation sites in the USA and Argentina establish that Hyperion is performing to specifications and that data from the SWIR spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information.

Mathematical Geology, 1985

A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of dire... more A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of directional data with a geographical distribution. Such data may arise, for example, as samples of fracture strikes collected at a number of locations (rocky outcrops, road cuttings, etc.), trends of geological structures mapped in underground mines where they are exposed in the tunnel roof, or as lineaments annotated on aerial or satellite photographs. From such data, it is of interest to determine the structural domains in the area, that is, to partition the area into subareas of homogeneous structural pattern. This paper presents a method for performing such an analysis, and applies it to a data set collected from an underground coal mine.

White micas are commonly formed in hydrothermal mineralisation systems. Their compositional varia... more White micas are commonly formed in hydrothermal mineralisation systems. Their compositional variations reflect physical and chemical conditions, and therefore are very useful for reconstructing extinct hydrothermal systems and guiding mineral exploration. Airborne hyperspectral sensing technology and field infrared spectroscopy are operational tools for identifying and mapping the compositional variations of white micas within a hydrothermal system

Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their us... more Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well established. The launch of NASA's EO-1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4 to 2.5 mum micrometer range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10nm spectral resolution and 30m spatial resolution. Initial Hyperion analysis results for a site at Cuprite, Nevada, with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion is performing to specifications and that data from the SWIR spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped at Cuprite include kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, calcite, muscovite, and hydrothermal silica. Hyperion data collected at other sites under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets) allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping spectral differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data (AVIRIS) to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar information content, with the principal limitations being reduced spatial distinctions caused by the 30m spatial resolution and limited mapping of fine spectral detail based on lower signal-to-noise ratios.

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2001

The mid-infrared airborne CO2 laser spectrometer (MIRACO2LAS) was developed by CSIRO Division of ... more The mid-infrared airborne CO2 laser spectrometer (MIRACO2LAS) was developed by CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining to investigate the potential role of high spectral resolution thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing for improved remote sensing of minerals, especially those silicate minerals that do not have diagnostic features at shorter wavelengths, such as quartz, feldspars, pyroxenes and garnets. Other objectives include testing and validating methods used to separate the mineralogically significant emissivity from temperature effects in passive TIR systems, as MIRACO2LAS reflectance data are unaffected by surface temperature effects. MIRACO2LAS uses a CO2 laser, which scans through 100 wavelengths between 9.1 and 11.2 micrometers, as a light source for 'active' remote sensing. The laser system is sufficiently rapidly tuned to allow the airborne system to operate in a line profile mode, producing contiguous ground reflectance spectra for a footprint (or pixel) diameter of 2 meters. Typical airborne data are presented, demonstrating successful identification of a number of minerals. A laboratory carbon-dioxide laser spectrometer system has also been developed to validate the MIRACO2LAS spectral signatures and to construct reference spectral libraries of pure minerals and other materials. Besides the compositional influence on the reflectance spectra, physical parameters, such as grain size and grain shape, are shown to affect the reflectance spectra. Plant materials, many of which depart significantly from blackbody behavior for different leaf orientations and arrangements, are also investigated.

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1981

... Page 10. 308 JOHN SHEPHERD & JONATHAN F. HUNTINGTON ... Helpful discussions with Mr W... more ... Page 10. 308 JOHN SHEPHERD & JONATHAN F. HUNTINGTON ... Helpful discussions with Mr Winton Gale, Dr Mike Middleton and Dr Brian Embleton of CSIRO are acknowledged. Dr DavidDenham of the BMR is thanked for making helpful suggestions on an ...

Transactions of The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-applied Earth Science, 2007

The Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES-1) will offer improved oppor... more The Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES-1) will offer improved opportunities to map the mineralogical composition of outcropping rocks, hydrothermal alteration zones and the regolith on the Earth's surface in greater detail than before. This paper presents simulated ARIES-1 mineral mapping results for the Comstock mining district, Nevada, USA, and demonstrates how the spectrally- derived information on hydrothermal alteration has been validated through field work and supporting analytical studies. In the Comstock mining district, three types of white mica with short, medium and long Al-OH absorption wavelengths, respectively, were identified based on the simulated ARIES-1 hyperspectral data. Laboratory analytical work confirmed that the low, medium and long Al-OH absorption wavelengths correspond to low, medium and high octahedral Fe+Mg content, respectively, of the white micas. Each of the three types of white mica tends to occur in a particular alteration zone. The spatial distributions of the three types of white mica may have implications for interpreting the hydrothermal alteration processes. The white mica of short wavelength Al-OH absorption, proximal to Au-Ag mineralization, formed in acidic hydrothermal conditions both at the earliest and the last alteration stages. The white mica of medium wavelength Al-OH absorption, characteristics of the propylitic zone surrounding Au-Ag mineralization, was produced mainly in the second, low- sulfidation hydrothermal event. The white mica of long wavelength Al-OH absorption was probably formed in multiple stages, and generally occurs distal to Au-Ag mineralization.

