The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB) (original) (raw)

Papers by The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB)

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Although, oral health is important for its role in the overall health but oral health care does n... more Although, oral health is important for its role in the overall health but oral health care does not have an integrated model. So, today meeting the needs of oral health requires strong interactions between health research policy and oral health researchThe aim of this study investigates the effects of ethanolic crud extract of Cuminum cyminum L. on S. mutans in terms of antibacterial, antibiofilm and, its cytotoxicity properties. The present experimental study which has conducted in 2019-2020. The crude alcoholic extract of C. cyminum seeds was prepared by the maceration method. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of crude ethanolic extract of C. cyminum was determined by micro-dilution method according to CLSI protocol on Streptococcus mutans (PTCC1683). In addition, its antibiofilm effect was investigated by the previous method using crystal violet. As well, an MTT test was performed to evaluate its cytotoxicity on SW480 cells. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS V.22 software. MIC and MBC concentrations of C. cyminum extract on S. mutans were found to be 0.62 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL. The effect of inhibiting biofilm production was also observed at a concentration of 40 mg/mL. In MTT assay showed a greater cytotoxic effect on SW480 cancer cells at higher concentrations for longer periods of time. The present study showed that the cumin ethanolic crude extract has antimicrobial properties, inhibits the growth of S. mutans biofilms and has no toxic properties.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The genus Berberis belongs to the Berberidaceae family, with 15 genera and 650 species around the... more The genus Berberis belongs to the Berberidaceae family, with 15 genera and 650 species around the world. It has valuable potential in the medicinal and food industries. In this study, the phytochemical diversity of 55 fruits of the Iranian Berberis genotype were investigated. The results of this study could be used in the breeding and determination of superior genotypes in the future. Plant materials were collected from the barberry Collection Garden of Mashhad and also different natural habitats of barberry in various provinces of Iran. The samples were air-dried, finely grounded, and extracted by methanol at room temperature. Then, total phenol and total flavonoid were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assays, respectively. Radicals neutralizing effects of extracts were examined through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results showed a significant difference between phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of various extracts, at a probability level of 1%. A methanol extract of B. integerrima × crataegina (genotype code 4-1) resulted in the highest phenolic content with an average of 4.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ml-1 extract, while the lowest content was recorded for B. integerrima)genotype code 23-4) with an average of 1.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ ml extract. The highest flavonoid content was observed with extracts of B. integerrima (genotype code 4-4) and B. orthobotrys × crataegina (genotype code 15-4) with an average of 6.3 mg quercetin equivalents (Q)/ ml extract. The least was recorded for B. integerrima (genotype code 23-4) with an average of 0.4 mg quercetin equivalents (Q)/ ml extract. The highest and lowest rates of free radical scavenging DPPH were 59.06% and 12.3%, respectively. The results showed that barberry has a great diversity in terms of phytochemical characteristics in different genotypes and is a valuable genetic source for breeding research.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Background and objectives: Phenols and flavonoids are the most common phytoconstituents of medici... more Background and objectives: Phenols and flavonoids are the most common phytoconstituents of medicinal and aromatic plants, and responsible for antioxidant activities. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids in water and methanolic extracts of six selected medicinal plants (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Trifolium pratense L., Verbascum thapsus L., Equisetum arvense L., and Sambucus nigra L.) collected from various locations in Kosovo. Methods: The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgGAE/gDW). The total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and expressed as mg of catechin equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgCE/gDW). Results: The TPC of the water extracts ranged from 5.26±0.05 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense L.) to 33.14 ± 0.13 mgGAE/gDW (Sambucus nigra L.), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense) to 38.95 ± 0.15 mgGAE/gDW (Betula pendula). The TFC of the water extracts ranged from 0.09 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.57 ± 0.01 mg CE/gDW (Trifolium pratense), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 0.25 ± 0.02 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.36±0.02 mgCE/gDW (Trifolium pratense). Equisetum arvense herba showed the largest difference in TPC and TFC between the water and methanolic extracts, with 8.26 ± 0.05 mgGAE/gDW and 0.25 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW in water extract and 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW and 1.15 ± 0.08 mgCE/gDW in methanolic extract, respectively. Conclusions: Results shows varying levels of phenolics and flavonoids, with some plants exhibiting higher levels in methanolic extracts than in water extracts. These findings may have important implications for the potential use of these plants in traditional medicine and as sources of natural antioxidants.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The aim of this study was to determine total acid and individual sugars in fruit of some black mu... more The aim of this study was to determine total acid and individual sugars in fruit of some black mulberry. The content of individual sugars in fruits was determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice were also evaluated. HPLC analysis of juice allowed the detection of 2 sugars. Glucose was the dominant sugar for all mulberries. The amount of total sugars ranged from 8.98 to 13.26 g/100g. The amount of total acids changed from 0.94 to 1.82%. The pH value ranged from 3.80 to 4.60. TSS content changed from 12.40 to 16.00 %. Juice content ranged from 50 to 70 %. Total flavonoid ranged from 0.94 to 1.26 mg/g DW. Among the three mulberries evaluated, genotype 3 demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the genotypes can affect the amount of sugars and acids of fruit. Abbreviations: HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography; DPPH, 2, 2diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Atropa belladonna L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. The plants of Solan... more Atropa belladonna L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. The plants of Solanaceae family are the best-known source of tropane alkaloids primary hyoscyamine and scopolamine that act on the Parasympatic nervous system. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of storage on the alkaloid content of A. belladonna L. leaves dried by different traditional drying methods such as shade drying, sun drying, and also hot air drying at temperature of 80 °C and oven drying at temperature of 80 °C. Alkaloid compounds were measured after 1, 15, 30, and 60 days of storage. The alkaloids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method immediately after drying and during storage. Analysis of the experimental data revealed that the amount of total alkaloid, atropine, and scopolamine was significantly different (p< 0.01) for different drying methods and storage time. The total alkaloid was significantly at the lowest level in sun-dried samples while it was at the highest level in shade-dried samples. The atropine and scopolamine contents increased significantly just after one-day storage in the samples dried by hot air drying at 80 °C. Storage caused fluctuation in the amount of alkaloids compounds. The atropine content decreased in the oven drying method at 80 °C on the first day of storage and increased after 60 days of storage. The scopolamine content increased in the oven drying method at 80 °C after 15 days of storage.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

