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Papers by Jose Arreola

Pulmonary Arterial Contribution to Airway Blood Flow after Lung Transplantation in Dogs

Journal of Investigative Surgery, 1995

Despite the improved success of lung transplantation, ischemia of the donor bronchus continues to... more Despite the improved success of lung transplantation, ischemia of the donor bronchus continues to be the most important factor influencing airway healing. Recent studies have shown that at the level of the mainstem bronchi the pulmonary contribution to the airway blood flow may be equivalent to or greater than the systemic contribution and could therefore assist early healing of the newly anastomosed bronchus and, in addition, might facilitate the improved healing associated with omentopexy. The aim of this study was to measure the pulmonary contribution to airway blood flow in dogs after allotransplantation of the left lung and to determine whether omentopexy might improve the healing process. Using the radioactive microsphere technique, we measured the pulmonary contribution to airway blood flow in 25 dogs 1 week after allotransplantation of the left lung. Half the dogs had an omental wrap around the anastomotic site. Results showed that pulmonary blood flow increased progressively from lower trachea to distal mainstem bronchus and supplied the left mainstem bronchus above as well as below the anastomotic site. Omentopexy did not increase flow or enhance healing.

Transplantation Proceedings, 2002

A LTHOUGH LUNG transplantation has become an increasingly used therapeutic measure for end-stage ... more A LTHOUGH LUNG transplantation has become an increasingly used therapeutic measure for end-stage pulmonary diseases, the shortage of donors is still a limiting factor in most countries. This problem is worsened by the fact that lungs are more susceptible to damage during the ischemic period than solid organs, and thus require a shorter preservation time to maintain its viability. 1 The development of solutions aimed to protect the pulmonary endothelial and pneumocyte cell functions and to extend the ischemic period has gained growing interest during the past decade. Among the most frequently used solutions for this purpose is the EuroCollins and the University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions. 2 Traditionally, single-flush perfusion and cold storage of donor lungs using Eurocollins or UW solution, with or without additives such as PGE 2 or calcium channel antagonists, have been the accepted standard procedure for pulmonary preservation. 3 By contrast, for organs other than lungs a usual preservation medium is the Bretschneider's histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. 4 With the use of this solution, preservation times for liver transplantation varies from 12 to 20 hours, while in kidney transplantation it is up to 48 to 72 hours. In this study we evaluated whether HTK solution represents a good alternative for maintaining the pulmonary endothelial function. For this purpose, the vascular permeability of rabbit lungs after 12-hour preservation was measured in the isolated perfused lung preparation. 6

PULMONARY PERFUSION DURING LUNG TRANSPLANT REJECTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

Transplantation, 1992

Six left lung allotransplants were performed in healthy mongrel dogs. Immunosuppression was estab... more Six left lung allotransplants were performed in healthy mongrel dogs. Immunosuppression was established with cyclosporine (15 mg/kg/day p.o.) from the day of transplantation for 30 days. Another group of animals (n = 3) was used to produce acute experimental pneumonia by instilling 4-6 ml of a 10(8) CFU suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into the right lower lobe. Dynamic perfusory lung scintigraphy (DPLS) was performed before transplant/pneumonia (control), during acute rejection/pneumonia as detected radiologically, and after treatment with methylprednisolone (1 g/day for 3 days i.v.) (transplant group) or antibiotics (pneumonia group). Seroalbumin macroaggregates (5-8 McI) marked with 99-mTc were injected into the cephalic vein and the percentage of perfusion to each lung was determined. Eight acute rejection episodes were detected. DPLS showed similar perfusion to each lung, whereas during acute rejection perfusion was significantly reduced by almost 30%. Perfusion was reestablished to control levels after treatment with methylprednisolone. Reduction in perfusion correlated with radiological rejection grading. No reduction in left lung perfusion was detected in pneumonia animals. In conclusion, acute rejection reduces perfusion to the transplanted lung as measured by DPLS. Treatment restores normal perfusion.

Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2010

Background A possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the origin of antigen-induced airway ... more Background A possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the origin of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AI-AHR) has been scarcely investigated.Objective To explore the participation of different 5-HT receptors in the development of AI-AHR in guinea-pigs.Methods Lung resistance was measured in anaesthetized guinea-pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA). Dose–response curves to intravenous (i.v.) acetylcholine (ACh) were performed before and 1 h after antigenic challenge and expressed as the 200% provocative dose (PD200). Organ bath experiments, confocal microscopy and RT-PCR were additionally used. The 5-HT content in lung homogenates was measured by HPLC.Results Antigenic challenge significantly decreased PD200, indicating the development of AI-AHR. This hyperresponsiveness was abolished by a combination of methiothepin (5-HT1/5-HT2/5-HT5/5-HT6/5-HT7 receptors antagonist) and tropisetron (5-HT3/5-HT4 antagonist). Other 5-HT receptor antagonists showed three different patterns of response. Firstly, WAY100135 (5-HT1A antagonist) and ondansetron (5-HT3 antagonist) did not modify the AI-AHR. Secondly, SB269970 (5-HT7 antagonist), GR113808 (5-HT4 antagonist), tropisetron or methiothepin abolished the AI-AHR. Thirdly, ketanserin (5-HT2A antagonist) produced airway hyporresponsiveness. Animals with bilateral vagotomy did not develop AI-AHR. Experiments in tracheal rings showed that pre-incubation with LP44 or cisapride (agonists of 5-HT7 and 5-HT4 receptors, respectively) induced a significant increase of the cholinergic contractile response to the electrical field stimulation. In sensitized lung parenchyma strips, ketanserin diminished the contractile responses to ACh. Sensitization was associated with a ninefold increase in the 5-HT content of lung homogenates. Confocal microscopy showed that sensitization enhanced the immunolabelling and co-localization of nicotinic receptor and 5-HT in airway epithelium, probably located in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). RT-PCR demonstrated that neither sensitization nor antigen challenge modified the 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels.Conclusions Our results suggested that 5-HT was involved in the development of AI-AHR to ACh in guinea-pigs. Specifically, 5-HT2A, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors seem to be particularly involved in this phenomenon. Participation of 5-HT might probably be favoured by the enhancement of the PNECs 5-HT content observed after sensitization.Cite this as: P. Segura, M. H. Vargas, G. Córdoba-Rodríguez, J. Chávez, J. L. Arreola, P. Campos-Bedolla, V. Ruiz, L. M. García-Hernández, C. Méndez and L. M. Montaño, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 327– 338.