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004

Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1974

Exploration Geophysics, 2001

... 2 Lew Whitbourn CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2113 Tel... more ... 2 Lew Whitbourn CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2113 Telephone: (02) 9490 8602 Facsimile: (08) 9490 8960 E-mail: l.whitbourn@syd.dem.csiro.au 3 Phil Connor CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia ...

Mineralium Deposita, 2005

Short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrothermal mineral... more Short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrothermal minerals and map alteration zones in the Tuwu Cu–Au deposit, Xinjiang, China. The Palaeozoic hydrothermal system at Tuwu is structurally controlled, developed in andesitic volcanic rocks and minor porphyries. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by horizontally zoned development of quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, montmorillonite and kaolin about individual porphyry dykes and breccia zones, as is shown by changes outward from a core of quartz veining and silicification, through an inner zone of sericite + chlorite to a marginal zone of chlorite + epidote. The alteration system comprises several such zoning patterns. Silicification and sericitization are spatially associated with Cu–Au mineralization. Zoning is also shown by compositional variations such that Fe-rich chlorite and Al-rich sericite occur preferentially toward the core and the most intensely altered parts, whereas Mg-rich chlorite and relatively Al-poor sericite are present on the margin and the relatively weakly altered parts of the hydrothermal alteration system. The compositions of chlorite and sericite, therefore, can be potentially used as vectors to Cu–Au mineralization. Montmorillonite and kaolinite, of probable weathering origin, are located near the surface, forming an argillic blanket overlying Cu–Au mineralization. Sporadic montmorillonite is also present at depth in the hydrothermal alteration system, formed by descending groundwater. Presence of a well-developed kaolinite-bearing zone on the surface is an indication of possible underlying Cu–Au mineralization in this region. Epidote occurs widely in regional volcanic rocks, as well as in variably altered rocks on the margin of the hydrothermal mineralization system at Tuwu. The widespread occurrence of epidote in volcanic country rocks probably reflects a regional hydrothermal alteration event prior to the localized, porphyry intrusion-related hydrothermal process that led to the Cu–Au mineralization at Tuwu.

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1999

Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock ... more Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock mining district, Nevada in order to evaluate the mineral mapping capabilities of the proposed Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES‐1). As a result, a suite of hydrothermal alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, illite, chlorite, alunite and carbonate was identified from the simulated data in the 0.4–2.5 μm wavelength region and their areal abundance variations mapped accordingly. The recognised alteration zoning shows a major change in alteration assemblages across the Comstock and Silver City Faults, and a gradual variation from north to south along the faults. In the bleached Miocene volcanic rocks, dickite, kaolinite, illite and alunite were recognised. Coexistence of dickite of relatively high temperature, high‐crystallinity kaolinite of medium temperature and low‐crystallinity kaolinite of low temperature suggests supergene processes overprinting earlier hypogene alteration. The bleached rocks probably represent hydrothermal alteration in the fluid up‐flow zones in the central and shallower parts of the hydrothermal system. Illite in the bleached zones is characterised by relatively short AI–OH band wavelengths (2190–2200 nm), indicating no or very low Fe and/or Mg contents. Fault‐controlled propylitic alteration is mapped in the central part of the district mainly in the footwall of the Comstock Fault. The associated illite is characterised mainly by medium AI–OH band wavelengths (2200–2208 nm). This propylitic alteration may be contemporaneous with Au–Ag mineralisation. Additional and more extensive propylitic zones, containing illite with long AI–OH band wavelengths (2204–2216 nm), were mapped in the southern part of the district. These zones resulted from either a pre‐mineralisation propylitic alteration, or the peripheral hydrothermal alteration in the fluid down‐flow zones of the Miocene hydrothermal system.

Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their us... more Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well established. The launch of NASA's EO-1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion is a satellite hyperspectral sensor covering the 0.4 to 2.5 micrometer spectral range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10 nm spectral resolution and 30 m spatial resolution from a 705 km orbit. AIG and CSIRO, as members of the NASA EO-1 science validation team, have been involved in efforts to evaluate, validate, and demonstrate Hyperion's utility for geologic applications. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides the ability to remotely map surface mineralogy, with the principal limitations being reduced spatial distinctions caused by the Hyperion 30 m spatial resolution (versus 2-20 m spatial resolution for the airborne sensors) and limited mapping of fine spectral detail based on lower signal-to-noise ratios (approximately 50:1 in the SWIR for Hyperion versus >500:1 for the airborne sensors). Initial results at selected Hyperion validation sites in the USA and Argentina establish that Hyperion is performing to specifications and that data from the SWIR spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information.