A split-plot factorial experiment was conducted with 3 replications to evaluate the impacts of di... more A split-plot factorial experiment was conducted with 3 replications to evaluate the impacts of different type and time applications of stress modulators on the yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2016-2018. The studied factors were the cultivation method at 2 levels (rainfed and irrigated conditions) as the main plot and times of foliar applications with 2 levels (vegetative and vegetative + flowering growth stage) and sources of stress modulators with the 4 levels (control, 1.5 M Glycine Betaine (GB), 10-7 mM Brassinosteroids (BRs), and 1.5 mM Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP)). The results showed that irrigated cultivation led to the productions of higher plant heights, more lateral branches, larger numbers of umbrellas and seeds per plant, greater 1000-seed weights, more grain and essential oil yields, and less essential oil contents as compared to the treatments undergoing the rainfed condition. The lateral branches, umbrellas per plant, seeds per plant, and 1000-seed weights were affected by the application times. The foliar applications of Brassinosteroids (BRs) increased plant heights, lateral branches, umbrellas per plant, seeds per plant, 1000-seed weights, and grain and essential oil yields with less essential oil contents compared to those of the control. Under the irrigated condition, spraying of BRs enhanced plant height (7.64%), lateral branches (3.57%), umbrellas per plant (14.3%), seeds per plant (47.4%), 1000-seed weight (3.69%), and grain yield (74.5%), and lowered essential oil content (11.22%) when compared to those undergoing the rain-fed condition. Overall, the modulators for reducing drought stress impacts by elevating the yields and yield components could be classified as BRs>GB>SNP.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

In this project, domestication of one of the wild flowering plants, Achillea millefolium L. (yarr... more In this project, domestication of one of the wild flowering plants, Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow plant) was done to find out its resistance to drought stress condition. Plant samples were collected from the Isfahan region of Iran and were further multiplied by divisions of plants. The study was conducted on the improvement of seeds germination using GA3, morphological and phenological study and to estimate drought tolerance of yarrow plants. The seeds of selected plants were treated with GA3 hormone (0, 250 and 500 ppm) to break the dormancy and improve the germination percentage. GA3 treatment improved the seed quality parameters and the best results were obtained with GA3 @ 500 ppm. The plants propagated through division were cultivated in the field for the domestication of plants and to estimate their potential for landscape purposes. Also, the Phenological cycle of plants was monitored. Attractive flowers, Long duration of flowering and applying green cover during the year was positive points of yarrow for using in the landscape. Irrigation was applied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of available water from April to September. Morphological and physiological parameters showed that A. millefolium could significantly tolerate drought treatments until 50% of available water and even at 75%, plants could survive and produce new stems.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Amygdalus scoparia Spach is a potentially multipurpose wild almond species and a perennial medici... more Amygdalus scoparia Spach is a potentially multipurpose wild almond species and a perennial medicinal plant which belonging to Rosaceae family where grows naturally in arid and semiarid areas of Iran. In the current investigation, genetic variation of five ecotypes of A. scoparia from Hormozgan and Fars provinces, including Bekhun, Homag, Sekhuran, Sarvestan and Fasa, was evaluated using morphological markers. 10 important characteristics such as subbranch length, number of secondary branches on the sub-branch, number of flowers on the sub-branch, dry weight of sub-branch and percentage of dry weight of sub-branch were investigated. The results of variance analysis showed that significant differences (p≤0.01, 0.05) were found among the studied A. scoparia natural ecotypes for studied traits. The ecotypes of Homag, Sekhuran and Bekhun had the highest values of the important breeding traits including the sub-branch length, the number of secondary branches on the sub-branch, the number of flowers on the sub-branch, the dry weight of sub-branch and the percentage of dry weight of sub-branch. The results showed that ecotypes had a wide variation in terms of all studied morphological attributes. The correlation coefficients between evaluated traits showed significant positive and negative correlations between some important traits. PCA analysis results illustrated that studied characteristics divided in three groups which justified 64.01% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three major clusters with several sub-clusters. The results of this investigation highlighted the efficiency of translation initiation codon polymorphism for genetic characterization and accurate authentication of A. scoparia ecotypes as well as detecting and tagging morphologically important traits in this species that would be helpful for implementation of effective conservation strategies and even broaden current genetic diversity.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Medicinal plants have been known to act as a harbor for endophytic fungi, owing to their being ab... more Medicinal plants have been known to act as a harbor for endophytic fungi, owing to their being able to produce bioactive compounds similar to those of their host. Thymus is a member of the Lamiaceae family. It enjoys a long history of traditional and modern medicine as a disinfectant that possesses antimicrobial properties. The pharmaceutical properties of this plant can be attributed to its endophytes. In this research, 89 endophytic fungi of Thymus spp. were tested and examined to investigate their biocontrol effects against the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis and Streptomyces scabies and human pathogens Escherichia coli ATTCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591. Thereafter, to control fungal and bacterial pathogens, the extracellular metabolites of the endophytic fungi were extracted and used in seven different concentrations. The effect of endophytic fungi on the growth of B. cinerea suggested that the M24 isolate (Fusarium subglutinans) was the one with the greatest percentage of inhibition. Out of the 89 isolates tested against bacteria, only one isolate affected X. arboricola, three of them affected E. coli, and eight isolates showed biocontrol effect on bacterium S. aureus. In the case of S. scabies, all Fusarium isolates prevented its growth. Among other isolates, only M32 and M33, which belong to mycelia sterilia, affected the growth of this bacterium. Endophytic extracellular metabolites had great potential to control plant pathogens as well.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Regarding the emergence of microbial resistant strains to chemical drugs, it was important to mak... more Regarding the emergence of microbial resistant strains to chemical drugs, it was important to make efforts for finding new antimicrobial factors with fewer side effects for substituting chemical drugs. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts (ethanol and ethyl acetate). Althaea officinalis L. parts (flower, leaf, stem and root) were considered against two positive and negative bacteria types of pneumonia (Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia) under laboratory conditions. In order to investigate anti-microbial activities of alcoholic extracts and A. officinalis essence in different concentrations, they were affected over mentioned bacteria by using the Diffusion Disk method. Penicillin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin were used as a positive control and Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and DMSO solvents as negative control and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) have been determined. Taking essence has been conducted by the Clevenger system. Its chemical combinations were identified by GC-MS. Results showed that stem (total) ethanol extracts and A. officinalis essences (in the concentration 100 mg/ml) have the highest microbial properties on K. pneumonia. The ethanol extract was affected on all components of A. officinalis and Ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem over K. pneumonia and A. officinalis essence (in the concentration 12.5 µl/ml) over both bacteria. Gentamicin as an antibiotic had good inhibitory power against bacteria as a positive control in comparing other antibiotics. 