Joydeb Manna - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Joydeb Manna

Research paper thumbnail of Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis

Nanoscale, 2016

Development of efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly light emitters, particularly ... more Development of efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly light emitters, particularly devices that produce white light, have drawn intense interest due to diverse applications in the lighting industry, photonics, solar energy, and others. We present a simple strategy for the fabrication of flexible transparent films exhibiting tuneable light emission through one-pot synthesis of polymer matrixes with embedded carbon dots assembled in situ. Importantly, different luminescence colours were produced simply by preparing C-dot/polymer films using carbon precursors that yielded C-dots exhibiting distinct fluorescence emission profiles. Furthermore, mixtures of C-dot precursors could be also employed for fabricating films exhibiting different colours. In particular, we successfully produced films emitting white light with attractive properties (i.e. "warm" white light with a high colour rendering index)a highly sought after goal in optical technologies. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

Research paper thumbnail of Rohit Kumar Rana

The nanosized Ag and TiO2 particles engineered exhibit characteristics such as small size, large ... more The nanosized Ag and TiO2 particles engineered exhibit characteristics such as small size, large surface area to mass ratio, reactive surface groups etc. These properties offer great opportunity in the development of

Research paper thumbnail of Oxyanion-Binding in a Bio-Inspired Nanoparticle-Assembled Hybrid Microsphere Structure: Effective Removal of Arsenate/Chromate From Water

ACS Applied Nano Materials

Research paper thumbnail of l-Cysteine-Conjugated Ruthenium Hydrous Oxide Nanomaterials with Anticancer Active Application

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, Jan 30, 2018

Bioactive nanomaterials, namely: ruthenium hydrous oxide (or ruthenium oxy-hydroxide), RuO(OH) an... more Bioactive nanomaterials, namely: ruthenium hydrous oxide (or ruthenium oxy-hydroxide), RuO(OH) and also a surface-conjugated novel material of the same within the template of an amino acid molecule, l-cysteine, have been studied. These compounds have been prepared through a simple wet chemical route, under physiological conditions, such that they could be suitably used in anticancer applications. Several physical methods were used for the nanomaterial characterization, e.g.: thermal analysis of the as prepared ruthenium hydrous oxide by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) followed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). This confirms that the material is a precursor for anhydrous nanocrystalline ruthenium oxide (RuO), as is affirmed by powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Also, optical spectroscopic absorption (UV-vis and FT-IR) study of these nanoparticles (NPs) to ascertain their surface conjugation with l-cysteine have been performed. Besides these, surface morphology of the NPs ...

Research paper thumbnail of Correction: Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis

Nanoscale, Jan 26, 2017

Correction for 'Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through on... more Correction for 'Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis' by Susanta Kumar Bhunia, et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 3400-3406.

Research paper thumbnail of Water Oxidation Catalyst via Heterogenization of Iridium Oxides on Silica: A Polyamine-Mediated Route To Achieve Activity and Stability

Research paper thumbnail of Carbon-Dot/Silver-Nanoparticle Flexible SERS-Active Films

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Polyamine-Mediated Interfacial Assembly of rGO-ZnO Nanostructures: A Bio-inspired Approach and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015

A bio-inspired approach for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) embedded ZnO nanostru... more A bio-inspired approach for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) embedded ZnO nanostructure has been attempted to address issues pertaining to charge recombination and photocorrosion in ZnO for application as an effective photocatalyst. Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of rGO-ZnO nanostructures in a single step using polyamines, which simultaneously aid in the mineralization of ZnO nanostructures from zinc nitrate, reduction of graphene oxide (GO), and finally their assembly to form rGO-ZnO composite structures under environmentally benign conditions. The interspersed nanocomponents in the assembled heterostructures result in enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV light, indicating an effective charge separation of the excited electrons. Furthermore, the composite structure provides stability against photocorrosion for efficient recyclability of the catalyst.

Research paper thumbnail of Bioinspired Nanoparticle-Assembly Route to a Hybrid Scaffold: Designing a Robust Heterogeneous Catalyst for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Photocatalytic hybrid Au/ZnO nanoparticles assembled through a one-pot method

Journal of colloid and interface science, Jan 24, 2015

Growth of metal domains on semiconductor nanoparticles is known to enhance their photocatalytic p... more Growth of metal domains on semiconductor nanoparticles is known to enhance their photocatalytic properties. We prepared ZnO nanoparticles decorated with metallic Au domains through a new one-pot microwave-based strategy. The synthetic route utilized microwave-heating of a mixture of only three components: Zn(2+) salt, Au(SCN)4(-) which served as a precursor for metallic gold, and Tris base. The Tris molecules had a dual role in the process, both shaping the morphology of the ZnO particles, as well as constituting docking and nucleation sites for the Au(SCN)4(-) ions. The Au complex subsequently underwent spontaneous crystallization/reduction without co-addition of reducing or stabilizing agents, yielding Au nanoparticles attached to the ZnO surface. We show that the hybrid Au/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited enhanced photocatalytic properties compared to the plain ZnO nanoparticles.

