Joost Sparla - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Joost Sparla
The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg appare... more The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg apparent faecal digestible (AFD) Lys/hen/d) at two different dietary energy intake levels (maintenance (M) and above maintenance (AM)) were determined during peak production (24 through 39 weeks of age). In all diets the ratios a mong all AFD essential amino acids and protein were
The gut microflora is of major importance for animal performance and health. Molecular techniques... more The gut microflora is of major importance for animal performance and health. Molecular techniques create the possibility to obtain detailed knowledge of the composition and dynamics of this flora. An experiment was performed to assess the effects of pelleted versus coarse mash diets on performance and the composition of the intestinal microflora of broilers. Birds were housed in battery cages and allocated to two dietary treatments. Both treatments were assigned to 6 cages with 20 birds per cage. The experiment was divided into a starter (0-8 d) and growerfinisher phase (9-35 d). All birds were ad libitum fed a pelleted starter diet (2.5 mm) followed by one of the two treatments: a coarse mash or a pelleted (3.0 mm) grower-finisher diet. At 35 days of age, from 5 birds per cage, samples of the content of the crop, proximal ileum, distal ileum and the caeca were taken. The bacterial compositions of the samples were determined using the MCPC method (modification of the T-RFLP method, www.mcpcgenetics.com). FCR was significantly improved in birds fed the mash diet (1.588) compared with the pelleted diet (1.639). However, weight gain was numerically higher for the pelleted diet (2118 g) compared with the mash diet (2063 g). In the crop the most dominantly present peak in the mash diet (28% relative abundance) was decreased (P<0.05) with the pelleted diet (12%), whereas in the proximal ileum the opposite effect was found. In the distal ileum and the caeca also shifts (P<0.05) between mash and pelleted diets were found in dominant bacterial peaks. Based on available sequence libraries the bacterial shifts in the crop and proximal ileum most probably represent lactobacillus bacteria and in the distal ileum and caeca represent groups of uncultured bacteria. Especially in the proximal ileum, mash diets appear to result in a more balanced bacterial profile (less dominant bacterial groups), which might be one of the factors why birds fed "coarse" mash diets are frequently reported to show less health problems compared to birds fed pelleted diets.
Pintinhos de frango de corte aumentam aproximadamente 50 vezes seu peso em 40 dias de idade.
Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice and questions on optimum die... more Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice and questions on optimum dietary amino acid supply raises. Therefore, a broad range of amino acid intake levels (500 through 750 mg apparent fecal digestible (AFD) Lys/h/d) was tested on light (Lohmann LSL Classic) and heavy (Lohmann Brown Classic) laying hens from 24 through 35 weeks of age.
In the present trial increasing levels of balanced protein (BP; 100 (control), 115, 130, 145, 160... more In the present trial increasing levels of balanced protein (BP; 100 (control), 115, 130, 145, 160% of recommendation) were fed from day one either for two, four, eight, or twelve days to male broilers (control + 4 x 4). After feeding the experimental diets dietary BP was reduced to the control level. This was done in two steps (2-day transition period) in order to avoid too strong changes in amino acid supply. Increasing BP levels non-linearly improved weight gain and feed conversion. This effect was most pronounced when experimental diets were fed for 12 days (p<0.05). Feeding increasing BP levels for two or four days had no effects on weight gain and feed conversion ratio. On day 14 two birds per pen were selected for dissection. Weights of the empty small intestine were determined. Enhancing the length of feeding the experimental diets from 2 to 12 days significantly increased the relative weight of the duodenum and jejunum (% of body weight) whilst dietary BP had no effect. H...
The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg appare... more The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg apparent faecal digestible (AFD) Lys/hen/d) at two different dietary energy intake levels (maintenance (M) and above maintenance (AM)) were determined during peak production (24 through 39 weeks of age). In all diets the ratios a mong all AFD essential amino acids and protein were kept constant. Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates of 12 individually housed hens (cage size 0.2 x 0.5 m). The hens had unlimite d access to fresh drinking water through two nipple drinkers and feed availability was restricte d. Lights were on 16 hours per day. Restricting the energy intake of laying hens in ord er to minimise weight gain, hardly affected egg production parameters but improved feed efficiency (P<0.05) during the 16 weeks experimental period. Average weight gain of the low -energy-intake groups (M, 298 kcal/hen/d) was 19 g/hen over the entire experimental period an d was significantly hi...