56 combinations of Althaea officinalis essence were extracted by more than 93% of main combinations consisted of Thymol, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, β-pinene, Terpineol, Carvacrol. The more extract and essence concentration increased antibacterial properties and inhibitory halo diameter. A. officinalis extracted combinations with anti-bacterial properties were considered as the main factor for consuming A. officinalis in different industries as an herbal drug by natural origin and anti-bacterial effects.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Lowering blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation is an important... more Lowering blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation is an important strategy in glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Similarly, traditional medicinal plants are used by several traditional healers, and plants are a possible avenue for the discovery and development of antidiabetic drugs. The study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordia grandicalyx Oberm. bark, fruit, and leaf extracts through glucose uptake activity by preadipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle cells, relative to their capability on increasing GLUT4 translocation. In addition, the protein expression and phosphorylation of diabetes-related proteins were performed. The C. grandicalyx extracts increased glucose uptake activity by enhancing GLUT4 translocation. Moreover, it was established that the co-usage of insulin with plant extracts increased the glucose uptake activity in comparison to insulin. The extracts upregulated total insulin receptor substrate expression and increased the phosphorylation of Akt levels. This data, therefore, suggests that C. grandicalyx enhances glucose uptake by modulating insulin signalling, potentially through GLUT4 translocation and upregulation of diabetes-related proteins, possibly mimicking the PI3-K/Akt pathway. This, therefore, suggests that C. grandicalyx is a possible candidate for the management of diabetes.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Medicinal and aromatic plants are rich in active substances that represent many medicines. Climat... more Medicinal and aromatic plants are rich in active substances that represent many medicines. Climatic factors and ontogenetic growth stages affect the quantity and quality of these costly materials. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the geographic origins and the different plant organs (leaves, flowers and stalks) of Salvia sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand., an endemic aromatic herb in the south of Iran, essential oil in three different natural habitats. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The highest essential oil content was obtained in flower (1.2%) and stalk (0.7%) of S. sharifii in Sirmand population. Also, in the latter plant organ, the highest essential oil content was observed in Abmah population (1.1%). Essential oils were characterized by the domination of sesquiterpenes (37.92-84.40%), followed by monoterpenes (13.42-58.86%). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the essential oil identified 58 constituents that varied with plant origin and organ. Results revealed that the main essential oil constituents in S. sharifii were linalool, hexyl-2-methyl butyrate, caryophyllene, sclareol oxide, agarospirol and hexyl caprylate in different plant organs and natural habitats. The variations among natural populations of S. sharifii showed that add to the impact of plant inheritance, it conjointly encompasses a high adaptation potential so that a variety of climatic conditions like temperature, altitude and rainfall are among different populations.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb belongs to the Lamiaceae ... more Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The compositions of essential oil are the main parameters for assessing quality of basil for different food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. On the other hand, secondary metabolites in basil are affected by the interaction of location and genetics. In this study essential oil composition of two basil cultivars (green and purple) in different cultivation site were determined. The experiment took place in Isfahan and Marand cities with different climate, edaphic and elevation factors. Plants were harvested at flowering stage and transported to the laboratory and samples dried at shade condition. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysis of essential oils was carried out by GC and GC-MS technics. There were differences among constituents in the essential oil content from the basil cultivars at two locations. For green basil, the major constituent of the essential oil from aerial parts were Geraniol (36.21%, in Marand region), nerol (27.02%) and methyl-chavicol (18.79%) in Isfahan region. Green basil, grown in the Isfahan region had higher concentrations of essential oils component than in the Marand region. For purple basil, methyl-chavicol (54.54%) and linalool (26.10%) in Marand region and (E)-β-ocimene (3.86%) in Isfahan regain were the highest essential oil components. According to our results, location could affect the efficacy of production for use of basil in drug industries.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Essential oils of the air-dried aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. collected from 11 different... more Essential oils of the air-dried aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. collected from 11 different localities which obtained by hydro-distillation were investigated. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The oil yields were 0.03-0.20% (w/w), based on dry weight. Forty-four components, representing 91.0-99.5% of the oils, were identified. The results showed that there is a significant difference in yields, chemical compositions and concentrations of essential oils obtained from different geographical regions. However, there are main and common compounds such as caryophyllene oxide (3.72 to 23.60%), Ecaryophyllene (1.03 to 39.36%), germacrene D (0.95 to 29.7%), spathulenol (1.98 to 11.11%), β-cubebene (1.31 to 24.64%), δ-cadinene (1.14 to 4.90%), hexadecanoic acid (0.47 to 32.60%), α-cubebene (0.53 to 11.37%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (0.34 to 10.56%) that are found in all essential oils. According to the cluster analysis, the populations were placed in three clusters. Percentages of hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (10.6%) and humulene epoxide II (6.8%) were considerably higher in cluster 1 compared to other clusters. Percentages α-cubebene, β-cubebene and hexadecanoic acid were considerably highest in cluster 2 with means of 7.2%, 11.9% and 20.4% respectively. Populations of cluster 3 were rich sources of E-caryophyllene (29.4%), germacrene D (16.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.4%) compared to other clusters.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Cropping pattern Inulin Trigonelline Monoculture land equivalent ratio Intercropping of medicinal... more Cropping pattern Inulin Trigonelline Monoculture land equivalent ratio Intercropping of medicinal plant can increase the diversity of farming systems. It also protects the environment, water, soil and plays an important role in healthy agricultural production and human consumption. In order to investigate the effect of intercropping and fertilizer types on dry matter (DM) yield and medicinal metabolites of chicory and fenugreek, a factorial experimentwas carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in an experimental farm located at Behbahan, Khuzestan province, Iran, during 2019-2020. The first factor was different fertilizer sources (Chemical, Organic and Integrated (in three levels; chemical fertilizer)urea + triple super phosphate),Vermicompost, and integrated fertilizer (50% chemical fertilizer+nitroxinbiofertilizer + fertile phosphate 2); while, the second factor was five levels of intercropping patterns, including: sole chicory (SC), sole fenugreek (ST), one row of chicory plus one row of fenugreek (C1T1), one row of chicory plus two rows of fenugreek (C1T2) and two rows of chicory plus one row of fenugreek (C2T1). The highest root dry weight (487 Kg/h), inulin content (1%) and inulin yield (4.87 Kg/h) of chicory root was obtained in the sole cultivation of chicory coupled with integrated fertilizer. The highest trigonelline content (0.48%) of fenugreek was obtained in C2T1 pattern coupled with chemical fertilizer application; while, the highest trigonelline yield (13.14 Kg/h) were obtained in sole cultivation of this plant. Considering the total DM yield of the two plants, the extent of medicinal actives in both plants and land equality ratio (LER) higher than one, intercropping patterns of C1T2, C1T1 treated with combined fertilizer andvermicompost were more beneficial than the sole cropping.