Research paper thumbnail of Biomimetic Method to Assemble Nanostructured Ag@ZnO on Cotton Fabrics: Application as Self-cleaning Flexible Materials with Visible-light Photocatalysis and Antibacterial Activities

ACS applied materials & interfaces, Jan 31, 2015

A bio-inspired mineralization route to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabrics by functionalizing th... more A bio-inspired mineralization route to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabrics by functionalizing their surface with nanostructured Ag@ZnO is demonstrated herein. In a polyamine-mediated mineralization process, while the nucleation, organization and coating of ZnO is done directly from water-soluble zinc salts under mild conditions, the entrapped polyamine in the ZnO matrix acts as reducing agent to generate Ag(0) from Ag(I) at room temperature. The Ag@ZnO coated cotton fabrics are characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, XRD and UV/Vis-DRS to confirm the formation and coating of Ag@ZnO particles on individual threads of the fabric. The presence of Ag nanoparticles not only enables the ZnO coated fabrics exhibiting improved photocatalytic property, but also allows for visible light driven activities. Furthermore, it exhibits efficient antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, besides these multifunctional properties, the polyamine mediated bio-inspi...

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro assessment of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles cytotoxicity

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

cell membranes of bacteria causing breaks in the membrane and the cell to essentially burst. 3 It... more cell membranes of bacteria causing breaks in the membrane and the cell to essentially burst. 3 It is this innate property that has led to an array of potential applications of Ag nanoparticles in both the medical arena and consumer products. Ag has traditionally been used as an antimicrobial agent 4 for many years in a diverse range of applications:

Research paper thumbnail of Confinement of Cu II -Phthalocyanine in a Bioinspired Hybrid Nanoparticle-Assembled Structure Yields Selective and Stable Epoxidation Catalysts

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2014

Herein, we demonstrate that a bioinspired assembly of silica nanoparticles with polyamines as str... more Herein, we demonstrate that a bioinspired assembly of silica nanoparticles with polyamines as structure-directing agents similar to that known for the biosilicification of diatoms can pave the way for the efficient encapsulation of sulfonated copper-phthalocyanine in a hybrid microcapsule structure, in which the organic component provides a capable environment for its catalytic activity in epoxidation reactions and the nanoassembled structure imparts stability.

Research paper thumbnail of Controlled Orientation in a Bio-Inspired Assembly of Ag/AgCl/ZnO Nanostructures Enables Enhancement in Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Performance

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2012

Figure 1. a) SEM (inset: image of a single particle) and b) TEM image of Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanostructur... more Figure 1. a) SEM (inset: image of a single particle) and b) TEM image of Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanostructures. c) XRD patterns of ZnO and Ag/AgCl/ ZnO prepared by using PAH as the mineralizer.

Research paper thumbnail of Oriented Morphogenesis of ZnO Nanostructures from Water-Soluble Zinc Salts under Environmentally Mild Conditions and Their Optical Properties

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2012

Herein, we report a bottom-up, mineralization strategy, which borrows key principles from biomine... more Herein, we report a bottom-up, mineralization strategy, which borrows key principles from biomineralization processes, to synthesize nanostructured materials. A long-chain polyamine simultaneously mineralizes and assembles ZnO nanoparticles directly from water-soluble zinc salts under sustainable synthesis conditions. These thus-generated oriented structures undergo interesting morphogenesis that is controlled by changing the ratio of polyamine/Zn(2+) ions. As the ratio increases, the morphology changes from a spherical shape to oval-, dumbbell-, and finally hexagonal-rod-shaped structures that contain unique hollow rod structures. Using XPS, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, DLS, and confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis, we elucidate the mechanism of structural evolution; this mechanism involves the initial formation of a zinc/amine complex that is furnished with polyamine chains. These chains facilitate the condensation process to form ZnO nanoparticles and their assembly in aqueous medium at neutral pH. Further, the presence of defects in the thus-morphogenized ZnO structures leads to blue luminescence and efficient photoinduced activity, assisted by the surface-hole-trapping effect of polyamines.