British Journal of Pharmacology, 2003

Caffeine has been widely used as a pharmacological tool to evaluate Ca2+ release from the sarcopl... more Caffeine has been widely used as a pharmacological tool to evaluate Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in isolated smooth muscle cells. However, in nervous tissue this drug also causes neurotransmitters release, which might cause additional effects when smooth muscle strips are evaluated. To assess this last possibility, simultaneous measurements of contraction and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (using Fura–2/AM) were carried out in bovine airway smooth muscle strips during caffeine stimulation.A first stimulation (S1, n=11) with caffeine (10 mM) induced a biphasic change in cytosolic Ca2+, which consisted of a transient Ca2+ peak (254±40 nM, X±SEM) followed by a plateau (92±13 nM), and a transient contraction (204.72±31.56 mg tension mg tissue−1). A second caffeine stimulation (S2) produced a similar response but these parameters had a different magnitude. The S2/S1 ratios for these parameters were 0.69±0.02, 0.83±0.06 and 1.01±0.03, respectively. Addition of ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 μM) and tetrodotoxin (3.1 μM) before S2 significantly diminished these S2/S1 ratios (0.26±0.05, 0.26±0.09 and 0.64±0.11, respectively, n=5, P<0.05), implicating the neurotransmitters release involvement in the response to caffeine. A similar effect (P<0.01) was observed with atropine (1 μM, n=4), the fragment 4–11 of substance P (SP) (an SP receptor antagonist, 10 μM, n=5), and with both substances (n=4).We discarded a direct effect of ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 μM) plus tetrodotoxin (3.1 μM) or of atropine (1 μM) plus SP fragment 4–11 on smooth muscle cells because they did not modify caffeine responses in isolated tracheal myocytes.We confirmed by HPLC that caffeine increased the release of acetylcholine (from 0.43±0.19 to 2.07±0.56 nM mg tissue−1, P<0.02) in bovine airway smooth muscle strips. Detection of substance P by ELISA was not statistically different after caffeine stimulation (geometric means before and after caffeine, 0.69 vs. 1.97 pg ml−1 mg tissue−1, respectively, P=0.053).We concluded that acetylcholine and tachykinins release are involved in the caffeine-induced biphasic changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.Caffeine has been widely used as a pharmacological tool to evaluate Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in isolated smooth muscle cells. However, in nervous tissue this drug also causes neurotransmitters release, which might cause additional effects when smooth muscle strips are evaluated. To assess this last possibility, simultaneous measurements of contraction and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (using Fura–2/AM) were carried out in bovine airway smooth muscle strips during caffeine stimulation.A first stimulation (S1, n=11) with caffeine (10 mM) induced a biphasic change in cytosolic Ca2+, which consisted of a transient Ca2+ peak (254±40 nM, X±SEM) followed by a plateau (92±13 nM), and a transient contraction (204.72±31.56 mg tension mg tissue−1). A second caffeine stimulation (S2) produced a similar response but these parameters had a different magnitude. The S2/S1 ratios for these parameters were 0.69±0.02, 0.83±0.06 and 1.01±0.03, respectively. Addition of ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 μM) and tetrodotoxin (3.1 μM) before S2 significantly diminished these S2/S1 ratios (0.26±0.05, 0.26±0.09 and 0.64±0.11, respectively, n=5, P<0.05), implicating the neurotransmitters release involvement in the response to caffeine. A similar effect (P<0.01) was observed with atropine (1 μM, n=4), the fragment 4–11 of substance P (SP) (an SP receptor antagonist, 10 μM, n=5), and with both substances (n=4).We discarded a direct effect of ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 μM) plus tetrodotoxin (3.1 μM) or of atropine (1 μM) plus SP fragment 4–11 on smooth muscle cells because they did not modify caffeine responses in isolated tracheal myocytes.We confirmed by HPLC that caffeine increased the release of acetylcholine (from 0.43±0.19 to 2.07±0.56 nM mg tissue−1, P<0.02) in bovine airway smooth muscle strips. Detection of substance P by ELISA was not statistically different after caffeine stimulation (geometric means before and after caffeine, 0.69 vs. 1.97 pg ml−1 mg tissue−1, respectively, P=0.053).We concluded that acetylcholine and tachykinins release are involved in the caffeine-induced biphasic changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 1203–1211. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705348

American Journal of Physiology-lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2006

Organophosphates induce bronchoobstruction in guinea pigs, and salbutamol only transiently revers... more Organophosphates induce bronchoobstruction in guinea pigs, and salbutamol only transiently reverses this effect, suggesting that it triggers additional obstructive mechanisms. To further explore this phenomenon, in vivo (barometric plethysmography) and in vitro (organ baths, including ACh and substance P concentration measurement by HPLC and immunoassay, respectively; intracellular Ca 2+ measurement in single myocytes) experiments were performed. In in vivo experiments, parathion caused a progressive bronchoobstruction until a plateau was reached. Administration of salbutamol during this plateau decreased bronchoobstruction up to 22% in the first 5 min, but thereafter airway obstruction rose again as to reach the same intensity as before salbutamol. Aminophylline caused a sustained decrement (71%) of the parathion-induced bronchoobstruction. In in vitro studies, paraoxon produced a sustained contraction of tracheal rings, which was fully blocked by atropine but not by TTX, .-conotoxin (CTX) or epithelium removal. During the paraoxon-induced contraction, salbutamol caused a temporary relaxation of ~50% followed by a partial re-contraction. This paradoxical re-contraction was avoided by the M 2 -or NK 1 -receptor antagonists (methoctramine or AF-DX 116, and L-732,138, respectively), accompanied by a long lasting relaxation. Forskolin caused full relaxation of the paraoxon response. Substance P, and at lesser extent ACh, released from tracheal rings during 60-min incubation with paraoxon or physostigmine, respectively, were significantly increased when salbutamol was administered in the second half of this period. In myocytes, paraoxon did not produce any change in the intracellular Ca 2+ basal levels. Our results suggested that: 1) organophosphates caused smooth muscle contraction by accumulation of ACh released through a TTX-and CTX-resistant Page 2 of 43 Paradoxical salbutamol effect in organophosphates intoxication 3 mechanism, 2) during such contraction, salbutamol relaxation is functionally antagonized by the stimulation of M 2 receptors, and 3) after this transient salbutamolinduced relaxation, a paradoxical contraction ensues due to the subsequent release of substance P. pig trachea. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 565-574, 1975. 7. Carbajal V, Vargas MH, Flores-Soto E, Martínez-Cordero E, Bazán-Perkins B, Montaño LM. LTD 4 induces hyperresponsiveness to histamine in bovine airway smooth muscle: role of SR-ATPase Ca 2+ pump and tyrosine kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288: L84-L92, 2005. 8. Chambers JE, Carr RL. Biochemical mechanisms contributing to species differences in insecticidal toxicity. Toxicology 105: 291-304, 1995.