Poultry Science, 2010
Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice. There are questions about t... more Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice. There are questions about the optimum level of balanced protein (BP) supply in feed for different types of hens. Therefore, a broad range of amino acids intake levels [550 to 800 mg of true fecal digestible (TFD) Lys/hen per d] was tested on heavy (Lohmann Brown Classic) and light (Lohmann LSL Classic) laying hens from 24 to 60 wk of age. The other indispensable amino acids were fed in fixed ratios to TFD Lys in all treatments. A total of 282 Lohmann Brown Classic and 282 Lohmann LSL Classic hens (24 wk of age) were divided into 12 experimental groups (individually housed) based on daily egg mass production and BW. Replicates of the heavy strain started with a similar average daily egg mass production (51.1 g/ hen per d), laying percentage (95.9%), and hen weight (1,860 g). Replicates of the light strain started with a similar average daily egg mass production (52.0 g/ hen per d), laying percentage (97.3%), and hen weight (1,478 g). Diets were fed restrictively with an aimed feed intake of 110 g/hen per day [308 kcal/hen per d of AME n (layers) ] and 100 g/hen per day [280 kcal/hen per d of AME n (layers) ] for heavy and light hens, respectively, to achieve the required BP intake levels. For light hens, a BP intake with 600 mg of TFD Lys was sufficient for optimal laying percentage, whereas maximum laying percentage was not achieved with the highest TFD Lys in heavy hens. For egg weight, daily egg mass production as well as feed conversion regression analysis revealed that asymptotes were not achieved with the highest amino acid levels in both layer strains.
Poultry Science, 2010
This study investigated the effect of 2 different dietary amino acid treatments and feed restrict... more This study investigated the effect of 2 different dietary amino acid treatments and feed restriction in early life versus a control treatment on development of the small intestine segments (weights), mortality, and broiler performance. Each treatment was applied to 6 cages with Ross 308 male broilers and to 6 cages with Cobb 500 male broilers with 24 birds per cage. A control treatment (100% ideal protein) was compared with a treatment with 30% extra ideal protein, a treatment with daily adjustment of the dietary amino acid level and profile, and a feed restriction treatment. The protein treatments were applied from 0 to 14 d of age. The feed restriction was applied from 4 to 21 d of age. Restriction was 15% from d 4 to 14 of age and diminished with equal daily steps thereafter to 5% at 21 d of age. Birds were weighed and dissected for evaluation of small intestine weights at 6, 9, 14, and 36 d of age. Feed intake restriction reduced leg problems in Ross and Cobb broilers. Extra dietary protein reduced leg problems in Ross broilers only. The present experiment does not show that small intestinal weight development is related to mortality. Thirty percent extra dietary ideal protein increased duodenum weight between 6 and 9 d of age. This was not further increased by the daily optimization of the dietary amino acid level and profile. The increased duodenum weights coincided with an improved BW gain. This indicates that duodenum weight may be important in facilitating BW gain in young broilers. Thus, it may be worthwhile to pay more attention to the relation between nutrition and duodenum weight and duodenum function in further studies.
The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg appare... more The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg apparent faecal digestible (AFD) Lys/hen/d) at two different dietary energy intake levels (maintenance (M) and above maintenance (AM)) were determined during peak production (24 through 39 weeks of age). In all diets the ratios a mong all AFD essential amino acids and protein were
The gut microflora is of major importance for animal performance and health. Molecular techniques... more The gut microflora is of major importance for animal performance and health. Molecular techniques create the possibility to obtain detailed knowledge of the composition and dynamics of this flora. An experiment was performed to assess the effects of pelleted versus coarse mash diets on performance and the composition of the intestinal microflora of broilers. Birds were housed in battery cages and allocated to two dietary treatments. Both treatments were assigned to 6 cages with 20 birds per cage. The experiment was divided into a starter (0-8 d) and growerfinisher phase (9-35 d). All birds were ad libitum fed a pelleted starter diet (2.5 mm) followed by one of the two treatments: a coarse mash or a pelleted (3.0 mm) grower-finisher diet. At 35 days of age, from 5 birds per cage, samples of the content of the crop, proximal ileum, distal ileum and the caeca were taken. The bacterial compositions of the samples were determined using the MCPC method (modification of the T-RFLP method, www.mcpcgenetics.com). FCR was significantly improved in birds fed the mash diet (1.588) compared with the pelleted diet (1.639). However, weight gain was numerically higher for the pelleted diet (2118 g) compared with the mash diet (2063 g). In the crop the most dominantly present peak in the mash diet (28% relative abundance) was decreased (P<0.05) with the pelleted diet (12%), whereas in the proximal ileum the opposite effect was found. In the distal ileum and the caeca also shifts (P<0.05) between mash and pelleted diets were found in dominant bacterial peaks. Based on available sequence libraries the bacterial shifts in the crop and proximal ileum most probably represent lactobacillus bacteria and in the distal ileum and caeca represent groups of uncultured bacteria. Especially in the proximal ileum, mash diets appear to result in a more balanced bacterial profile (less dominant bacterial groups), which might be one of the factors why birds fed "coarse" mash diets are frequently reported to show less health problems compared to birds fed pelleted diets.
Pintinhos de frango de corte aumentam aproximadamente 50 vezes seu peso em 40 dias de idade.
Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice and questions on optimum die... more Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice and questions on optimum dietary amino acid supply raises. Therefore, a broad range of amino acid intake levels (500 through 750 mg apparent fecal digestible (AFD) Lys/h/d) was tested on light (Lohmann LSL Classic) and heavy (Lohmann Brown Classic) laying hens from 24 through 35 weeks of age.