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Plant growth regulators Plant cell culture Total phenolic content The tissue culture of Nigella a... more Plant growth regulators Plant cell culture Total phenolic content The tissue culture of Nigella arvensis L. was carried out on an MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Media fortified with different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) of 2, 4-D, NAA or IBA in combination with kinetin or BAP (1.5 mg/L and 2 mg/L) were used to induce and grow callus in present and absent of light. The experimental design was performed as a randomized block factorial design with three replications. Following callus culture, antioxidant enzymes activity and total phenolic contents were evaluated. The maximum callus induction (80.9%) was obtained with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5 mg/L / kinetin in the presence of light. Plant growth regulators combination and concentration, as well as photoperiod, affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The highest activities of catalase and peroxidase and total phenolic contents were measured in media with BAP combinations. On the contrary, the activity of superoxide dismutase was at the least in all BAP combinations. Overall, light intensified the activities of enzymes, but it had a negative effect on total phenolic contents.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

A study was conducted on the effect of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc on the physiological and ... more A study was conducted on the effect of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Thymus Daenensis Celak. The treatments were applied in two stages, 15 days apart, after the establishment, in May as spraying at zero, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% (v/v). Based on the results, different levels of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc led to a change in the vegetative growth indices studied, percentage of essential oil compounds, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The most important compounds in the essential oil were reported in the control treatment: Carvacrol, Thymol, p-cymene, Borneol, and 1.8-cineole. A 0.5% solution of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc increased the amount of Carvacrol in essential oil by 80.7% compared to the control. The amount and type of polyphenolic compounds were measured with HPLC. The most important compounds included rosmarinic acid, Thymol, Carvacrol, and Hesperetin. The best treatment for increasing polyphenols was concentration of 0.5% of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Perovskia spp. from the Lamiaceae family mostly grows as a wild plant the mountain areas with dry... more Perovskia spp. from the Lamiaceae family mostly grows as a wild plant the mountain areas with dry and cold climates. Perovskia is a beautiful plant, which can be used for urban landscaping, due to water shortage crises in the world. However, its propagation has several problems as seed dormancy in sexual propagation and low rooting percentage of cuttings in vegetative propagation. Therefore, this project was carried out to collect endemic species of Perovski, investigate their propagation, and use them in urban landscaping. Perovskia seeds in different species (P. atriplicifolia, P. abrotanoides, P. artemisioides) were exposed to cold treatment (5 o C) for different durations (3, 4 and 5 months) and seeds quality parameters (germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigour index and seedling length) were measured. On the basis of the results, highest amount of germination percentage (98.66%), germination rate (10.23 g/d), seedling vigour index (6.93) and seedling length (7.35 cm) was recorded for P. atriplicifolia with 5 months' cold treatment. Also, vegetative propagation of all studied species was investigated. Cuttings were treated with IBA at different levels (0, 300 and 500 ppm) and cultivated in autumn and spring. Different parameters (rooting percentage, speed of rooting and roots length) were recorded. Results indicated that highest rooting percentage (88%), speed of rooting (3.70r/d) and roots length (5.73 cm) were observed in P. atriplicifolia, which their cuttings were treated with 500 ppm IBA and cultivated at spring. Finally, by solving propagation problems of Perovskia, we can suggest it as a suitable plant for urban landscaping.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress and manure on some physiological c... more The present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress and manure on some physiological characteristics and quantitative yield of two species of the Thymus, Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. For this purpose, a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done at the Agricultural Research Field of University of Birjand, Iran, during two cropping years 2015 and 2016. Experimental factors included water levels (100, 67, and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (T. daenensis Celak and T. vulgaris L.) and manure (Cow manure) (non-application and application of 30 ton/ha). Drought stress reduced plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers, relative water content, membrane stability index, and quantitative yield while induced an increase in the amount of ion leakage, proline, phenol, and malondialdehyde compounds. Manure significantly increased the quantitative yield. Further, the amount of ion leakage was lower in the cells of T. daenensis indicating the maintenance of the integrity of cell membranes in the face of water stress, which can result in an enhancement in the efficiency of plant production and, ultimately, an increase in yield crop. In addition, T. daenensis had higher water use efficiency indicating lower vulnerability of this species. Results differentiated two species and T. daenensis can be introduced as superior species in confronting with drought stress.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Rosa damascena Mill. is an aromatic plant, having different components that usually use in natura... more Rosa damascena Mill. is an aromatic plant, having different components that usually use in natural products. The main industrial products from oil-bearing rose are rose oil, rose water, rose concrete, and rose absolute which are produced by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction processes. However, essential oil productionis the best part that the industry is eager to it. Hydro-distillation with cohobation is a widely used method for producing volatile oils from oil-bearing rose. Newly, different methods of extraction of volatile compounds of rose oil, rose water and residue water from the flower of R. damascena, such as headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is developed. However, every method of extraction affects the quality of Rosa product. In this way the hydro-distilled rose oil analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID/GC-MS) revealed that the percentages of alkanes or steaoreptens like hexadecane (1.3%), nonadecane (7.2%) and heneicosane (1.8%) were higher than those of HS-SPME. However, there is a preference of rose oil extraction by hydro-distilation that the rose water (hydrosol) and residue water have phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), which is easily soluble in water, rose water and residue water. Actually rose water is a by-products of the hydro-distillation method, and it contained very high amounts of phenylethyl alcohol and can be employed as the best natural fragrance of the oil-bearing rose due to its very high phenylethyl alcohol content. Phenyl ethyl alcohol is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in various flowers including roses, lavender, ylang-ylang, geranium and champagne. For determining the content of phenyl ethyl alcohol in the flower R. damascene, according to the geographical similarity, the flowers were collected from different provinces of Iran by scientists of RIFR. In a research in 2021, after the extraction of essential oil and rose water, it was conducted on the remaining water in the still. The leftover water inside the distillation pot was extracted with eight different solvents (chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene) by a separatory funnel and extracted crude were analyzed by (GC) and (GC/MS). The amount of phenylethyl alcohol obtained by different solvents containing chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene was 96.1%, 46.3%, 96.1%, 46.3%, 89.6%, 100%, 0.42% and 74%, respectively. Therefore, the research revealed the phenylethyl alcohol compound can be separated from the wastewater in the still and used.