Mathematical Geology, 1985

A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of dire... more A frequently encountered problem in structural geology is the analysis and interpretation of directional data with a geographical distribution. Such data may arise, for example, as samples of fracture strikes collected at a number of locations (rocky outcrops, road cuttings, etc.), trends of geological structures mapped in underground mines where they are exposed in the tunnel roof, or as lineaments annotated on aerial or satellite photographs. From such data, it is of interest to determine the structural domains in the area, that is, to partition the area into subareas of homogeneous structural pattern. This paper presents a method for performing such an analysis, and applies it to a data set collected from an underground coal mine.

White micas are commonly formed in hydrothermal mineralisation systems. Their compositional varia... more White micas are commonly formed in hydrothermal mineralisation systems. Their compositional variations reflect physical and chemical conditions, and therefore are very useful for reconstructing extinct hydrothermal systems and guiding mineral exploration. Airborne hyperspectral sensing technology and field infrared spectroscopy are operational tools for identifying and mapping the compositional variations of white micas within a hydrothermal system

Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their us... more Airborne hyperspectral data have been available to researchers since the early 1980s and their use for geologic applications is well established. The launch of NASA's EO-1 Hyperion sensor in November 2000 marked the establishment of a test bed for spaceborne hyperspectral capabilities. Hyperion covers the 0.4 to 2.5 mum micrometer range with 242 spectral bands at approximately 10nm spectral resolution and 30m spatial resolution. Initial Hyperion analysis results for a site at Cuprite, Nevada, with established ground truth and years of airborne hyperspectral data show that Hyperion is performing to specifications and that data from the SWIR spectrometer can be used to produce useful geologic (mineralogic) information. Minerals mapped at Cuprite include kaolinite, alunite, buddingtonite, calcite, muscovite, and hydrothermal silica. Hyperion data collected at other sites under optimum conditions (summer season, bright targets) allow subtle distinctions such as determining the difference between calcite and dolomite and mapping spectral differences in micas caused by substitution in octahedral molecular sites. Comparison of airborne hyperspectral data (AVIRIS) to the Hyperion data establishes that Hyperion provides similar information content, with the principal limitations being reduced spatial distinctions caused by the 30m spatial resolution and limited mapping of fine spectral detail based on lower signal-to-noise ratios.

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2001

The mid-infrared airborne CO2 laser spectrometer (MIRACO2LAS) was developed by CSIRO Division of ... more The mid-infrared airborne CO2 laser spectrometer (MIRACO2LAS) was developed by CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining to investigate the potential role of high spectral resolution thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing for improved remote sensing of minerals, especially those silicate minerals that do not have diagnostic features at shorter wavelengths, such as quartz, feldspars, pyroxenes and garnets. Other objectives include testing and validating methods used to separate the mineralogically significant emissivity from temperature effects in passive TIR systems, as MIRACO2LAS reflectance data are unaffected by surface temperature effects. MIRACO2LAS uses a CO2 laser, which scans through 100 wavelengths between 9.1 and 11.2 micrometers, as a light source for 'active' remote sensing. The laser system is sufficiently rapidly tuned to allow the airborne system to operate in a line profile mode, producing contiguous ground reflectance spectra for a footprint (or pixel) diameter of 2 meters. Typical airborne data are presented, demonstrating successful identification of a number of minerals. A laboratory carbon-dioxide laser spectrometer system has also been developed to validate the MIRACO2LAS spectral signatures and to construct reference spectral libraries of pure minerals and other materials. Besides the compositional influence on the reflectance spectra, physical parameters, such as grain size and grain shape, are shown to affect the reflectance spectra. Plant materials, many of which depart significantly from blackbody behavior for different leaf orientations and arrangements, are also investigated.

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1981

... Page 10. 308 JOHN SHEPHERD & JONATHAN F. HUNTINGTON ... Helpful discussions with Mr W... more ... Page 10. 308 JOHN SHEPHERD & JONATHAN F. HUNTINGTON ... Helpful discussions with Mr Winton Gale, Dr Mike Middleton and Dr Brian Embleton of CSIRO are acknowledged. Dr DavidDenham of the BMR is thanked for making helpful suggestions on an ...