In the present trial increasing levels of balanced protein (BP; 100 (control), 115, 130, 145, 160... more In the present trial increasing levels of balanced protein (BP; 100 (control), 115, 130, 145, 160% of recommendation) were fed from day one either for two, four, eight, or twelve days to male broilers (control + 4 x 4). After feeding the experimental diets dietary BP was reduced to the control level. This was done in two steps (2-day transition period) in order to avoid too strong changes in amino acid supply. Increasing BP levels non-linearly improved weight gain and feed conversion. This effect was most pronounced when experimental diets were fed for 12 days (p<0.05). Feeding increasing BP levels for two or four days had no effects on weight gain and feed conversion ratio. On day 14 two birds per pen were selected for dissection. Weights of the empty small intestine were determined. Enhancing the length of feeding the experimental diets from 2 to 12 days significantly increased the relative weight of the duodenum and jejunum (% of body weight) whilst dietary BP had no effect. H...
The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg appare... more The effects of different dietary balanced protein i ntake levels (550, 600, 650 and 700 mg apparent faecal digestible (AFD) Lys/hen/d) at two different dietary energy intake levels (maintenance (M) and above maintenance (AM)) were determined during peak production (24 through 39 weeks of age). In all diets the ratios a mong all AFD essential amino acids and protein were kept constant. Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates of 12 individually housed hens (cage size 0.2 x 0.5 m). The hens had unlimite d access to fresh drinking water through two nipple drinkers and feed availability was restricte d. Lights were on 16 hours per day. Restricting the energy intake of laying hens in ord er to minimise weight gain, hardly affected egg production parameters but improved feed efficiency (P<0.05) during the 16 weeks experimental period. Average weight gain of the low -energy-intake groups (M, 298 kcal/hen/d) was 19 g/hen over the entire experimental period an d was significantly hi...
Poultry Science, 2010
Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice. There are questions about t... more Different types (light to heavy) of laying hens are used in practice. There are questions about the optimum level of balanced protein (BP) supply in feed for different types of hens. Therefore, a broad range of amino acids intake levels [550 to 800 mg of true fecal digestible (TFD) Lys/hen per d] was tested on heavy (Lohmann Brown Classic) and light (Lohmann LSL Classic) laying hens from 24 to 60 wk of age. The other indispensable amino acids were fed in fixed ratios to TFD Lys in all treatments. A total of 282 Lohmann Brown Classic and 282 Lohmann LSL Classic hens (24 wk of age) were divided into 12 experimental groups (individually housed) based on daily egg mass production and BW. Replicates of the heavy strain started with a similar average daily egg mass production (51.1 g/ hen per d), laying percentage (95.9%), and hen weight (1,860 g). Replicates of the light strain started with a similar average daily egg mass production (52.0 g/ hen per d), laying percentage (97.3%), and hen weight (1,478 g). Diets were fed restrictively with an aimed feed intake of 110 g/hen per day [308 kcal/hen per d of AME n (layers) ] and 100 g/hen per day [280 kcal/hen per d of AME n (layers) ] for heavy and light hens, respectively, to achieve the required BP intake levels. For light hens, a BP intake with 600 mg of TFD Lys was sufficient for optimal laying percentage, whereas maximum laying percentage was not achieved with the highest TFD Lys in heavy hens. For egg weight, daily egg mass production as well as feed conversion regression analysis revealed that asymptotes were not achieved with the highest amino acid levels in both layer strains.
Poultry Science, 2010
This study investigated the effect of 2 different dietary amino acid treatments and feed restrict... more This study investigated the effect of 2 different dietary amino acid treatments and feed restriction in early life versus a control treatment on development of the small intestine segments (weights), mortality, and broiler performance. Each treatment was applied to 6 cages with Ross 308 male broilers and to 6 cages with Cobb 500 male broilers with 24 birds per cage. A control treatment (100% ideal protein) was compared with a treatment with 30% extra ideal protein, a treatment with daily adjustment of the dietary amino acid level and profile, and a feed restriction treatment. The protein treatments were applied from 0 to 14 d of age. The feed restriction was applied from 4 to 21 d of age. Restriction was 15% from d 4 to 14 of age and diminished with equal daily steps thereafter to 5% at 21 d of age. Birds were weighed and dissected for evaluation of small intestine weights at 6, 9, 14, and 36 d of age. Feed intake restriction reduced leg problems in Ross and Cobb broilers. Extra dietary protein reduced leg problems in Ross broilers only. The present experiment does not show that small intestinal weight development is related to mortality. Thirty percent extra dietary ideal protein increased duodenum weight between 6 and 9 d of age. This was not further increased by the daily optimization of the dietary amino acid level and profile. The increased duodenum weights coincided with an improved BW gain. This indicates that duodenum weight may be important in facilitating BW gain in young broilers. Thus, it may be worthwhile to pay more attention to the relation between nutrition and duodenum weight and duodenum function in further studies.