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Although, oral health is important for its role in the overall health but oral health care does n... more Although, oral health is important for its role in the overall health but oral health care does not have an integrated model. So, today meeting the needs of oral health requires strong interactions between health research policy and oral health researchThe aim of this study investigates the effects of ethanolic crud extract of Cuminum cyminum L. on S. mutans in terms of antibacterial, antibiofilm and, its cytotoxicity properties. The present experimental study which has conducted in 2019-2020. The crude alcoholic extract of C. cyminum seeds was prepared by the maceration method. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of crude ethanolic extract of C. cyminum was determined by micro-dilution method according to CLSI protocol on Streptococcus mutans (PTCC1683). In addition, its antibiofilm effect was investigated by the previous method using crystal violet. As well, an MTT test was performed to evaluate its cytotoxicity on SW480 cells. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS V.22 software. MIC and MBC concentrations of C. cyminum extract on S. mutans were found to be 0.62 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL. The effect of inhibiting biofilm production was also observed at a concentration of 40 mg/mL. In MTT assay showed a greater cytotoxic effect on SW480 cancer cells at higher concentrations for longer periods of time. The present study showed that the cumin ethanolic crude extract has antimicrobial properties, inhibits the growth of S. mutans biofilms and has no toxic properties.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The genus Berberis belongs to the Berberidaceae family, with 15 genera and 650 species around the... more The genus Berberis belongs to the Berberidaceae family, with 15 genera and 650 species around the world. It has valuable potential in the medicinal and food industries. In this study, the phytochemical diversity of 55 fruits of the Iranian Berberis genotype were investigated. The results of this study could be used in the breeding and determination of superior genotypes in the future. Plant materials were collected from the barberry Collection Garden of Mashhad and also different natural habitats of barberry in various provinces of Iran. The samples were air-dried, finely grounded, and extracted by methanol at room temperature. Then, total phenol and total flavonoid were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assays, respectively. Radicals neutralizing effects of extracts were examined through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results showed a significant difference between phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of various extracts, at a probability level of 1%. A methanol extract of B. integerrima × crataegina (genotype code 4-1) resulted in the highest phenolic content with an average of 4.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ml-1 extract, while the lowest content was recorded for B. integerrima)genotype code 23-4) with an average of 1.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/ ml extract. The highest flavonoid content was observed with extracts of B. integerrima (genotype code 4-4) and B. orthobotrys × crataegina (genotype code 15-4) with an average of 6.3 mg quercetin equivalents (Q)/ ml extract. The least was recorded for B. integerrima (genotype code 23-4) with an average of 0.4 mg quercetin equivalents (Q)/ ml extract. The highest and lowest rates of free radical scavenging DPPH were 59.06% and 12.3%, respectively. The results showed that barberry has a great diversity in terms of phytochemical characteristics in different genotypes and is a valuable genetic source for breeding research.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Background and objectives: Phenols and flavonoids are the most common phytoconstituents of medici... more Background and objectives: Phenols and flavonoids are the most common phytoconstituents of medicinal and aromatic plants, and responsible for antioxidant activities. This study aimed to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids in water and methanolic extracts of six selected medicinal plants (Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Trifolium pratense L., Verbascum thapsus L., Equisetum arvense L., and Sambucus nigra L.) collected from various locations in Kosovo. Methods: The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgGAE/gDW). The total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and expressed as mg of catechin equivalents per gram of dry weight sample (mgCE/gDW). Results: The TPC of the water extracts ranged from 5.26±0.05 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense L.) to 33.14 ± 0.13 mgGAE/gDW (Sambucus nigra L.), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW (Equisetum arvense) to 38.95 ± 0.15 mgGAE/gDW (Betula pendula). The TFC of the water extracts ranged from 0.09 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.57 ± 0.01 mg CE/gDW (Trifolium pratense), while that of the methanolic extracts ranged from 0.25 ± 0.02 mgCE/gDW (Verbascum thapsus) to 1.36±0.02 mgCE/gDW (Trifolium pratense). Equisetum arvense herba showed the largest difference in TPC and TFC between the water and methanolic extracts, with 8.26 ± 0.05 mgGAE/gDW and 0.25 ± 0.01 mgCE/gDW in water extract and 16.85 ± 0.27 mgGAE/gDW and 1.15 ± 0.08 mgCE/gDW in methanolic extract, respectively. Conclusions: Results shows varying levels of phenolics and flavonoids, with some plants exhibiting higher levels in methanolic extracts than in water extracts. These findings may have important implications for the potential use of these plants in traditional medicine and as sources of natural antioxidants.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The aim of this study was to determine total acid and individual sugars in fruit of some black mu... more The aim of this study was to determine total acid and individual sugars in fruit of some black mulberry. The content of individual sugars in fruits was determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice were also evaluated. HPLC analysis of juice allowed the detection of 2 sugars. Glucose was the dominant sugar for all mulberries. The amount of total sugars ranged from 8.98 to 13.26 g/100g. The amount of total acids changed from 0.94 to 1.82%. The pH value ranged from 3.80 to 4.60. TSS content changed from 12.40 to 16.00 %. Juice content ranged from 50 to 70 %. Total flavonoid ranged from 0.94 to 1.26 mg/g DW. Among the three mulberries evaluated, genotype 3 demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the genotypes can affect the amount of sugars and acids of fruit. Abbreviations: HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography; DPPH, 2, 2diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Atropa belladonna L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. The plants of Solan... more Atropa belladonna L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. The plants of Solanaceae family are the best-known source of tropane alkaloids primary hyoscyamine and scopolamine that act on the Parasympatic nervous system. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of storage on the alkaloid content of A. belladonna L. leaves dried by different traditional drying methods such as shade drying, sun drying, and also hot air drying at temperature of 80 °C and oven drying at temperature of 80 °C. Alkaloid compounds were measured after 1, 15, 30, and 60 days of storage. The alkaloids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method immediately after drying and during storage. Analysis of the experimental data revealed that the amount of total alkaloid, atropine, and scopolamine was significantly different (p< 0.01) for different drying methods and storage time. The total alkaloid was significantly at the lowest level in sun-dried samples while it was at the highest level in shade-dried samples. The atropine and scopolamine contents increased significantly just after one-day storage in the samples dried by hot air drying at 80 °C. Storage caused fluctuation in the amount of alkaloids compounds. The atropine content decreased in the oven drying method at 80 °C on the first day of storage and increased after 60 days of storage. The scopolamine content increased in the oven drying method at 80 °C after 15 days of storage.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