Transactions of The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section B-applied Earth Science, 2007

The Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES-1) will offer improved oppor... more The Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES-1) will offer improved opportunities to map the mineralogical composition of outcropping rocks, hydrothermal alteration zones and the regolith on the Earth's surface in greater detail than before. This paper presents simulated ARIES-1 mineral mapping results for the Comstock mining district, Nevada, USA, and demonstrates how the spectrally- derived information on hydrothermal alteration has been validated through field work and supporting analytical studies. In the Comstock mining district, three types of white mica with short, medium and long Al-OH absorption wavelengths, respectively, were identified based on the simulated ARIES-1 hyperspectral data. Laboratory analytical work confirmed that the low, medium and long Al-OH absorption wavelengths correspond to low, medium and high octahedral Fe+Mg content, respectively, of the white micas. Each of the three types of white mica tends to occur in a particular alteration zone. The spatial distributions of the three types of white mica may have implications for interpreting the hydrothermal alteration processes. The white mica of short wavelength Al-OH absorption, proximal to Au-Ag mineralization, formed in acidic hydrothermal conditions both at the earliest and the last alteration stages. The white mica of medium wavelength Al-OH absorption, characteristics of the propylitic zone surrounding Au-Ag mineralization, was produced mainly in the second, low- sulfidation hydrothermal event. The white mica of long wavelength Al-OH absorption was probably formed in multiple stages, and generally occurs distal to Au-Ag mineralization.

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2004

Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1974

Exploration Geophysics, 2001

... 2 Lew Whitbourn CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2113 Tel... more ... 2 Lew Whitbourn CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia 2113 Telephone: (02) 9490 8602 Facsimile: (08) 9490 8960 E-mail: l.whitbourn@syd.dem.csiro.au 3 Phil Connor CSIRO, Division of Exploration and Mining North Ryde, NSW, Australia ...

Mineralium Deposita, 2005

Short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrothermal mineral... more Short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to characterize hydrothermal minerals and map alteration zones in the Tuwu Cu–Au deposit, Xinjiang, China. The Palaeozoic hydrothermal system at Tuwu is structurally controlled, developed in andesitic volcanic rocks and minor porphyries. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by horizontally zoned development of quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, montmorillonite and kaolin about individual porphyry dykes and breccia zones, as is shown by changes outward from a core of quartz veining and silicification, through an inner zone of sericite + chlorite to a marginal zone of chlorite + epidote. The alteration system comprises several such zoning patterns. Silicification and sericitization are spatially associated with Cu–Au mineralization. Zoning is also shown by compositional variations such that Fe-rich chlorite and Al-rich sericite occur preferentially toward the core and the most intensely altered parts, whereas Mg-rich chlorite and relatively Al-poor sericite are present on the margin and the relatively weakly altered parts of the hydrothermal alteration system. The compositions of chlorite and sericite, therefore, can be potentially used as vectors to Cu–Au mineralization. Montmorillonite and kaolinite, of probable weathering origin, are located near the surface, forming an argillic blanket overlying Cu–Au mineralization. Sporadic montmorillonite is also present at depth in the hydrothermal alteration system, formed by descending groundwater. Presence of a well-developed kaolinite-bearing zone on the surface is an indication of possible underlying Cu–Au mineralization in this region. Epidote occurs widely in regional volcanic rocks, as well as in variably altered rocks on the margin of the hydrothermal mineralization system at Tuwu. The widespread occurrence of epidote in volcanic country rocks probably reflects a regional hydrothermal alteration event prior to the localized, porphyry intrusion-related hydrothermal process that led to the Cu–Au mineralization at Tuwu.

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1999

Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock ... more Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock mining district, Nevada in order to evaluate the mineral mapping capabilities of the proposed Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES‐1). As a result, a suite of hydrothermal alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, illite, chlorite, alunite and carbonate was identified from the simulated data in the 0.4–2.5 μm wavelength region and their areal abundance variations mapped accordingly. The recognised alteration zoning shows a major change in alteration assemblages across the Comstock and Silver City Faults, and a gradual variation from north to south along the faults. In the bleached Miocene volcanic rocks, dickite, kaolinite, illite and alunite were recognised. Coexistence of dickite of relatively high temperature, high‐crystallinity kaolinite of medium temperature and low‐crystallinity kaolinite of low temperature suggests supergene processes overprinting earlier hypogene alteration. The bleached rocks probably represent hydrothermal alteration in the fluid up‐flow zones in the central and shallower parts of the hydrothermal system. Illite in the bleached zones is characterised by relatively short AI–OH band wavelengths (2190–2200 nm), indicating no or very low Fe and/or Mg contents. Fault‐controlled propylitic alteration is mapped in the central part of the district mainly in the footwall of the Comstock Fault. The associated illite is characterised mainly by medium AI–OH band wavelengths (2200–2208 nm). This propylitic alteration may be contemporaneous with Au–Ag mineralisation. Additional and more extensive propylitic zones, containing illite with long AI–OH band wavelengths (2204–2216 nm), were mapped in the southern part of the district. These zones resulted from either a pre‐mineralisation propylitic alteration, or the peripheral hydrothermal alteration in the fluid down‐flow zones of the Miocene hydrothermal system.