Research paper thumbnail of Enabling Antibacterial Coating via Bioinspired Mineralization of Nanostructured ZnO on Fabrics under Mild Conditions

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013

Herein, we present an environmentally benign method capable of mineralization and deposition of n... more Herein, we present an environmentally benign method capable of mineralization and deposition of nanomaterials to introduce antibacterial functionalities into cotton fabrics under mild conditions. Similar to the way in which many naturally occurring biominerals evolve around the living organism under ambient conditions, this technique enables flexible substrates like the cotton fabric to be coated with inorganic-based functional materials. Specifically, our strategy involves the use of long-chain polyamines known to be responsible in certain biomineralization processes, to nucleate, organize, and deposit nanostructured ZnO on cotton bandage in an aqueous solution under mild conditions of room temperature and neutral pH. The ZnO-coated cotton bandages as characterized by SEM, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, XRD, UV-DRS, and fluorescence microscopy demonstrate the importance of polyamine in generating a stable and uniform coating of spindle-shaped ZnO particles on individual threads of the fabric. As the coating process requires only mild conditions, it avoids any adverse effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of the substrate. Furthermore, the ZnO particles on cotton fabric show efficient antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negetive bacteria. Therefore, the developed polyamine mediated bioinspired coating method provides not only a facile and "green" synthesis for coating on flexible substrate but also the fabrication of antibacterial enabled materials for healthcare applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Zinc oxide nanoflowers make new blood vessels

Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate [Zn(NO 3) 2 .6H 2 O], aqueous ammonium hydroxide[aq.NH 4 OH, 28-30% ], ... more Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate [Zn(NO 3) 2 .6H 2 O], aqueous ammonium hydroxide[aq.NH 4 OH, 28-30% ], fluorescent dye 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFA), were purchased from Aldrich, USA and were used without further purifications for the synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers. The Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and its individual components for making EBM complete media were obtained from Lonza, USA. EA.hy926 endothelial cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) [ 3 H]Thymidine was purchased from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ.

Research paper thumbnail of Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis

Nanoscale, 2016

Development of efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly light emitters, particularly ... more Development of efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally-friendly light emitters, particularly devices that produce white light, have drawn intense interest due to diverse applications in the lighting industry, photonics, solar energy, and others. We present a simple strategy for the fabrication of flexible transparent films exhibiting tuneable light emission through one-pot synthesis of polymer matrixes with embedded carbon dots assembled in situ. Importantly, different luminescence colours were produced simply by preparing C-dot/polymer films using carbon precursors that yielded C-dots exhibiting distinct fluorescence emission profiles. Furthermore, mixtures of C-dot precursors could be also employed for fabricating films exhibiting different colours. In particular, we successfully produced films emitting white light with attractive properties (i.e. "warm" white light with a high colour rendering index)a highly sought after goal in optical technologies. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See

Research paper thumbnail of Rohit Kumar Rana

The nanosized Ag and TiO2 particles engineered exhibit characteristics such as small size, large ... more The nanosized Ag and TiO2 particles engineered exhibit characteristics such as small size, large surface area to mass ratio, reactive surface groups etc. These properties offer great opportunity in the development of

Research paper thumbnail of Oxyanion-Binding in a Bio-Inspired Nanoparticle-Assembled Hybrid Microsphere Structure: Effective Removal of Arsenate/Chromate From Water

ACS Applied Nano Materials

Research paper thumbnail of l-Cysteine-Conjugated Ruthenium Hydrous Oxide Nanomaterials with Anticancer Active Application

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, Jan 30, 2018

Bioactive nanomaterials, namely: ruthenium hydrous oxide (or ruthenium oxy-hydroxide), RuO(OH) an... more Bioactive nanomaterials, namely: ruthenium hydrous oxide (or ruthenium oxy-hydroxide), RuO(OH) and also a surface-conjugated novel material of the same within the template of an amino acid molecule, l-cysteine, have been studied. These compounds have been prepared through a simple wet chemical route, under physiological conditions, such that they could be suitably used in anticancer applications. Several physical methods were used for the nanomaterial characterization, e.g.: thermal analysis of the as prepared ruthenium hydrous oxide by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) followed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). This confirms that the material is a precursor for anhydrous nanocrystalline ruthenium oxide (RuO), as is affirmed by powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Also, optical spectroscopic absorption (UV-vis and FT-IR) study of these nanoparticles (NPs) to ascertain their surface conjugation with l-cysteine have been performed. Besides these, surface morphology of the NPs ...