A split-plot factorial experiment was conducted with 3 replications to evaluate the impacts of di... more A split-plot factorial experiment was conducted with 3 replications to evaluate the impacts of different type and time applications of stress modulators on the yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2016-2018. The studied factors were the cultivation method at 2 levels (rainfed and irrigated conditions) as the main plot and times of foliar applications with 2 levels (vegetative and vegetative + flowering growth stage) and sources of stress modulators with the 4 levels (control, 1.5 M Glycine Betaine (GB), 10-7 mM Brassinosteroids (BRs), and 1.5 mM Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP)). The results showed that irrigated cultivation led to the productions of higher plant heights, more lateral branches, larger numbers of umbrellas and seeds per plant, greater 1000-seed weights, more grain and essential oil yields, and less essential oil contents as compared to the treatments undergoing the rainfed condition. The lateral branches, umbrellas per plant, seeds per plant, and 1000-seed weights were affected by the application times. The foliar applications of Brassinosteroids (BRs) increased plant heights, lateral branches, umbrellas per plant, seeds per plant, 1000-seed weights, and grain and essential oil yields with less essential oil contents compared to those of the control. Under the irrigated condition, spraying of BRs enhanced plant height (7.64%), lateral branches (3.57%), umbrellas per plant (14.3%), seeds per plant (47.4%), 1000-seed weight (3.69%), and grain yield (74.5%), and lowered essential oil content (11.22%) when compared to those undergoing the rain-fed condition. Overall, the modulators for reducing drought stress impacts by elevating the yields and yield components could be classified as BRs>GB>SNP.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

In this project, domestication of one of the wild flowering plants, Achillea millefolium L. (yarr... more In this project, domestication of one of the wild flowering plants, Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow plant) was done to find out its resistance to drought stress condition. Plant samples were collected from the Isfahan region of Iran and were further multiplied by divisions of plants. The study was conducted on the improvement of seeds germination using GA3, morphological and phenological study and to estimate drought tolerance of yarrow plants. The seeds of selected plants were treated with GA3 hormone (0, 250 and 500 ppm) to break the dormancy and improve the germination percentage. GA3 treatment improved the seed quality parameters and the best results were obtained with GA3 @ 500 ppm. The plants propagated through division were cultivated in the field for the domestication of plants and to estimate their potential for landscape purposes. Also, the Phenological cycle of plants was monitored. Attractive flowers, Long duration of flowering and applying green cover during the year was positive points of yarrow for using in the landscape. Irrigation was applied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels of available water from April to September. Morphological and physiological parameters showed that A. millefolium could significantly tolerate drought treatments until 50% of available water and even at 75%, plants could survive and produce new stems.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Amygdalus scoparia Spach is a potentially multipurpose wild almond species and a perennial medici... more Amygdalus scoparia Spach is a potentially multipurpose wild almond species and a perennial medicinal plant which belonging to Rosaceae family where grows naturally in arid and semiarid areas of Iran. In the current investigation, genetic variation of five ecotypes of A. scoparia from Hormozgan and Fars provinces, including Bekhun, Homag, Sekhuran, Sarvestan and Fasa, was evaluated using morphological markers. 10 important characteristics such as subbranch length, number of secondary branches on the sub-branch, number of flowers on the sub-branch, dry weight of sub-branch and percentage of dry weight of sub-branch were investigated. The results of variance analysis showed that significant differences (p≤0.01, 0.05) were found among the studied A. scoparia natural ecotypes for studied traits. The ecotypes of Homag, Sekhuran and Bekhun had the highest values of the important breeding traits including the sub-branch length, the number of secondary branches on the sub-branch, the number of flowers on the sub-branch, the dry weight of sub-branch and the percentage of dry weight of sub-branch. The results showed that ecotypes had a wide variation in terms of all studied morphological attributes. The correlation coefficients between evaluated traits showed significant positive and negative correlations between some important traits. PCA analysis results illustrated that studied characteristics divided in three groups which justified 64.01% of the total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three major clusters with several sub-clusters. The results of this investigation highlighted the efficiency of translation initiation codon polymorphism for genetic characterization and accurate authentication of A. scoparia ecotypes as well as detecting and tagging morphologically important traits in this species that would be helpful for implementation of effective conservation strategies and even broaden current genetic diversity.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Medicinal plants have been known to act as a harbor for endophytic fungi, owing to their being ab... more Medicinal plants have been known to act as a harbor for endophytic fungi, owing to their being able to produce bioactive compounds similar to those of their host. Thymus is a member of the Lamiaceae family. It enjoys a long history of traditional and modern medicine as a disinfectant that possesses antimicrobial properties. The pharmaceutical properties of this plant can be attributed to its endophytes. In this research, 89 endophytic fungi of Thymus spp. were tested and examined to investigate their biocontrol effects against the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, the plant pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis and Streptomyces scabies and human pathogens Escherichia coli ATTCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591. Thereafter, to control fungal and bacterial pathogens, the extracellular metabolites of the endophytic fungi were extracted and used in seven different concentrations. The effect of endophytic fungi on the growth of B. cinerea suggested that the M24 isolate (Fusarium subglutinans) was the one with the greatest percentage of inhibition. Out of the 89 isolates tested against bacteria, only one isolate affected X. arboricola, three of them affected E. coli, and eight isolates showed biocontrol effect on bacterium S. aureus. In the case of S. scabies, all Fusarium isolates prevented its growth. Among other isolates, only M32 and M33, which belong to mycelia sterilia, affected the growth of this bacterium. Endophytic extracellular metabolites had great potential to control plant pathogens as well.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Regarding the emergence of microbial resistant strains to chemical drugs, it was important to mak... more Regarding the emergence of microbial resistant strains to chemical drugs, it was important to make efforts for finding new antimicrobial factors with fewer side effects for substituting chemical drugs. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts (ethanol and ethyl acetate). Althaea officinalis L. parts (flower, leaf, stem and root) were considered against two positive and negative bacteria types of pneumonia (Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia) under laboratory conditions. In order to investigate anti-microbial activities of alcoholic extracts and A. officinalis essence in different concentrations, they were affected over mentioned bacteria by using the Diffusion Disk method. Penicillin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin were used as a positive control and Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and DMSO solvents as negative control and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) have been determined. Taking essence has been conducted by the Clevenger system. Its chemical combinations were identified by GC-MS. Results showed that stem (total) ethanol extracts and A. officinalis essences (in the concentration 100 mg/ml) have the highest microbial properties on K. pneumonia. The ethanol extract was affected on all components of A. officinalis and Ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem over K. pneumonia and A. officinalis essence (in the concentration 12.5 µl/ml) over both bacteria. Gentamicin as an antibiotic had good inhibitory power against bacteria as a positive control in comparing other antibiotics. 56 combinations of Althaea officinalis essence were extracted by more than 93% of main combinations consisted of Thymol, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, β-pinene, Terpineol, Carvacrol. The more extract and essence concentration increased antibacterial properties and inhibitory halo diameter. A. officinalis extracted combinations with anti-bacterial properties were considered as the main factor for consuming A. officinalis in different industries as an herbal drug by natural origin and anti-bacterial effects.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Lowering blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation is an important... more Lowering blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation is an important strategy in glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Similarly, traditional medicinal plants are used by several traditional healers, and plants are a possible avenue for the discovery and development of antidiabetic drugs. The study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordia grandicalyx Oberm. bark, fruit, and leaf extracts through glucose uptake activity by preadipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle cells, relative to their capability on increasing GLUT4 translocation. In addition, the protein expression and phosphorylation of diabetes-related proteins were performed. The C. grandicalyx extracts increased glucose uptake activity by enhancing GLUT4 translocation. Moreover, it was established that the co-usage of insulin with plant extracts increased the glucose uptake activity in comparison to insulin. The extracts upregulated total insulin receptor substrate expression and increased the phosphorylation of Akt levels. This data, therefore, suggests that C. grandicalyx enhances glucose uptake by modulating insulin signalling, potentially through GLUT4 translocation and upregulation of diabetes-related proteins, possibly mimicking the PI3-K/Akt pathway. This, therefore, suggests that C. grandicalyx is a possible candidate for the management of diabetes.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Medicinal and aromatic plants are rich in active substances that represent many medicines. Climat... more Medicinal and aromatic plants are rich in active substances that represent many medicines. Climatic factors and ontogenetic growth stages affect the quantity and quality of these costly materials. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the geographic origins and the different plant organs (leaves, flowers and stalks) of Salvia sharifii Rech. f. & Esfand., an endemic aromatic herb in the south of Iran, essential oil in three different natural habitats. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The highest essential oil content was obtained in flower (1.2%) and stalk (0.7%) of S. sharifii in Sirmand population. Also, in the latter plant organ, the highest essential oil content was observed in Abmah population (1.1%). Essential oils were characterized by the domination of sesquiterpenes (37.92-84.40%), followed by monoterpenes (13.42-58.86%). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the essential oil identified 58 constituents that varied with plant origin and organ. Results revealed that the main essential oil constituents in S. sharifii were linalool, hexyl-2-methyl butyrate, caryophyllene, sclareol oxide, agarospirol and hexyl caprylate in different plant organs and natural habitats. The variations among natural populations of S. sharifii showed that add to the impact of plant inheritance, it conjointly encompasses a high adaptation potential so that a variety of climatic conditions like temperature, altitude and rainfall are among different populations.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb belongs to the Lamiaceae ... more Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The compositions of essential oil are the main parameters for assessing quality of basil for different food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. On the other hand, secondary metabolites in basil are affected by the interaction of location and genetics. In this study essential oil composition of two basil cultivars (green and purple) in different cultivation site were determined. The experiment took place in Isfahan and Marand cities with different climate, edaphic and elevation factors. Plants were harvested at flowering stage and transported to the laboratory and samples dried at shade condition. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysis of essential oils was carried out by GC and GC-MS technics. There were differences among constituents in the essential oil content from the basil cultivars at two locations. For green basil, the major constituent of the essential oil from aerial parts were Geraniol (36.21%, in Marand region), nerol (27.02%) and methyl-chavicol (18.79%) in Isfahan region. Green basil, grown in the Isfahan region had higher concentrations of essential oils component than in the Marand region. For purple basil, methyl-chavicol (54.54%) and linalool (26.10%) in Marand region and (E)-β-ocimene (3.86%) in Isfahan regain were the highest essential oil components. According to our results, location could affect the efficacy of production for use of basil in drug industries.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Essential oils of the air-dried aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. collected from 11 different... more Essential oils of the air-dried aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. collected from 11 different localities which obtained by hydro-distillation were investigated. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The oil yields were 0.03-0.20% (w/w), based on dry weight. Forty-four components, representing 91.0-99.5% of the oils, were identified. The results showed that there is a significant difference in yields, chemical compositions and concentrations of essential oils obtained from different geographical regions. However, there are main and common compounds such as caryophyllene oxide (3.72 to 23.60%), Ecaryophyllene (1.03 to 39.36%), germacrene D (0.95 to 29.7%), spathulenol (1.98 to 11.11%), β-cubebene (1.31 to 24.64%), δ-cadinene (1.14 to 4.90%), hexadecanoic acid (0.47 to 32.60%), α-cubebene (0.53 to 11.37%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (0.34 to 10.56%) that are found in all essential oils. According to the cluster analysis, the populations were placed in three clusters. Percentages of hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (10.6%) and humulene epoxide II (6.8%) were considerably higher in cluster 1 compared to other clusters. Percentages α-cubebene, β-cubebene and hexadecanoic acid were considerably highest in cluster 2 with means of 7.2%, 11.9% and 20.4% respectively. Populations of cluster 3 were rich sources of E-caryophyllene (29.4%), germacrene D (16.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.4%) compared to other clusters.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Cropping pattern Inulin Trigonelline Monoculture land equivalent ratio Intercropping of medicinal... more Cropping pattern Inulin Trigonelline Monoculture land equivalent ratio Intercropping of medicinal plant can increase the diversity of farming systems. It also protects the environment, water, soil and plays an important role in healthy agricultural production and human consumption. In order to investigate the effect of intercropping and fertilizer types on dry matter (DM) yield and medicinal metabolites of chicory and fenugreek, a factorial experimentwas carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in an experimental farm located at Behbahan, Khuzestan province, Iran, during 2019-2020. The first factor was different fertilizer sources (Chemical, Organic and Integrated (in three levels; chemical fertilizer)urea + triple super phosphate),Vermicompost, and integrated fertilizer (50% chemical fertilizer+nitroxinbiofertilizer + fertile phosphate 2); while, the second factor was five levels of intercropping patterns, including: sole chicory (SC), sole fenugreek (ST), one row of chicory plus one row of fenugreek (C1T1), one row of chicory plus two rows of fenugreek (C1T2) and two rows of chicory plus one row of fenugreek (C2T1). The highest root dry weight (487 Kg/h), inulin content (1%) and inulin yield (4.87 Kg/h) of chicory root was obtained in the sole cultivation of chicory coupled with integrated fertilizer. The highest trigonelline content (0.48%) of fenugreek was obtained in C2T1 pattern coupled with chemical fertilizer application; while, the highest trigonelline yield (13.14 Kg/h) were obtained in sole cultivation of this plant. Considering the total DM yield of the two plants, the extent of medicinal actives in both plants and land equality ratio (LER) higher than one, intercropping patterns of C1T2, C1T1 treated with combined fertilizer andvermicompost were more beneficial than the sole cropping.