A 50mhz Cmos Programmable Logic Device

ABSTRACT First Page of the Article

A 20 NS CMOS programmable logic device for asynchronous applications

... Jagdish Pathak, Steve Douglass, Dov-Ami Vider, Theodor Mulder, Jose Arreola, Sunil Mehta Cypr... more ... Jagdish Pathak, Steve Douglass, Dov-Ami Vider, Theodor Mulder, Jose Arreola, Sunil Mehta Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, 3901 North First Street ... The authors would like to thank Harshad Saparia, Rose Lai and Terry Bachelder for layout support, Ritu Shrivastava, Marc ...

Thoracoabdominal Wall Repair with Glutaraldehyde-Preserved Bovine Pericardium

Journal of Investigative Surgery, 1996

Glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium (GPBP) is evaluated as a bioprosthesis for the recons... more Glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine pericardium (GPBP) is evaluated as a bioprosthesis for the reconstruction of surgical defects in the thoracoabdominal wall. The mechanical properties of bovine pericardium preserved at different concentrations of glutaraldehyde were studied. Samples preserved in 0.5% glutaraldehyde showed a significantly higher tensile strength (11.7 +/- 0.8 N/mm2) than samples preserved in 2.5, 5, or 10% (similar to pericardium preserved in normal saline). The percentage of elongation was significantly lower than samples preserved in 1, 2.5, and 5% glutaraldehyde. GPBP at 0.5% was used to repair experimentally induced defects of the abdominal wall (n = 9), chest wall (n = 6), diaphragm (n = 6), and sternum (n = 7). All animals presented adequate tolerance to the material used and no case of infection or rejection of the material was seen in any of the animals. Finally, 0.5% GPBP was used clinically in a series of 40 patients: postincisional abdominal hernia (n = 30), inguinal hernia (n = 8), diaphragmatic hernia (n = 1), and congenital pelvic defect with prolapse of abdominal organs (n = 1). Surgical use showed that GPBP was a very manageable material and long-term results were good in 37 patients with a mean follow up of 18 months (range 5-35 months). Six patients presented seroma formation (all abdominal hernia patients), three of which eventually developed infection and had the GPBP patch removed at 3, 5, and 7 months postoperatively. The rest of the patients presented good scar formation with adequate resistance at the area of implantation. GPBP is a biological material with sufficient resistance to be used surgically in the repair of thoracoabdominal defects. Ideal concentration of glutaraldehyde to be used in the preparation-preservation of the material is 0.5% since higher concentration negatively affect its tensile rupture strength and elongation.

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2007

Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a lymphocytic alveolitis provoked by exposure to ... more Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a lymphocytic alveolitis provoked by exposure to a variety of antigens. However, the disease occurs in only a subset of exposed individuals, suggesting that additional factors may be involved. Microchimerism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, especially in those showing increased incidence after childbearing age. Objectives: To evaluate the presence of circulating and local microchimeric cells in female patients with HP. Methods: Male microchimerism was examined in 103 patients with HP, 30 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 43 healthy women. All of them had given birth to at least one son, with no twin siblings, blood transfusions, or transplants. Microchimerism was examined by dot blot hybridization (peripheral blood), and by fluorescence in situ hybridization in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lungs. Measurements and Main Results: Blood microchimerism was found in 33% of the patients with HP in comparison with 10% in those with IPF (p ϭ 0.019) and 16% in healthy women (p ϭ 0.045). Patients with HP with microchimerism showed a significant reduction of diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DL CO ; 53.5 Ϯ 11.9% vs. 65.2 Ϯ 19.7%; p ϭ 0.02) compared with patients with HP without microchimerism. In bronchoalveolar lavage cells, microchimerism was detected in 9 of 14 patients with HP compared with 2 of 10 patients with IPF (p ϭ 0.047). Cell sorting revealed that microchimeric cells were either macrophages or CD4 ϩ or CD8 ϩ T cells. Male microchimeric cells were also found in the five HP lungs examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Conclusions: Our findings (1 ) demonstrate that patients with HP exhibit increased frequency of fetal microchimerism, (2 ) confirm the multilineage capacity of microchimeric cells, and (3 ) suggest that microchimeric cells may increase the severity of the disease.

Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 2011

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by an influx of a... more Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by an influx of activated T cells to the lung, in which the CD28/B7 costimulatory signals are essential for the T cell activation and the outcome of the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the effect of the CD28/B7 antagonist, CTLA-4Ig, on the lung inflammation and the T cell subset profile in experimental Saccharopolyspora recivirgula (SR)-induced HP. C57BL/6 mice were treated with SR or saline during two and three weeks and in addition of CTLA-4Ig was administrated after either the second or third week and mice were sacrificed seven days later. The extent of the lung inflammation was quantified by histopathology and the lung T cell subsets (Treg, Th17, γδT and NKT) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Mice treated with CTLA-4Ig showed a significant decrease in the extent of lung damage (p b 0.05), and exhibited a decreased number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with diminished CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. Also, a significant increase in the percentage of lung γδT (pb 0.01) and NKT (p b 0.05) cells was observed in two weeks SR-treated mice with the administration of CTLA-4Ig/SR. At 3 weeks, SR-treated mice showed an increased percentage of regulatory T cells but no significantly differences were found in the percentage of Th17 cells when compared with CTLA-4Ig/SR-treated mice. Our findings suggest that the treatment with CTLA-4Ig affects the HP progression and the lung T cell subset kinetics in mice.

International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2007

Pulmonary fibrosis is a common response to a variety of lung injuries, characterized by fibroblas... more Pulmonary fibrosis is a common response to a variety of lung injuries, characterized by fibroblast/myofibroblast expansion and abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix. An increased expression of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) in human and experimental lung fibrosis has been documented, but its role in the fibrotic response is unclear. We studied the effect of MMP9 overexpression in bleomycin-driven lung fibrosis using transgenic mice expressing human MMP9 in alveolar macrophages (hMMP9-TG). At 8 weeks post-bleomycin, the extent of fibrotic lesions and OH-proline content were significantly decreased in the TG mice compared to the WT mice. The decreased fibrosis in hMMP9-TG mice was preceded by a significant reduction of neutrophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 1 and 4 weeks post-bleomycin, respectively, as well as by significantly less TIMP-1 than the WT mice. From a variety of cytokines/chemokines investigated, we found that BAL levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) as well as the immunoreactive protein in the lungs were significantly lower in hMMP9-TG mice compared with WT mice despite similar levels of gene expression. Using IGFBP-3 substrate zymography we found that BAL from TG mice at 1 week after bleomycin cleaved IGFBP-3. Further, we demonstrated that MMP9 degraded IGFBP-3 into lower molecular mass fragments. These findings suggest that increased activity of MMP9 secreted by alveolar macrophages in the lung microenvironment may have an antifibrotic effect and provide a potential mechanism involving IGFBP3 degradation.

Apuntes sobre la resistencia magisterial.