Research paper thumbnail of Correction: Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis

Nanoscale, Jan 26, 2017

Correction for 'Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through on... more Correction for 'Tuneable light-emitting carbon-dot/polymer flexible films prepared through one-pot synthesis' by Susanta Kumar Bhunia, et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 3400-3406.

Research paper thumbnail of Water Oxidation Catalyst via Heterogenization of Iridium Oxides on Silica: A Polyamine-Mediated Route To Achieve Activity and Stability

Research paper thumbnail of Carbon-Dot/Silver-Nanoparticle Flexible SERS-Active Films

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Polyamine-Mediated Interfacial Assembly of rGO-ZnO Nanostructures: A Bio-inspired Approach and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015

A bio-inspired approach for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) embedded ZnO nanostru... more A bio-inspired approach for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) embedded ZnO nanostructure has been attempted to address issues pertaining to charge recombination and photocorrosion in ZnO for application as an effective photocatalyst. Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of rGO-ZnO nanostructures in a single step using polyamines, which simultaneously aid in the mineralization of ZnO nanostructures from zinc nitrate, reduction of graphene oxide (GO), and finally their assembly to form rGO-ZnO composite structures under environmentally benign conditions. The interspersed nanocomponents in the assembled heterostructures result in enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV light, indicating an effective charge separation of the excited electrons. Furthermore, the composite structure provides stability against photocorrosion for efficient recyclability of the catalyst.

Research paper thumbnail of Bioinspired Nanoparticle-Assembly Route to a Hybrid Scaffold: Designing a Robust Heterogeneous Catalyst for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Photocatalytic hybrid Au/ZnO nanoparticles assembled through a one-pot method

Journal of colloid and interface science, Jan 24, 2015

Growth of metal domains on semiconductor nanoparticles is known to enhance their photocatalytic p... more Growth of metal domains on semiconductor nanoparticles is known to enhance their photocatalytic properties. We prepared ZnO nanoparticles decorated with metallic Au domains through a new one-pot microwave-based strategy. The synthetic route utilized microwave-heating of a mixture of only three components: Zn(2+) salt, Au(SCN)4(-) which served as a precursor for metallic gold, and Tris base. The Tris molecules had a dual role in the process, both shaping the morphology of the ZnO particles, as well as constituting docking and nucleation sites for the Au(SCN)4(-) ions. The Au complex subsequently underwent spontaneous crystallization/reduction without co-addition of reducing or stabilizing agents, yielding Au nanoparticles attached to the ZnO surface. We show that the hybrid Au/ZnO nanoparticles exhibited enhanced photocatalytic properties compared to the plain ZnO nanoparticles.

Research paper thumbnail of Biomimetic Method to Assemble Nanostructured Ag@ZnO on Cotton Fabrics: Application as Self-cleaning Flexible Materials with Visible-light Photocatalysis and Antibacterial Activities

ACS applied materials & interfaces, Jan 31, 2015

A bio-inspired mineralization route to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabrics by functionalizing th... more A bio-inspired mineralization route to prepare self-cleaning cotton fabrics by functionalizing their surface with nanostructured Ag@ZnO is demonstrated herein. In a polyamine-mediated mineralization process, while the nucleation, organization and coating of ZnO is done directly from water-soluble zinc salts under mild conditions, the entrapped polyamine in the ZnO matrix acts as reducing agent to generate Ag(0) from Ag(I) at room temperature. The Ag@ZnO coated cotton fabrics are characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, XRD and UV/Vis-DRS to confirm the formation and coating of Ag@ZnO particles on individual threads of the fabric. The presence of Ag nanoparticles not only enables the ZnO coated fabrics exhibiting improved photocatalytic property, but also allows for visible light driven activities. Furthermore, it exhibits efficient antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, besides these multifunctional properties, the polyamine mediated bio-inspi...