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Plant growth regulators Plant cell culture Total phenolic content The tissue culture of Nigella a... more Plant growth regulators Plant cell culture Total phenolic content The tissue culture of Nigella arvensis L. was carried out on an MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Media fortified with different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) of 2, 4-D, NAA or IBA in combination with kinetin or BAP (1.5 mg/L and 2 mg/L) were used to induce and grow callus in present and absent of light. The experimental design was performed as a randomized block factorial design with three replications. Following callus culture, antioxidant enzymes activity and total phenolic contents were evaluated. The maximum callus induction (80.9%) was obtained with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5 mg/L / kinetin in the presence of light. Plant growth regulators combination and concentration, as well as photoperiod, affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The highest activities of catalase and peroxidase and total phenolic contents were measured in media with BAP combinations. On the contrary, the activity of superoxide dismutase was at the least in all BAP combinations. Overall, light intensified the activities of enzymes, but it had a negative effect on total phenolic contents.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

A study was conducted on the effect of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc on the physiological and ... more A study was conducted on the effect of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Thymus Daenensis Celak. The treatments were applied in two stages, 15 days apart, after the establishment, in May as spraying at zero, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% (v/v). Based on the results, different levels of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc led to a change in the vegetative growth indices studied, percentage of essential oil compounds, polyphenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The most important compounds in the essential oil were reported in the control treatment: Carvacrol, Thymol, p-cymene, Borneol, and 1.8-cineole. A 0.5% solution of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc increased the amount of Carvacrol in essential oil by 80.7% compared to the control. The amount and type of polyphenolic compounds were measured with HPLC. The most important compounds included rosmarinic acid, Thymol, Carvacrol, and Hesperetin. The best treatment for increasing polyphenols was concentration of 0.5% of nano-complex salicylic acid-zinc.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Perovskia spp. from the Lamiaceae family mostly grows as a wild plant the mountain areas with dry... more Perovskia spp. from the Lamiaceae family mostly grows as a wild plant the mountain areas with dry and cold climates. Perovskia is a beautiful plant, which can be used for urban landscaping, due to water shortage crises in the world. However, its propagation has several problems as seed dormancy in sexual propagation and low rooting percentage of cuttings in vegetative propagation. Therefore, this project was carried out to collect endemic species of Perovski, investigate their propagation, and use them in urban landscaping. Perovskia seeds in different species (P. atriplicifolia, P. abrotanoides, P. artemisioides) were exposed to cold treatment (5 o C) for different durations (3, 4 and 5 months) and seeds quality parameters (germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigour index and seedling length) were measured. On the basis of the results, highest amount of germination percentage (98.66%), germination rate (10.23 g/d), seedling vigour index (6.93) and seedling length (7.35 cm) was recorded for P. atriplicifolia with 5 months' cold treatment. Also, vegetative propagation of all studied species was investigated. Cuttings were treated with IBA at different levels (0, 300 and 500 ppm) and cultivated in autumn and spring. Different parameters (rooting percentage, speed of rooting and roots length) were recorded. Results indicated that highest rooting percentage (88%), speed of rooting (3.70r/d) and roots length (5.73 cm) were observed in P. atriplicifolia, which their cuttings were treated with 500 ppm IBA and cultivated at spring. Finally, by solving propagation problems of Perovskia, we can suggest it as a suitable plant for urban landscaping.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

The present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress and manure on some physiological c... more The present study aimed to study the effects of drought stress and manure on some physiological characteristics and quantitative yield of two species of the Thymus, Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus vulgaris L. For this purpose, a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done at the Agricultural Research Field of University of Birjand, Iran, during two cropping years 2015 and 2016. Experimental factors included water levels (100, 67, and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (T. daenensis Celak and T. vulgaris L.) and manure (Cow manure) (non-application and application of 30 ton/ha). Drought stress reduced plant height, number of lateral branches, number of flowers, relative water content, membrane stability index, and quantitative yield while induced an increase in the amount of ion leakage, proline, phenol, and malondialdehyde compounds. Manure significantly increased the quantitative yield. Further, the amount of ion leakage was lower in the cells of T. daenensis indicating the maintenance of the integrity of cell membranes in the face of water stress, which can result in an enhancement in the efficiency of plant production and, ultimately, an increase in yield crop. In addition, T. daenensis had higher water use efficiency indicating lower vulnerability of this species. Results differentiated two species and T. daenensis can be introduced as superior species in confronting with drought stress.

The Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products (JMPB), 2023

Rosa damascena Mill. is an aromatic plant, having different components that usually use in natura... more Rosa damascena Mill. is an aromatic plant, having different components that usually use in natural products. The main industrial products from oil-bearing rose are rose oil, rose water, rose concrete, and rose absolute which are produced by hydro-distillation and solvent extraction processes. However, essential oil productionis the best part that the industry is eager to it. Hydro-distillation with cohobation is a widely used method for producing volatile oils from oil-bearing rose. Newly, different methods of extraction of volatile compounds of rose oil, rose water and residue water from the flower of R. damascena, such as headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) is developed. However, every method of extraction affects the quality of Rosa product. In this way the hydro-distilled rose oil analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID/GC-MS) revealed that the percentages of alkanes or steaoreptens like hexadecane (1.3%), nonadecane (7.2%) and heneicosane (1.8%) were higher than those of HS-SPME. However, there is a preference of rose oil extraction by hydro-distilation that the rose water (hydrosol) and residue water have phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), which is easily soluble in water, rose water and residue water. Actually rose water is a by-products of the hydro-distillation method, and it contained very high amounts of phenylethyl alcohol and can be employed as the best natural fragrance of the oil-bearing rose due to its very high phenylethyl alcohol content. Phenyl ethyl alcohol is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in various flowers including roses, lavender, ylang-ylang, geranium and champagne. For determining the content of phenyl ethyl alcohol in the flower R. damascene, according to the geographical similarity, the flowers were collected from different provinces of Iran by scientists of RIFR. In a research in 2021, after the extraction of essential oil and rose water, it was conducted on the remaining water in the still. The leftover water inside the distillation pot was extracted with eight different solvents (chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene) by a separatory funnel and extracted crude were analyzed by (GC) and (GC/MS). The amount of phenylethyl alcohol obtained by different solvents containing chloroform, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, petroleum ether and toluene was 96.1%, 46.3%, 96.1%, 46.3%, 89.6%, 100%, 0.42% and 74%, respectively. Therefore, the research revealed the phenylethyl alcohol compound can be separated from the wastewater in the still and used.