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro assessment of Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles cytotoxicity

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

cell membranes of bacteria causing breaks in the membrane and the cell to essentially burst. 3 It... more cell membranes of bacteria causing breaks in the membrane and the cell to essentially burst. 3 It is this innate property that has led to an array of potential applications of Ag nanoparticles in both the medical arena and consumer products. Ag has traditionally been used as an antimicrobial agent 4 for many years in a diverse range of applications:

Research paper thumbnail of Confinement of Cu II -Phthalocyanine in a Bioinspired Hybrid Nanoparticle-Assembled Structure Yields Selective and Stable Epoxidation Catalysts

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2014

Herein, we demonstrate that a bioinspired assembly of silica nanoparticles with polyamines as str... more Herein, we demonstrate that a bioinspired assembly of silica nanoparticles with polyamines as structure-directing agents similar to that known for the biosilicification of diatoms can pave the way for the efficient encapsulation of sulfonated copper-phthalocyanine in a hybrid microcapsule structure, in which the organic component provides a capable environment for its catalytic activity in epoxidation reactions and the nanoassembled structure imparts stability.

Research paper thumbnail of Controlled Orientation in a Bio-Inspired Assembly of Ag/AgCl/ZnO Nanostructures Enables Enhancement in Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Performance

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2012

Figure 1. a) SEM (inset: image of a single particle) and b) TEM image of Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanostructur... more Figure 1. a) SEM (inset: image of a single particle) and b) TEM image of Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanostructures. c) XRD patterns of ZnO and Ag/AgCl/ ZnO prepared by using PAH as the mineralizer.

Research paper thumbnail of Oriented Morphogenesis of ZnO Nanostructures from Water-Soluble Zinc Salts under Environmentally Mild Conditions and Their Optical Properties

Chemistry - A European Journal, 2012

Herein, we report a bottom-up, mineralization strategy, which borrows key principles from biomine... more Herein, we report a bottom-up, mineralization strategy, which borrows key principles from biomineralization processes, to synthesize nanostructured materials. A long-chain polyamine simultaneously mineralizes and assembles ZnO nanoparticles directly from water-soluble zinc salts under sustainable synthesis conditions. These thus-generated oriented structures undergo interesting morphogenesis that is controlled by changing the ratio of polyamine/Zn(2+) ions. As the ratio increases, the morphology changes from a spherical shape to oval-, dumbbell-, and finally hexagonal-rod-shaped structures that contain unique hollow rod structures. Using XPS, XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, DLS, and confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis, we elucidate the mechanism of structural evolution; this mechanism involves the initial formation of a zinc/amine complex that is furnished with polyamine chains. These chains facilitate the condensation process to form ZnO nanoparticles and their assembly in aqueous medium at neutral pH. Further, the presence of defects in the thus-morphogenized ZnO structures leads to blue luminescence and efficient photoinduced activity, assisted by the surface-hole-trapping effect of polyamines.

Research paper thumbnail of Enabling Antibacterial Coating via Bioinspired Mineralization of Nanostructured ZnO on Fabrics under Mild Conditions

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013

Herein, we present an environmentally benign method capable of mineralization and deposition of n... more Herein, we present an environmentally benign method capable of mineralization and deposition of nanomaterials to introduce antibacterial functionalities into cotton fabrics under mild conditions. Similar to the way in which many naturally occurring biominerals evolve around the living organism under ambient conditions, this technique enables flexible substrates like the cotton fabric to be coated with inorganic-based functional materials. Specifically, our strategy involves the use of long-chain polyamines known to be responsible in certain biomineralization processes, to nucleate, organize, and deposit nanostructured ZnO on cotton bandage in an aqueous solution under mild conditions of room temperature and neutral pH. The ZnO-coated cotton bandages as characterized by SEM, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, XRD, UV-DRS, and fluorescence microscopy demonstrate the importance of polyamine in generating a stable and uniform coating of spindle-shaped ZnO particles on individual threads of the fabric. As the coating process requires only mild conditions, it avoids any adverse effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of the substrate. Furthermore, the ZnO particles on cotton fabric show efficient antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negetive bacteria. Therefore, the developed polyamine mediated bioinspired coating method provides not only a facile and "green" synthesis for coating on flexible substrate but also the fabrication of antibacterial enabled materials for healthcare applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Zinc oxide nanoflowers make new blood vessels

Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate [Zn(NO 3) 2 .6H 2 O], aqueous ammonium hydroxide[aq.NH 4 OH, 28-30% ], ... more Zinc nitrate hexa hydrate [Zn(NO 3) 2 .6H 2 O], aqueous ammonium hydroxide[aq.NH 4 OH, 28-30% ], fluorescent dye 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFA), were purchased from Aldrich, USA and were used without further purifications for the synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers. The Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and its individual components for making EBM complete media were obtained from Lonza, USA. EA.hy926 endothelial cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) [ 3 H]Thymidine was purchased from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ.